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Topic: Human skin colour

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	Human skin color - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Skin colour is determined by the amount and type of the pigment melanin in the skin.
		The evolution of the different skin colours is thought to have occurred as follows: the haired ancestor of humans, like modern great apes, had light skin under their hair.
		In considering the color of human skin in the long span of human evolution, Jablonski and Chaplin note that there is no empirical evidence to suggest that the human ancestors six million years ago had a skin color different from the skin color of today's chimpanzees—namely pale-skinned under fl hair.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Human_skin_color (1939 words)

	Color
		Hue as opposed to achromatic colours (fl, white and greys).
		He referred to the white flag as one "drained of all colour".
		Human skin tone, especially as an indicator of race or ethnicity.
	dictionary.tagoror.com /wikipedia/c/co/color.html (153 words)

	Australian Museum - Sex in the Sun?
		But whether skin colour evolved as an adaptation to environmental conditions (such as UV exposure in different areas of the world) is debated.
		For the first time, the researchers were able to compare the skin colours of hundreds of different indigenous groups with direct measurements of UV radiation from across the globe.
		Although skin colour is one of the obvious features that distinguish different racial groups, Jablonski and Chaplin's research has confirmed that skin-colour differences are simply an evolutionary adaptation to regional differences in UV levels and cannot be used to understand the deeper evolutionary relationships of human races.
	www.austmus.gov.au /archive.cfm?id=1097 (434 words)

	Modelling skin colour image formation
		Skin is composed of a thin surface layer, the epidermis, and the dermis, which is a thicker layer placed under the epidermis.
		The skin colour is thus determined by the epidermis transmittance, which depends mainly on its melanin concentration, and the blood content of the dermis.
		Skin colour of a Caucasian subject is located in the area spanned by the three chromaticities - illuminant, Caucasian normal, and Caucasian erythematous.
	www.vision.auc.dk /~mst/Publications/fg2000html/node3.html (957 words)

	Naked Apes and Skin colour in Humans
		We do understand the genetic basis behind skin colour pretty well, what we haven't understand until recently is exactly why different races of humanity should have different coloured skin in the first place.
		It was easy for people to observe that the nearer a race of humanity lived to the equator the darker the colour of their skin.
		In more modern times we came to understand that skin colour was a result of the presence of a molecule called Melanin, a large complex molecule involving several carbon rings.
	www.earthlife.net /mammals/colour.html (1156 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Human Race
		The colour of these parts of the body is conditioned by a brownish pigment, on the amount and seat of which the shade of colour depends.
		The pigment of the skin is found chiefly in the epidermis: in new-born children of coloured races (at times also in white infants), as the Mongolians and negro, pigment in the true skin or corium produces blue spots in the region of the loins, called the blue Mongolian spot.
		The Eskimo are small, dolichocephalic, and have a yellow skin; the Tehuelches are large, dolichocephalic, and have a reddish skin; the Polynesians are large, mesocephalic, and have a reddish skin.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/12620b.htm (5464 words)

	Face colour under varying illumination - analysis and applications
		The skin RGB from images were converted to different colour spaces and the result showed that the normalized colour coordinate was among the most usable colour spaces for skin chromaticity modelling.
		It was also demonstrated that the skin colour model can be used to segment faces and the segmentation results depend on the background due to the method used.
		The skin locus was used as a constraint on the histogram adaptation.
	herkules.oulu.fi /isbn9514267885/html (1720 words)

	Online edition of Daily News - Features
		It cannot be a random distribution of skin colour because it is quite obvious that people near the equator are darker complexioned than those closer to the poles.
		When humans began to venture out of Africa and the tropics into cooler environments, they found they did not need so much of this 'sun screen', and accordingly their dark skins containing high concentrations of melanin gave way to less melanin and lighter skin.
		For instance light skinned northern Europeans who bask in the sun in Florida or on the northern Australian coast increasingly pay the price in the form of premature ageing of the skin and skin cancers (basal and squamous carcinoma).
	www.dailynews.lk /2004/02/17/fea08.html (704 words)

	Peter
		Skin color as a criterion of sexual identity is found across a wide range of culture areas.
		Thus, the historical transition in the meaning of skin color - from a sexual sign to an ethnic one - should not be seen as simply the replacement of one pattern of meaning by another, but as rather the reworking and reinterpretation of older meanings within a new social framework.
		Lightness of skin in women was found to correlate with digit ratio, which is a marker of fetal exposure to estrogen in the womb.
	pages.globetrotter.net /peter_frost61z (7847 words)

	Great Moments in Science - Skin Colour 1
		You get your particular skin colour because of chemicals in the outer layer of your skin, which is called the epidermis.
		Skin colour begins down in the deepest level of your epidermis, where special cells called "melanocytes" live.
		In the skin of the Negroid peoples of Africa, the complete melanosome, with its load of melanin, survives inside the regular skin cells - and this gives you a darkish skin.
	www.abc.net.au /science/k2/moments/s249992.htm (790 words)

	colour therapy: chromalive
		Since colours have a big influence on our mental and physical wellbeing, through the radiation of the right therapy colours on the reflex zones or acupuncture points the bioenergy of the cells and the meridians (energy paths) can be corrected.
		The effect of the colour power is either immediately being transformed into regulating the life energy, or stored in the cells to be used at a later date when necessary.
		The colour circle is divided into 12 equal sections, one for each colour, and they follow each other in the order of the rainbow spectral colour order.
	www.chromalighttherapy.com /applications.html (1241 words)

	[No title]
		The goal of the method of skin detection is to select the appropriate color model for verifying the skin pixel under different lighting conditions and various typ...
		The proposed technique uses a human skin color model that is based on the Bayesian decision theory and developed using a large training set of skin colors and nonskin colors.
		Skin detection algorithms, normally evaluate a single and thus limited color model, such as HSV, Y CrCb, YUV, RGB, normalized RGB, etc. Their limited performance, however, suggests that they are looking at the incorrect color models.
	library.graphicon.ru:8080 /catalog?prop_id=8&sort_Papers.Name=1 (1367 words)

	Estimation of the Illuminant Colour from Human Skin Colour - Storring, Andersen, Granum (ResearchIndex)
		Estimation of the Illuminant Colour from Human Skin Colour - Storring, Andersen, Granum (ResearchIndex)
		Estimation of the Illuminant Colour from Human Skin Colour (2000)
		Estimation of the illuminant colour from human skin colour.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /storring00estimation.html (562 words)

	The Heredity of "Racial" Traits--The Color Line and the One-Drop Rule (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		We have known that human pigmentation genes are additive and codominant because half the offspring of differently colored parents have a skin tone between that of their parents, no matter how similar the parents (one-fourth are outside each extreme of the parental span).
		Skin color is determined by a (definite) minimum of three and a (probable) maximum of six additive genes, each with two co-dominant alleles.
		If skin tone were set by six genes, then the descendants would fall into the thirteenth line of Pascal’s triangle with, on average, 1, 12, 66, 220, 495, 792, 924, 792, 495, 220, 66, 12, and 1 out of every 4096 individuals having every skin-tone gradation from the fairest to the darkest.
	www.backintyme.com /Essay041215.htm (4582 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - Human Skin
		The skin - or to use the correct term, cutaneous membrane - is the largest organ in the human body.
		The bottom layer of skin, the dermis, is richly supplied with blood vessels; this is the part of skin in which hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands, and nerve endings are located.
		Of course, the skin is also vulnerable to attacks from other organisms, like a virus causing cold sores or warts, or fungus which causes athletes foot.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A581032 (1028 words)

	News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Geographers and anthropologists have long recognised that the distribution of human skin colour among indigenous populations is not random.
		Different scientific observations on the evolution of skin colour have indicated that people suffering from xeroderma pigmentosum a condition where melanocytes are destroyed by exposure to the sun, also are at risk of squamous and basal cell carcinomas.
		Also observed is that people with light coloured skin when exposed to strong sunlight showed abnormally low levels of B vitamin folate in their blood.
	www.deccanherald.com /deccanherald/july29/snt5.asp (595 words)

	Estimation of the Illuminant Colour from Human Skin Colour (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Colour is an important and useful feature for object tracking and recognition in computer vision.
		The average estimation error of the correlated colour temperature is as small as 180K.
		Applications are for example in colour based tracking to adapt to changes in lighting and in visualisation to re-render image colours to their appearance under canonical viewing conditions.
	www-prima.inrialpes.fr /fg2000/program/125.html (200 words)

	An overview of colour-based face image and skin analysis
		Colour temperature (Wyszecki & Stiles 2000) relates a light source or an illuminant to an ideal model called a Planckian radiator (also called a flbody radiator and a full radiator) and illustrates the relationship between the red and blue wavelength areas of the SPD.
		Colour temperature gives a reasonable good sensation of the “colour” of light: a high colour temperature refers to a more bluish light, while a low colour temperature means a light with more reddish components.
		The basic human colour space is CIE XYZ tristimulus values which can be obtained by an illumination dependent transformation from the linear RGB values of the camera.
	herkules.oulu.fi /isbn9514267885/html/c216.html (496 words)

	Biological Perspectives on Human Pigmentation - Cambridge University Press
		Skin colour is perhaps the most decisive and abused physical characteristic of humankind.
		The functions of melanin in the skin, brain, eye and ear are considered, and the common clinical abnormalities of pigmentation, such as albinism, are described and illustrated.
		Skin colour and society: the social-biological interface; 11.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521365147 (227 words)

	Colour of skin? - Stormfront White Nationalist Community (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		I think a lot of it is to do with how people constantly have it drummed into them that "we're all the same except for the colour of our skin." We know that's not the case, but it's as far as their understanding of race goes because it's all they ever hear.
		It also indirectly supports the pseudo science of racial egalitarianism, which says that all human races are the same -- and indirectly supports the notion that people "learn to be racist," which translates to, we learn to be tribal, or ethnocentric, also a false notion.
		If it was only a matter of skin color, the other problems (crime, hate, lower intelligence resulting in lower academic standards, and White discrimination on the part of other races) would never come into play.
	www.stormfront.org /forum/showthread.php?p=1688112 (1251 words)

	Measurement of melanin and blood concentration in human skin
		Knowledge of the mechanism of human skin colour and measurement of melanin and blood concentration in human skin are needed in the medical and cosmetic fields.
		The modified Beer–Lambert law is applied to the change in the absorbance spectrum from reflectance of human skin as the change in melanin and blood is assumed to be small.
		The concentration of melanin and blood was estimated from the absorbance spectrum reflectance of human skin using multiple regression analysis.
	stacks.iop.org /0031-9155/46/2385 (351 words)

	Harun Yahya - The Secrets of DNA -
		All our characteristics, such as our height, skin colour, blood type, facial features that we will bear when we come to our thirtieth year are encoded in the nucleus of our inaugural cell thirty years nine months beforehand, starting from the moment of insemination.
		The human body is trillions of times more complicated than the sentence 'Everything is for the motherland', and it is definitely impossible for this complex structure to have been formed on its own, or by sheer "coincidence".
		While the human body is initially composed of a single cell, this cell divides and reproduces by folds with a ratio of2-4-8-16-32...
	www.harunyahya.com /dna02.php (6054 words)

	Evolutionary Biology: Geography And Skin Colour (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Recent studies of geographical differences in skin colour open up the subject scientifically by offering sophisticated accounts of the basis of this variation.
		The most obvious - and most discussed - aspect of human geographical variability is skin colour.
		But that claimed correlation of skin colour with latitude is riddled with exceptions, and that functional interpretation of the correlation is debated.
	www.comdig.org /send_article.php?id_article=21447 (145 words)

	Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Skin detection can be defined as the process of selecting which pixels of a given image correspond to human skin.
		Skin detection is useful in, for example, face detection and face tracking for security and video indexing applications, model-based video coding, etc.
		Skin color is affected by ambient light which is unknown in many situations; different cameras produce different colors, even from the same person, under the same illumination conditions; and finally,
	galanteh.no-ip.com /Skin/2 (217 words)

	ABSTRACT:User-oriented Human Skin Colour Specifications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The dimension of this colour model is determined from surveys and multidimensional scaling studies conducted for skin colour perception.
		It has been found that two perceptual parameters, tan and rosiness, are sufficient to model the physical determinants of skin colour which consists of blood and melanin concentrations.
		The proposed perception-based 2D colour model is an efficient and userfriendly alternative for applications involving human synthesis comparing to the classical 3D colour models such as RGB or HSV.
	attend.it.uts.edu.au /icita05/CDROM-ICITA04/abstracts/65-2.htm (125 words)

	Measurement of melanin and blood concentration in human skin
		Measurement of melanin and blood concentration in human skin is needed in the medical and the cosmetic fields because human skin colour is mainly determined by the colours of melanin and blood.
		It is difficult to measure these concentrations in human skin because skin has a multi-layered structure and scatters light strongly throughout the visible spectrum.
		A regression analysis based on the modified Beer–Lambert law is presented as a method of measuring melanin and blood concentration in human skin in a shorter period of time and with fewer calculations.
	stacks.iop.org /0031-9155/46/2397 (341 words)

	jwz - It puts the lotion on its skin or else it gets the hose again.
		I was anticipating William Gibson inspired vats of genetically grown, harvested, and tanned human skin.
		If you want real skin, head over to Body Worlds, currently showing at the California Science Center.
		If you want real skin, go somewhere else, because plastinized cadavers are made out of plaster.
	www.livejournal.com /users/jwz/368418.html (415 words)

	Alwynne B. Beaudoin - The Dung File - Part 10: Popular Press
		Human body is very efficient at absorbing and storing fat (probably an adaptation to a scarce dietary resource in the past) but this causes problems with modern fat-rich diets.
		This evidence shows a decline in general health with abandonment of mobile lifeway and advent of agriculture (increased incidence of intestinal parasites, evidence of anaemia, evidence of tooth decay especially in modern times).
		Human mitochondrial DNA sequences matched those known to be from Aboriginal North Americans.
	www.scirpus.ca /dung/popart.htm (1679 words)

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