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Topic: Human reliability

	Human reliability - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Human reliability is related to the field of human factors engineering, and refers to the reliability of humans in fields such as manufacturing, transportation, the military, or medicine.
		Human performance can be affected by many factors such as circadian rhythms, state of mind, physical health, attitude, emotions, propensity for certain common mistakes and errors, etc.
		Human reliability is very important due to the possible adverse consequences of human errors or oversights, especially when the human is a crucial part of the large socio-technical systems as is common today.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Human_reliability (172 words)

	Volpe Center: Operator Performance and Safety Analysis Division (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The primary reason human reliability was not modeled at a more detailed level of decomposition (e.g., recognition errors, communication errors, braking errors) is that the available data did not support human error estimation at that detailed a level of decomposition.
		Their expertise in human reliability quantification methods and tools and risk quantification requirements, enabled them to prepare results in a form that could be integrated into the probabilistic risk assessment process.
		The probabilities for the higher level human failure events that were produced in the present HRA have some degree of validity, in that they have been derived by a systematic method that combined values obtained from operating experience databases and expert judgment of individuals with relevant operating experience.
	www.volpe.dot.gov /opsad/risk/sec4.html (6039 words)

	Human Reliability Analysis
		The term "human reliability" is usually defined as the probability that a person will correctly performs some system-required activity during a given time period (if time is a limiting factor) without performing any extraneous activity that can degrade the system.
		The main difference was that human task activities were substituted for equipment failures and that modifications were made to account for the greater variability and interdependence of human performance as compared with that of equipment.
		Since human actions clearly do not take place in a vacuum, a second step is to account for the influence of possible Performance Shaping Factors (PSF) such as task characteristics, aspects of the physical environment, work time characteristics, etc. This influence is expressed as a numerical factor that is used to modify the basic HEP.
	www.ida.liu.se /~eriho/WhatIsHRA_M.htm (3282 words)

	RIAC railway human factors - Human reliability (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A human error is an action or decision which was not intended, which involved a deviation from an accepted standard and which led to an undesirable outcome.
		Human reliability is the opposite of human error.
		Human Reliability Assessment (HRA) is a structured and systematic way of estimating the probability of human errors in specific tasks.
	www.hse.gov.uk /railways/liveissues/humanfactors/issues/humanreliability.htm (982 words)

	Human Reliability
		Human Reliability is the UK's foremost independent provider of human factors training through our professional development courses and in-house company training programmes, with more than 15 years experience in education.
		Human Reliability is internationally recognised and respected for its consultancy and original research to help companies worldwide develop better safety and higher productivity.
		Human Reliability Associates Ltd was founded by Dr David Embrey and is based in NW England.
	www.humanreliability.com (177 words)

	v3-10-04
		Human reliability analysis event trees are specialized tools, similar in form to fault tree analysis and event tree analysis, designed for evaluating possible errors in procedures being performed by people.
		The simplest of human reliability event tree analyses produces qualitative results that highlight practical means for reducing human errors.
		Human reliability event tree analysis results can also be quantified, producing estimates of human error probabilities that can feed into cost/benefit analyses or quantitative risk assessments.
	www.uscg.mil /hq/gm/risk/E-Guidelines/RBDM/html/vol3/10/v3-10-04.htm (610 words)

	Hollnagel
		This recognition was not felt in human reliability analysis alone, but also in the concern with man-machine systems in general, with decision support systems, with human-computer interaction etc. One consequence was that "cognitive" and "cognition" became fashionable terms for almost all aspects of man-machine interaction.
		Risk and reliability analyses are often made on the basis of descriptions that use trees as an underlying structure: operator action trees, event trees, cause-consequence trees, etc. Since every tree has one root -- at least in the simplified graphical representations that commonly are used -- the notion of a root cause has become widespread.
		The notion of "human error" is examined and the suggestion is made that it should be replaced with the concept of an erroneous action.
	www.ida.liu.se /~eriho/Books_HRA(E)_M.htm (5015 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		It has the proper knowledge base to enable reliability analyses to be made by the systems engineer to evaluate the potential characteristics of the human functions as they are being synthesized.
		When synthesizing a human function, the designer is allowed to select how many sensory modes to use and how they interact in the performance of the human function.
		At the first level, "incremental improvement" is the derivative of the human function reliability with respect to the reliability of a given major factor; e.g.
	pages.prodigy.net /kplsys/rehms2.htm (1483 words)

	Human Reliability Analysis (Analyse der menschlichen Zuverlässigkeit) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Human Reliability Analysis (HRA) is the part of the Probabilistic Safety Assessment (PSA) that concerns the impact of human actions on safety.
		The main objectives of HRA are: first, to ensure that the key human interactions are systematically identified and incorporated into the safety analysis in a traceable manner, and second, to quantify the probabilities of their success and failure.
		The main lines of work are: Enhancing the treatment of human reliability within the existing PSA studies Addressing open issues in the HRA area, in particular, with regard to treating errors of commission (i.e.
	www.aramis-research.ch /e/1524.html (203 words)

	Francesco Di Nocera - [notes on human reliability] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Human reliability can be defined as "the probability that a person (1) correctly performs some system-required activity in a required time period (if time is a limiting factor) and (2) performs no extraneous activity that can degrade the system".
		In HRA, human errors are considered in the same way of machine’s errors, but a machine does not learn (of course this statement does not apply to Artificial Intelligence).
		Human errors, instead, are not symptoms (not in a depreciative meaning, anyway), they are not underlain by a malfunction: on the contrary, they represent the way cognitive processes work.
	w3.uniroma1.it /dinocera/mistakes.html (474 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: Human Reliability Program
		The proposed combined program, named the Human Reliability Program (HRP), is designed to meet the objective of protecting the national security through a system of continuous evaluation of individuals working in positions affording unescorted access to certain materials, facilities, and programs.
		The HRP is a security and safety reliability program designed to ensure that individuals who occupy positions affording access to certain materials, nuclear explosive devices, facilities, and programs meet the highest standards of reliability and physical and mental suitability.
		Unsafe practice means either a human action departing from prescribed hazard controls or job procedures or practices, or an action causing a person unnecessary exposure to a hazard.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-IMPACT/2002/July/Day-17/i17803.htm (10540 words)

	IFMBE News: july 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		"Human Reliability and Error in Medical System" by B.S. Daillon is an interesting and timely book addressing a very critical issue in health care delivery.
		In such a complex environment, where diagnosis and therapy are based on sophisticated technology, individualized treatment and team work, human errors are expected to be a major factor in adverse events and in fact, this has been recognized as a leading cause of deaths in the US.
		The relation of human reliability and error management to quality systems and risk management approaches is implicitly although not specifically analyzed.
	ifmbe-news.iee.org /ifmbe-news/july2004/review1.html (336 words)

	HIFAdata_Tools_Human Error (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Human error analysis or reliability engineering is a branch of human factors concerned with predicting and evaluating human error performance so as to improve overall system performance.
		GEMS relies on the analyst either having insight to the tasks under scrutiny or the collaboration of a subject matter expert, and an appreciation of the psychological determinants of error.
		JHEDI is derived from the Human Reliability Management System (HMRS) and is a quick form of human reliability analysis that requires little training to apply.
	www.eurocontrol.be /eatmp/hifa/hifa/HIFAdata_tools_humanerror.html (697 words)

	Human Reliability - Consultants
		Heather Cormack is a human factors and organisational psychology consultant who holds a Psychology degree from the University of Aberdeen and a Masters degree in Organisational Psychology from the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology.
		Since joining Human Reliability, Heather has been heavily involved in a project for the HSE identifying and evaluating the social and psychological impact of workplace accidents and incidents of ill health on employees.
		Claire Whittington is a consultant human factors specialist and organisational psychologist and holds a degree in ergonomics from the University of Technology, Loughborough, and an MSc in Organisational Psychology from the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology.
	www.humanreliability.com /about5.html (1499 words)

	Human Factors and Human Reliability Analysis Research Plans
		Human Factors and Human Reliability Analysis research programs should be expanded to search for leading indicators of degradation in human performance, both at the individual and group levels.
		Consideration of human factors and the quantification of the reliability of human performance arise frequently in the safety analysis of nuclear power plants especially in this era in which risk quantification plays an important role in the regulatory process.
		RES research programs on Human Factors and Human Reliability Analysis consist of a mix of applications of technologies to issues of rulemaking, licensing, and licensee monitoring as well as further development of these technologies.
	www.nrc.gov /reading-rm/doc-collections/acrs/letters/2002/4952008.html (1269 words)

	Feature Article
		There have been a number of attempts to explain the biology behind this in terms of reproduction and evolution, but since the same phenomenon is found not only in humans but also in such man-made stuff as steel, industrial relays, and the thermal insulation of motors, reliability theory may offer a better answer.
		While the reliability of technical devices can be ensured by the high quality of their elements, the reliability of living organisms has to be ensured by an exceptionally high degree of system redundancy to overcome the poor quality of some elements.
		If we accept the idea that we are born with a large amount of damage, it follows that even small improvements to the processes of early human development—ones that increase the numbers of initially functional elements—could result in a remarkable fall in mortality and a significant extension of human life.
	www.spectrum.ieee.org /WEBONLY/publicfeature/sep04/0904age.html (2780 words)

	Arianna Online Forums - Was Bush a Human Reliability? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		But if the human reliability rules were invoked, as they were in thousands of other cases, Bush may not have voluntarily stopped flying.
		Human reliability regulations were used to screen military personnel for their mental, physical and emotional fitness before granting them access to nuclear weapons and delivery systems.
		Thousands of pilots and other military personnel have lost their job assignments under the human reliability regulations, which were established in the 1960s, according to academic researchers.
	www.ariannaonline.com /forums/showthread.php?t=762 (2301 words)

	Human Reliability Analysis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Human Reliability Analysis (HRA) is the method by which the probability of a system-required human action, task, or job will be completed successfully within the required time period and that no extraneous human actions detrimental to system performance will be performed.
		Results of HRAs are often used as inputs to probabilistic risk assessments, which analyze the reliability of entire systems by decomposing the system into its constituent components, including hardware, software, and human operators.
		Human reliability analysis has been applied to the evaluation of an advanced, unique commercial airframe design in emergency scenarios for the FAA.
	reliability.sandia.gov /Human_Factor_Engineering/Human_Reliability_Analysis/human_reliability_analysis.html (504 words)

	A Guide to Practical Human Reliability Assessment
		Human error is a fact of life and work...
		These accidents are strongly influenced by human error, yet many systems design fail to take this into consideration.
		He has worked in both academia and industry, at Human Reliability Associates, Technica, and British Nuclear Fuels Ltd. He is currently lecturing and researching in human reliability assessment at the School of Manufacturing and Mechanical Engineering at the University of Birmingham.
	www.micronite.com /html/books/0748401113.htm (261 words)

	A Study on Human Reliability in Coping with Transients Using Research Simulator
		Further improvement of human reliability is expected to maintain and improve the safety of NPP.
		Therefore, accumulation of data on tendencies of human behavior and their background factors on NPP operation is needed.
		Behavioral data on human operator in coping with various transients was collected and analyzed, by means of simulator study.
	www.nupec.or.jp /database/paper/paper_12/p12_human/R12-08-11.htm (1624 words)

	Training Pages - Human Reliability Analysis
		Operator reliability, through the analysis of human error is vital in achieving high quality standards in technical processes.
		This programme examines human reliability analysis and explains the principles for the optimisation of human performance.
		These are the primary goals of Human Reliability Assessment (HRA) and are achieved by identifying what errors can occur, deciding how likely they are to occur, and enhancing human reliability by reducing the likelihood of the error.
	www.trainingpages.co.uk /x/course,_S-e89sCYFIj,.html (202 words)

	ABS Consulting: Human Reliability Analysis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Upon completion, you will be able to perform a human reliability analysis (HRA), which is a necessary part of any complete probabilistic risk assessment.
		Also included is a 300-page handout, which is a compilation of (1) data tables from the Handbook, (2) descriptive information not found in the Handbook, and (3) new data and models from the ASEP Procedure.
		Analysts interested in assessing the quantitative impact of human errors on the reliability of complex systems should also attend.
	www.absgroupservicesdemexico.com /TC/204.html (491 words)

	Human Factors Risk Analysis, Human Reliability, HF-PFMEA, Human Error Assessment, Safety Assessment - Relex Software
		Human error accounts for an alarming rate of failures throughout a broad range of industries worldwide.
		With high failure rates and the fact that the results of human error can result in enormously costly failures, including the loss of life, the need for human error analysis and safety assessment is crucial.
		Relex Human Factors Analysis assists both the human factors novice and expert in performing a comprehensive and systematic analysis of human errors by providing an organized approach that significantly improves consistency, efficiency, and thoroughness.
	www.relexsoftware.com /products/humanfactors.asp (934 words)

	HUMAN RELIABILITY AND ERROR IN MEDICAL SYSTEM
		Human reliability and error have become a very important issue in health care, owing to the vast number of associated deaths each year.
		This makes human error in health care the eighth leading cause of deaths in the US.
		The need for a book presenting the basics of human reliability, human factors and comprehensive information on error in medical systems is essential.
	www.worldscibooks.com /medsci/5264.html (292 words)

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