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Topic: Human spaceflight

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List of human spaceflights, 1987 1999

List of human spaceflights, 2000 present

List of human spaceflights, 1961 1986

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	The Space Review: Sagan's rationale for human spaceflight
		The relationship between human spaceflight and the survival of the human species was explained by the spaceflight pioneers Konstantin Tsiolkovsky and Robert Goddard, and has since been expressed by Stephen Hawking, Carl Sagan, and many others.
		In medieval times, some people kept a human skull in their home to remind themselves of mortality, and to view their priorities against the big picture of life and death.
		Human spaceflight and the survival of the human species are ideal subjects for the screen.
	www.thespacereview.com /article/261/1 (1007 words)

	A&G Spaceflight Paper
		In the future, powerful sociopolitical reasons for human space flight are likely to include the demands of the world economy for extraterrestrial raw materials, and the continuing need for high-profile international projects as aids in building a stable geopolitical environment here on Earth (Crawford 1995).
		As the complex motivations for human space flight are not primarily scientific, it follows that they are not, and indeed cannot be, financed primarily from scientific budgets.
		While recognizing that many of the driving forces behind human space flight are social and political, rather than narrowly scientific, it seems clear that science has been, and will continue to be, a major beneficiary of having people in space.
	www.star.ucl.ac.uk /~iac/spaceflight.html (3446 words)

	Human spaceflight - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Human spaceflight is spaceflight with a human crew and possibly passengers, which is in contrast to robotic space probes or remotely-controlled unmanned space missions.
		The only destination of human spaceflight missions beyond Earth orbit has been the Moon, which is itself in Earth orbit.
		Most of the time, the only humans in space are those aboard the International Space Station, whose crew of three spends up to six months at a time in low Earth orbit.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Human_spaceflight (553 words)

	Spaceflight Overview
		Spaceflight is flight that occurs beyond the Earth's atmosphere using vehicles called spacecraft.
		Human spaceflight quickly became the main aspect of competition in the Space Race, and the most expensive.
		The most ambitious human spaceflight program, from both a technological and a financial standpoint, is the International Space Station, or ISS, now being developed by a consortium consisting of Russia, the United States, Europe, Japan, and others.
	www.centennialofflight.gov /essay/SPACEFLIGHT/SP_OV.htm (2493 words)

	Need for New Policy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The long term viability of human exploration of space requires that a new political covenant must be constructed between the technical community and the rest of society as represented by international political institutions.
		Although human spaceflight can also be supported in terms of the massive problems facing humanity on the Earth in the next Century, they are of little interest to today's politicians.
		Human spaceflight is particularly expensive, and only the United States and Russia have felt compelled to make that scale of societal investment.
	ares.jsc.nasa.gov /HumanExplore/Exploration/EXLibrary/DOCS/EIC046.html (5553 words)

	Human Spaceflight
		The first set of challenges faced by humans entering into space are encountered during the acceleration and de-acceleration periods during lift-off and re-entry.
		Before humans had been sent into space, many scientists made predictions about the effect microgravity might have on the human body, predictions which often were in contradiction with each other.
		Humans in space must be protected from many hazards, from space radiation to the debilitating effects of microgravity responsible for progressive loss of bone mass.
	www.astrophys-assist.com /educate/spaceflight/spaceflight.htm (3651 words)

	Space Science Pioneer Van Allen Questions Human Spaceflight
		A leading space scientist has called to question the validity of human spaceflight, suggesting that sending astronauts outward from Earth is outdated, too costly, and the science returned is trivial.
		The human spaceflight critic is no stranger to space -- in fact he’s a pioneer in the space science arena from the premier days of satellites orbiting Earth.
		Supporters of human spaceflight “defy reality and struggle to recapture the level of public support that was induced temporarily by the Cold War,” van Allen charges.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/vanallen_spaceflight_040726.html (687 words)

	Space Policy Experts Discuss Goals for Human Spaceflight Program
		Exploration as the Goal for Human Spaceflight: Many participants believed that the primary goal of the human spaceflight program should be exploration, in order to satisfy a basic human drive and to contribute to the acquisition of new knowledge.
		Others commented that human explorers can take advantage of "unanticipated learning" opportunities for learning in a way that robots cannot, and humans can communicate to others what it is like to experience outer space.
		For example, the goal of achieving long-term human exploration, it was noted, could provide "a very clear justification" for the configuration of, and research aboard, the space station, and the design of the next space transportation system.
	www.aip.org /fyi/2004/008.html (788 words)

	News: The Human Advantage (September 23, 2003)
		Human operators provide the finesse needed for the Canadarm robot to move Station modules into place.
		But, studying humans in space does not only benefit the astronauts while they are in space.
		Another benefit of human spaceflight might have less obvious concrete advantages, but the intangible benefits are enormous.
	liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov /news/2003/news-human.asp (1299 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Human spaceflight goes commercial
		The US space shuttle, America's only route for humans into space in the last 25 years, was so ambitious and complex that it became prohibitively expensive and, with two fatal accidents, unreliable.
		It led a young entrepreneur called Peter Diamandis to propose the X Prize in the hope that it might do for spaceflight in the 21st Century what the Orteig Prize did for aviation in the 20th.
		Erik Lindbergh is the grandson of Charles and an advocate of private spaceflight.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/science/nature/4828404.stm (1476 words)

	The Future of Human Spaceflight (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		As one of the eight astronauts in the human habitat sips coffee during his daily stroll in the plant chamber, the glow of the morning sun creeps through the windows, evolving into orange.
		Many see new propulsion as a key to getting crews and large pieces of equipment there quickly and safely, while others say the rocket technology we have now can do the job.
		"Humans to Mars is not that hard," said Robert Zubrin, president of the Mars Society and author of "The Case for Mars: The Plan To Settle the Red Planet and Why We Must," with Richard Wagner.
	www.floridatoday.com /columbia/futurespace/spaceflight1ONDEC5.htm (896 words)

	ATI's Introduction to Human Spaceflight course
		This three-day course is designed for engineers, physicists, managers, and related professionals who wish an introduction to the effect of the space environment on humans.
		The intent of the course is to provide the non-space life scientist, engineer, or manager with the basic knowledge that will allow him or her to contribute more effectively to the human space exploration program.
		The human body, that through evolution is uniquely designed to function on the Earth's surface, adapts to the space environment as a result of reduced gravity and enhanced radiation.
	www.aticourses.com /intro_human_spaceflight.htm (369 words)

	Is Human Spaceflight Obsolete? Issues in Science and Technology - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		I am among the most durable and passionate participants in the scientific exploration of the solar system, and I am a long-time advocate of the application of space technology to civil and military purposes of direct benefit to life on Earth and to our national security.
		Human spaceflight spans an epoch of more than forty years, 1961 to 2004, surely a long enough period to permit thoughtful assessment.
		Nonetheless, advocates of human spaceflight defy reality and struggle to recapture the level of public support that was induced temporarily by the Cold War.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3622/is_200407/ai_n9419104 (706 words)

	Alternate Universe: Human Spaceflight Without NASA?
		I had asked Dyson and other top scientists about the future of human spaceflight, on a day when worldwide media reports said President Bush might soon announce a major new human space initiative, to the Moon and perhaps Mars.
		Human space flight has a bad reputation because "the pretence that the shuttle and the space station could do first-rate science has now collapsed," Dyson said.
		The ultimate goal of any return to human spaceflight, in the minds of many scientists, would be a multi-billion dollar crewed mission to Mars like the one proposed by Robert Zubrin, who leads the Mars Society.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/1036810/posts (2068 words)

	CNN - China aims for 'prestige' of human spaceflight - June 30, 1999
		Some of the newer evidence of a human space program includes photos reportedly taken by a contract worker of an escape tower at the top of a rocket capable of launching a heavy payload.
		Chinese leaders have announced the country's human space flight plans on the radio and via other state-run media, but they reportedly are angry that details of the program have leaked out.
		China's second or third human flight likely will involve the docking of two spacecraft as part of an effort to transfer a crew to a space station module, he writes.
	www.cnn.com /TECH/space/9906/30/china.space (869 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Breaking News \| China takes next step in human spaceflight
		The Expedition 11 mission of commander Sergei Krikalev and flight engineer John Phillips aboard the International Space Station is winding down, and this narrated retrospective looks back at the key events of the half-year voyage in orbit.
		Often wrapped in official secrecy, China's infant manned space program has been in development for over a decade, and the first unmanned prototype was deployed in space in 1999.
		Three more test flights followed, and the historic first manned mission was launched in October 2003, making China just the third nation to put a human into orbit after the former Soviet Union and the United States completed inaugural spaceflights over 40 years ago.
	www.spaceflightnow.com /news/n0510/11shenzhou6 (1696 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Breaking News \| China on the cusp of its first human spaceflight
		For over four decades, nations wanting human access to the high frontier have been at the whim of the United States and Russia.
		Tests of systems were carried out using animals, full-scale human dummies, and a number of scientific and military experiments.
		Physically, the Shenzhou is roughly similar to the design of the Russian Soyuz craft, with three main modules and electricity supplied through the use of solar panels.
	www.spaceflightnow.com /news/n0310/07shenzhou5 (1435 words)

	The Future of Human Spaceflight (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		A community conversation sponsored by Florida Today revealed lofty goals for the future of human spaceflight and frustration about lack of interest in the space program.
		Discovery of present or past life in other parts of the universe could ensure survival of the human species, researchers say.
		Nuclear technology crucial to studying distant planets, safely sending humans for extended stays on the moon and Mars.
	www.floridatoday.com /columbia/futurespace/spaceflightindex.htm (521 words)

	NSS Press Release: Human Spaceflight is Back
		Administrator Michael Griffin, the future of human spaceflight is brighter than it’s been in a long time.
		In one particularly powerful phrasing, he stated, "for me the single overarching goal of human space flight is the human settlement of the solar system, and eventually beyond.
		NSS Executive Director George Whitesides stated: “Human exploration and settlement is the only motivation that truly justifies the scale of our current space endeavors, and it is the only motivation that provides the context for even greater investments in those efforts.
	www.nss.org /news/releases/pr20060717.html (558 words)

	SPACE.com -- China Ramps Up Human Spaceflight Efforts
		China’s human spaceflight ambitions are surging forward, ranging from new spacesuits for a planned two-person space shot in 2005 to establishing a commercial space tourism industry in 20 years.
		China entered the realm of manned spaceflight on Oct. 15, 2003, when astronaut Yang Liwei and his Shenzhou 5 spacecraft rode a Long March 2F rocket into space from the Jiuquan Space Launch Center in Inner Mongolia.
		The first multi-person spaceflight was launched by the Soviet Union in Oct. 12, 1964, with three cosmonauts tucked into their Voskhod capsule, a modified version of the one-man vehicle that carried cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin on the first manned spaceflight in 1961.
	www.space.com /missionlaunches/china_shenzhou6_041108.html (1115 words)

	2005: The year in human spaceflight - space - 28 December 2005 - New Scientist Space
		For human spaceflight, 2005 could be labelled the year of the return.
		In October, China launched its second human mission on the Shenzhou 6.
		One of the station crew members Olsen visited, cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev, became the most travelled human in space in August, clocking in a cumulative 803 days above Earth following his six-month stint on the ISS.
	www.newscientistspace.com /article.ns?id=dn8503 (571 words)

	Planetarium.Net Space Shuttle Human Spaceflight timeline
		While the Apollo spacecraft achieved many firsts in human space travel, it suffered limitations that prevented it from being able to fulfill all of NASA’s needs.
		As early as 1969 a report was issued which stated that development should begin on a craft that would be reusable.
		The Space Shuttle Columbia heralded a new era in human space flight.
	www.planetarium.net /edcenter/human/shuttle.htm (808 words)

	Spaceflight :Early Soviet Human Spaceflight Program
		The Soviet Union achieved one of the most important “firsts” in the history of spaceflight: the first flight of a human in space in 1961.
		After a one-year long flight-test program, during which seven Vostoks were launched with varying degrees of success, on April 12, 1961, the first piloted Vostok spaceship lifted off with cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, a 27-year-old Air Force major.
		In some sense, the story of Soviet human spaceflight in the early years was one of promise that never reached fruition.
	www.centennialofflight.gov /essay/SPACEFLIGHT/soviet_human/SP20.htm (1633 words)

	World Almanac for Kids
		The USSR was the first to put a human into space when cosmonaut Yury A. Gagarin made one orbit of the earth in Vostok 1 on April 12, 1961.
		Subsequently, rendezvous and docking of the ascent stage of the LM was accomplished; the two astronauts then transferred to the CM, discarded the LM, fired the service module rocket for return trajectory to earth, and returned safely.
		The first human spaceflight to reach escape velocity, orbiting the moon ten times, making photographic observations and returning to earth after 6-day mission.
	www.worldalmanacforkids.com /explore/space/humanspaceflight.html (3475 words)

	Chapter 12 -- Human Spaceflight: The Soviets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		There was a debate within the Soviet Union about whether or not to accomplish piloted flight or continue with the highly successful unmanned satellite program; the manned side of the argument won.
		Another argument ensued on how to handle a human spaceflight program; one side wanted to go slowly with suborbital missions; Korolev wanted the first mission to be orbital; Korolev won another argument.
		General Nikolai Kamanin, the Chief of Space Flight, told the cosmonauts: "The first spaceflight will be the task of the man who embodies the noble spirit of his people.
	www.space.edu /projects/book/chapter12.html (2128 words)

	Bill to Restore Vision for NASA's Human Spaceflight Program Re-Introduced
		Within 8 years of enactment, the development and flight demonstration of a reusable space vehicle capable of carrying humans from low earth orbit to the L 1 and L 2 Earth-Sun libration points and back, to the Earth-Moon libration points and back, and to lunar orbit and back.
		Within 10 years of enactment, the development and flight demonstration of a reusable space vehicle capable of carrying humans from low Earth orbit to and from an Earth-orbit crossing asteroid and rendezvousing with it.
		Within 15 years of enactment, the development and flight demonstration of a reusable space vehicle capable of carrying humans from lunar orbit to the surface of the Moon and back, as well as the deployment of a human-tended habitation and research facility on the lunar surface.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/shuttle-03ze.html (866 words)

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