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Topic: Human settlements

	Habitat Agenda: Chapter II: Goals and Principles
		Equitable human settlements are those in which all people, without discrimination of any kind as to race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status, have equal access to housing, infrastructure, health services, adequate food and water, education and open spaces.
		Human settlements shall be planned, developed and improved in a manner that takes full account of sustainable development principles and all their components, as set out in Agenda 21 and related outcomes of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development.
		Sustainable human settlements are those that, inter alia, generate a sense of citizenship and identity, cooperation and dialogue for the common good, and a spirit of voluntarism and civic engagement, where all people are encouraged and have an equal opportunity to participate in decision-making and development.
	www.serd.ait.ac.th /umc/id/ha/c2.html (1361 words)

	Human - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Human beings are commonly referred to individually as persons or people and collectively as man, mankind, humanity, or the human race, while humans is used both for the collective and for individuals.
		Humans have the highest brain to body mass ratio of all large animals (Dolphins have the second highest; sharks have the highest for a fish; and octopuses have the highest for an invertebrate).
		Permanent human settlements are dependent on proximity to water and, depending on the lifestyle, other natural resources such as fertile land for growing crops and grazing livestock or, seasonally by populations of prey.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Human (4489 words)

	[No title]
		Human settlement conditions in many parts of the world, particularly the developing countries, are deteriorating mainly as a result of the low levels of investment in the sector attributable to the overall resource constraints in these countries.
		The overall human settlement objective is to improve the social, economic and environmental quality of human settlements and the living and working environments of all people, in particular the urban and rural poor.
		Settlement infrastructure and environmental programmes designed to promote an integrated human settlements approach to the planning, development, maintenance and management of environmental infrastructure (water supply, sanitation, drainage, solid-waste management) should be strengthened with the assistance of bilateral and multilateral agencies.
	www.sovereignty.net /p/sd/a21/a21_07.txt (4146 words)

	Human Settlements and Spirituality
		Human beings are a social species, and naturally cluster in communities of various sizes from extended families to mega-cities.
		These human settlements are not simply physical concentrations of people engaged in various material and economic activities, they have significant social, cultural and even spiritual functions that must be considered in any programme for human settlements.
		The future of human settlements that succeed in meeting the economic, social, cultural and religious needs of their inhabitants must lie in achieving a better balance between the material and spiritual in their physical design and political and social organization.
	www.bcca.org /ief/sustapedia/sphumsetsp.htm (461 words)

	The Vancouver Declaration On Human Settlements
		Since a genuine human settlement policy requires the effective participation of the entire population, recourse must therefore be made at all times to technical arrangements permitting the use of all human resources, both skilled and unskilled.
		The design of human settlements should aim at providing a ilving environment in which identities of individuals, families and societies are preserved and adequate means for maintaining privacy, the possibility of face-to-face interactions and public participation in the decision-making process are provided.
		Diversity in the characteristics of human settlements reflecting cultural and aesthetic values must be respected and encouraged and areas of historical, religious of archaeological importance and nature areas of special interest preserved for posterity.
	www.unhabitat.org /declarations/vancouver.asp (3089 words)

	Habitat Agenda: Chapter I: Preamble
		Human beings are at the centre of concerns for sustainable development, including adequate shelter for all and sustainable human settlements, and they are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature.
		As to the second theme, sustainable development of human settlements combines economic development, social development and environmental protection, with full respect for all human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the right to development, and offers a means of achieving a world of greater stability and peace, built on ethical and spiritual vision.
		Urban settlements, properly planned and managed, hold the promise for human development and the protection of the world's natural resources through their ability to support large numbers of people while limiting their impact on the natural environment.
	www.serd.ait.ac.th /umc/id/ha/c1.html (2066 words)

	Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
		Human settlements are integrators of many of the climate impacts initially felt in other sectors and differ from each other in geographic location, size, economic circumstances, and political and institutional capacity.
		However, classifying human settlements by considering pathways by which climate may affect them, size or other obvious physical considerations, and adaptive capacities (wealth, education of the populace, technological and institutional capacity) helps to explain some of the differences in expected impacts.
		Informal settlements surrounding large and medium-size cities in the developing world remain a cause for concern because they exhibit several current health and environmental hazards that could be exacerbated by global warming and have limited command over resources.
	www.grida.no /climate/ipcc_tar/wg2/035.htm (1513 words)

	The Vancouver Declaration on Human Settlements at IAHH: Int’l Association of Humane Habitat
		Since a genuine human settlement policy requires the effective participation of the entire population, recourse must therefore be made at all times to technical arrangements permitting the use of all human resources, both skilled and unskilled.
		In achieving the socio – economic and environmental objectives of the development of human settlements, high priority should be given to the actual design and physical planning processes which have as their main tasks the synthesis of various planning approaches and the transformation of broad and general goals into specific design solutions.
		The design of human settlements should aim at providing a ilving environment in which identities of individuals, families and societies are preserved and adequate means for maintaining privacy, the possibility of face-to-face interactions and public participation in the decision-making process are provided.
	humanehabitat.org /the-vancouver-declaration-on-human-settlements (3164 words)

	Comparative Mammalian Brain Collections: Human (Homo sapiens)
		Human males are typically larger than females: the average height and weight of a North American adult male is 175 centimeters (5 feet 9 inches) and 78 kilograms (172 pounds).
		Permanent human settlements are dependent on proximity to water and, depending on the lifestyle, other natural resources such as fertile land for growing crops and grazing livestock, or seasonally by populations of prey.
		Human children are born after a nine-month gestation period, and are typically 34 kilograms (69 pounds) in weight and 5060 centimeters (2024 inches) in height in developed countries.
	brainmuseum.org /Specimens/primates/human/index.html (600 words)

	Israeli Settlements A human rights perspective
		This approach ignores the ongoing infringement of Palestinian human rights that stems from the establishment of the settlements, their dispersion throughout the West Bank, and their nature as Israeli enclaves that are separated from and closed-off to the Palestinian population.
		In addition, the settlements control another 35 percent of the land in the West Bank, which is under the jurisdiction of six Jewish regional councils (i.e., local government entities that provide services for their member settlements).
		In fact, an understanding of the growth and expansion of the settlements and their implications for the human rights of Palestinians is essential for understanding virtually everything taking place today in the West Bank, and must be taken into account in all future attempts to advance peace in the region.
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /Israel/Israeli_Settlements.html (1340 words)

	From the Village to the City in the South Pacific - part 1
		The pattern of human settlements is changing rapidly in the South Pacific, with increasing numbers of people moving to live in towns and cities.
		The United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II), held in Istanbul, Turkey, in June 1996, drew attention to the growth of cities, their role in national economic, social and physical development and key issues in managing the process of urbanization.
		This concept of sustainable human settlements development needs to be defined in the specific context of each country for the efficient management of urban and rural centres and for this a regional initiative may be necessary to guide national action.
	www.unescap.org /huset/pacific/pacific1.htm (6827 words)

	UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON HUMAN SETTLEMENTS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Diversity in the characteristics of human settlements reflecting cultural and aesthetic values must be respected and encouraged and areas of historical, religious or archaelocial importance....
		Human settlements and development (a) There are fundamental relationships among the distribution of population, environment, economic activities, and the pattern of human settlements.
		The background of stark poverty and human degradation to which the majority of mankind was subjected, in a world of glaring disparities in economic and social opporunity, was constantly emphasized....in preparing strategies for the transformation of human settlements, it was essential that all other basic needs--food, water, work, health and education -- were provided.
	www.un-freezone.org /habitat1.shtml (4117 words)

	Issues and Perspectives on Human Settlements (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		It was in recognition of the growing development challenges in human settlements, especially as a consequence of rapid urbanization in the developing countries, that the United Nations convened the first global conference on human settlements in Vancouver in 1976.
		Throughout Agenda 21 linkages were identified between human settlements and a wide variety of other issues such as health, protection of the atmosphere, the marine environment, freshwater, solid wastes, children and youth, women, the scientific and technological community, education, public awareness and training, information for decision-making, business and industry, demographics, and poverty.
		Among the obstacles mentioned to the improvement of human settlements since 1992 are: lack of citizen participation, insecurity, lack of information and education, administrative centralization, and unequal distribution of land.
	www.ecouncil.ac.cr /about/contrib/habitat/chapter1.htm (1713 words)

	PDHRE: Sustainable Human Settlements
		The human right to protection from forced evictions and the destruction and/or demolition of one's home including in situations of military occupation, international and civil armed conflict, establishment and construction of alien settlements, population transfer, development projects and international events.
		The human right to full and equal participation for all persons in decision-making and development planning, and in shaping decisions and policies affecting one's community, on the local, national and international levels.
		"...sustainable development of human settlements combines economic development, social development and environmental protection, with full respect for all human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the right to development, and offers a means of achieving a world of greater stability and peace, built on ethical and spiritual vision....
	www.pdhre.org /rights/settlement.html (897 words)

	Less than 30% of Highway 2000 corrider for human settlements - JAMAICAOBSERVER.COM
		A Senate committee looking at the expanding use of prime agricultural lands for housing was assured last week that the human settlements planned for the Highway 2000 corridor would be limited to less than 30 per cent of the area.
		She said that the advice given to the government on the issue was for emphasis on settlements, which would ensure a healthy mix of land uses as viable, sustainable human settlements within the 100,000-acres corridor.
		Human settlements constitute less than 30 per cent of the total area of this plan area," she said.
	www.jamaicaobserver.com /news/html/20060212T210000-0500_98600_OBS_LESS_THAN_____OF_HIGHWAY______CORRIDER_FOR_HUMAN_SETTLEMENTS_.asp (632 words)

	Istanbul Declaration on Human Settlements
		We have considered, with a sense of urgency, the continuing deterioration of conditions of shelter and human settlements.
		To improve the quality of life within human settlements, we must combat the deterioration of conditions that in most cases, particularly in developing countries, have reached crisis proportions.
		To this end, we commit ourselves to improving the living conditions in human settlements in ways that are consonant with local needs and realities, and we acknowledge the need to address the global, economic, social and environmental trends to ensure the creation of better living environments for all people.
	www.unchs.org /unchs/english/hagenda/ist-dec.htm (1130 words)

	University of Minnesota Human Rights Library
		The human right to adequate housing, which is thus derived from the right to an adequate standard of living, is of central importance for the enjoyment of all economic, social and cultural rights.
		Although a wide variety of international instruments address the different dimensions of the right to adequate housing c article 11 (1) of the Covenant is the most comprehensive and perhaps the most important of the relevant provisions.
		Traditionally, less than 5 per cent of all international assistance has been directed towards housing or human settlements, and often the manner by which such funding is provided does little to address the housing needs of disadvantaged groups.
	www1.umn.edu /humanrts/gencomm/epcomm4.htm (2650 words)

	Human Settlements
		To assess the impact that human settlements have on the environment we address the following topics: population and urban form, water and energy consumption, waste, and transport use.
		Water supplied to the urban settlements of South Australia is extracted from the River Murray, surface water reservoirs (mostly in the Mount Lofty Ranges), groundwater in the South East, northern and western areas of the State and, more recently, extracted from the sea.
		It influences settlement patterns and liveability, is essential for economic performance and provides opportunities for people to participate in social, economic and recreational activities.
	www.environment.sa.gov.au /reporting/human/index.html (576 words)

	3rd Governing Council Document - UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON HUMAN SETTLEMENTS - United Nations Environment Programme
		The Conference would ensure that human settlements planning enjoyed the same degree of universal acceptance as national economic an d financial planning and would lead to a new commitment to social justice and to a resolve to provide appropriate living standards for all citizens.
		Some delegations pointed out that human settlements problems could not be divorced from issues of social justice the situation was most serious in developing countries, where the process of urbanization was most rapid.
		Several delegations considered that human settlements problems could only be tackled as an integral part of economic and social development, and some said strategies for human settlement, housing etc. should be integrated in national development plans.
	www.unep.org /Documents.multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=93&ArticleID=1355 (1535 words)

	The Human Rights Index for the Arab Countries: UN Conferences (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The report reflects on the significance of human settlements work in the context of economic and social development, particularly with regard to the urbanization process, and outlines the elements of a task manager system to promote, give direction and facilitate the exchange of information within the United Nations system.
		This is a Follow-Up to the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements; it examines the need to assist in improving housing legislation and implementing housing and communal reform in the housing sector.
		This is a Follow-Up to the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements; it examines the objectives of decentralizing authority, responsibilities and resources and the enablement of local leadership, democratic rule and the strengthening of local authorities.
	www.arabhumanrights.org /en/unconfs/index.asp?cid=7 (1176 words)

	Geography Standards - Xpeditions @ nationalgeographic.com
		Of great importance to human existence, therefore, are the spatial relationships between settlements of different sizes: their spacing, their arrangement, their functional differences, and their economic specialties.
		Settlements and the patterns they etch on Earth’s surface provide not only data on current economic and social aspects of human existence but also a historical record.
		In all such cases, the surviving evidence of past settlements can and should be amplified by the students’ use of research materials to develop a fuller understanding of how settlements relate to their physical settings over time.
	www.nationalgeographic.com /xpeditions/standards/12/index.html (723 words)

	University of Minnesota Human Rights Library
		In 1976 the Vancouver Declaration on Human Settlements noted that "major clearance operations should take place only when conservation and rehabilitation are not feasible and relocation measures are made".
		The term "forced evictions" as used throughout this General Comment is defined as the permanent or temporary removal against their will of individuals, families and/or communities from the homes and/or land which they occupy, without the provision of, and access to, appropriate forms of legal or other protection.
		Appropriate procedural protection and due process are essential aspects of all human rights but it is especially pertinent in relation to a matter such as forced evictions which directly invokes a large number of the rights recognised in both International Human Rights Covenants.
	www1.umn.edu /humanrts/gencomm/escgencom7.htm (1991 words)

	HIC - Note on Human Settlements before CSD 13
		Because “human settlements is the overarching theme under which issues such as water, sanitation, transport and other services belong” (Finland) the capacities and mandate of UN habitat to coordinate international activities, monitoring and campaigns should strengthened.
		Institutional consequences must be made based on the fact that sustainability-orientated management of urbanization-processes in its various forms (all types of human settlements and all types of changes in spatial development) is a basic challenge in the field of human settlements.
		Human rights education must be given higher priority, both within formal as well as informal education, both in developing as well as developed countries.
	www.hic-net.org /articles.asp?PID=208 (1982 words)

	Creating sustainable human settlements
		Starting with a concise environmental and cultural history of human settlements, a global survey and analysis of the challenges of an urbanising world will be offerred.
		The course aims to develop a theoretical concept of the sustainable development of human settlements.
		Participants, individually and collectively, will be encouraged to draw up blueprints for the sustainable development of human settlements – building design, land use, energy, transport and waste management.
	www.navdanya.org /bija/courseoutlines/2006/sust-settlements.htm (420 words)

	Environmental Priorities - Human Settlements
		Human settlements are plagued with persistent problems as a result of population growth coupled with industrial and commercial expansion which has resulted in intense competition for land.
		The population of Jamaica is expected to increase to 3 million by the year 2000 and 60 percent of this population is projected to be urban.
		Current problems in urban settlements include urban sprawl, unplanned development, inefficient use of space, urban blight, scattered development, housing shortages, increasing shortage of land, lack of employment opportunities and disparity in the provision of facilities and amenities.
	www.nrca.org /policies/neap/HUMANSET.HTM (826 words)

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