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Topic: Humanitarian Intervention in Kosovo

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	Humanitarian Intervention: A Review of Literature
		What underlies the humanitarian intervention debate is a perceived tension between the values of ensuring respect for fundamental human rights and the primacy of the norms of sovereignty, non-intervention, and self determination which are considered essential factors in the maintenance of peace and international security (Danish Institute of International Affairs 1999, pp.
		Yet it is equally true that to regard textual barriers to humanitarian intervention as decisive in the face of genocidal behavior is politically and morally unacceptable, especially in view of the qualifications imposed on the unconditional claims of sovereignty by the expanded conception of international human rights.
		Broadly speaking, the moral arguments for and against humanitarian intervention fall into two categories: the realists and pluralists, on the one hand, for whom intervention undermines international order; and the solidarists and cosmopolitanists, on the other, for whom intervention may be a moral obligation stemming from membership in a cosmopolitan community of humankind.
	www.ploughshares.ca /libraries/WorkingPapers/wp012.html (11138 words)

	ANTICIPATORY HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION IN KOSOVO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Thus, keeping such intervention illegal and requiring states to break the law in extreme circumstances may be the best and most likely way to limit abuse, although it remains an imperfect solution.
		Such intervention, like “anticipatory self-defense,” is a particularly dangerous permutation of an already problematic concept.
		Vietnam’s 1978 intervention in Cambodia was closely related to a long term conflict between the countries but was allegedly based on the atrocities of the Khmer Rouge.
	law.vanderbilt.edu /journal/32-05/32-5-1.html (6831 words)

	Humanitarian intervention: a review of literature
		Yet it is equally true that to regard textual barriers to humanitarian intervention as decisive in the face of genocidal behavior is politically and morally unacceptable, especially in view of the qualifications imposed on the unconditional claims of sovereignty by the expanded conception of international human rights (Falk 1999, p.
		In a similar vein, other writers have argued that the legality of an incidence of humanitarian intervention would have to be weighed against a state or group of states compliance with international law in all other aspects during its conduct of the particular humanitarian campaign.
		Cassese, Antonio 2000, "A Follow-up: Forcible Humanitarian Countermeasures and Opinio Necessitatis," EJIL 10, 791-800.
	www.ploughshares.ca /libraries/monitor/mond00a.html (4334 words)

	(DV) Bloom-Rifati-Sharma: Aftermath of "Humanitarian" Intervention in Kosovo
		The fact that Kosovo went from being a multi-ethnic society within a multi-ethnic and relatively economically stable country (the former Yugoslavia) to being a lawless country intolerant of all but the ruling majority, is not acknowledged by the press and even seems to be intentionally hidden from public awareness.
		Kosovo Roma living in the UN protectorate today find themselves in a frustrating bureaucratic “log-jam” when they try to obtain legal records, visas, permits, etc. due to the absence of clarity concerning the lines of authority and procedures in a region that is:
		* The Roma and “Humanitarian” Ethnic Cleansing in Kosovo
	www.dissidentvoice.org /April2004/VOR0426.htm (1396 words)

	NATO - Kosovo Conflict
		To compare the importance of state sovereignty with humanitarian intervention, both need to be reviewed for their primary definitions and significance.
		Humanitarian intervention is referenced in international law, but there is no definitive meaning for it.
		The very nature of humanitarian intervention, therefore, must be evaluated to determine what is generally accepted as such an act.
	pages.cpsc.ucalgary.ca /~carman/courses/nato_proposal.html (1891 words)

	Legality, Morality, and the Dilemma of Humanitarian Intervention after Kosovo
		Yet the history of humanitarian interventions is one of abuse, and the loss of blood incurred in its course draws into doubt this moral high ground.
		But Gray's study, based to a large degree on the analysis of state practice, places the issue of humanitarian intervention into the broader framework of the law on the use of force which allows for insights into many parallels in other strands of this body of law.
		In contrast, Chesterman concentrates on humanitarian intervention as such (broadly defined), but often escapes the confines of state practice and offers broader reflections on the political impact and significance of legal developments.
	www.ejil.org /journal/Vol13/No1/br1.html (994 words)

	Humanitarian Intervention in Kosovo: A Highly Suspect Pretext for War - Covertaction.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Although NATO is obviously not Hitler, the example illustrates the mischief caused when countries assert the right to use force on such a basis: It is often a pretext for acting in their own geopolitical interests and it sets a dangerous precedent-other governments can do the same.
		It is a frequent occurrence, whether the Russians in the Balkans in the 19th century, the Japanese in Manchuria in the 1930s, or the United States in Vietnam, the Dominican Republic, Grenada, and Panama.
		Once again it appears that the claim of humanitarian intervention is a pretext for countries acting in their own self-interest and for their own geo-political reasons.
	www.covertaction.org /content/view/81/75 (788 words)

	The ‘Truth’ of the Matter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		A Genealogy of The Humanitarian Intervention in Kosovo
		Power and morality converge in an attempt to secure the ‘truth’ of intervention in the sovereign affairs of another nation in the face of what is framed as a looming humanitarian crisis.
		The Albanian community’s desire for greater autonomy and expansion of their civil rights in Kosovo met with rebuke and the revocation of the province’s autonomy, the imposition of direct control from Belgrade, and the Milosevic-inspired course of action to “re-Serbianize the public sphere” (Hagen, 1999:58).
	www.isanet.org /noarchive/shinko.html (5741 words)

	Legality, Morality, and the Dilemma of Humanitarian Intervention after Kosovo
		- that the main problem of humanitarian intervention consists in the divergence of law and morality: while considerations of justice and human rights demand the recognition of a right to intervention, international law prevents this by anachronistically relying on order and on state sovereignty.
		Other criteria, such as the legality of the action and its non-selectivity, are considered as merely optional: their fulfilment strengthens the legitimacy of the intervention, but is not necessary to justify it in the first place.
		Indeed, in the case of Kosovo, NATO member states refrained from seeking a General Assembly resolution, apparently for fear of failing to achieve the necessary number of votes; but this did not prevent them from intervening.
	www.ejil.org /journal/Vol13/No1/br1-03.html (1452 words)

	Humanitarian Intervention and Assistance
		Humanitarian military intervention and muscular peace operations have been partially effective in recent years in saving thousands of lives from the Balkans to Haiti to Somalia to Cambodia to Mozambique.
		It maps the changing legitimacy of humanitarian intervention by comparing the international response to cases of humanitarian intervention in the cold war and post-cold war periods.
		Three recent military humanitarian intervention cases, Somalia, Rwanda, and Bosnia are used to formulate a focus set of criteria for military intervention in accordance with the present National Security Strategy and future global trends.
	www.au.af.mil /au/aul/bibs/human.htm (10913 words)

	wfn.org \| Kirkpatrick Pleads for Humanitarian Intervention in Kosovo
		Kirkpatrick reminded the president that this is the second such plea on behalf of those persecuted in Kosovo.
		It now seems clear that those in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, who are nominally responsible for public order and safety, plan to continue their campaign of terror against the 90% of their fellow citizens in Kosovo who are ethnically Albanian.
		President, in light of the escalating terror against civilians in Kosovo, we are asking you for the second time since June to renew your efforts to win a clear mandate in the United Nations Security Council for humanitarian intervention in Kosovo.
	www.wfn.org /1998/10/msg00079.html (177 words)

	364 Kosovo: International Law and the Use of Force
		Resolution 1199 thus expressly acknowledged that there is a situation in Kosovo of the nature covered by Chapter VII and recognized the role Yugoslav forces have played in creating the humanitarian crisis in the province, but it did not expressly authorize forceful intervention.
		The justification for humanitarian intervention is strongest when the intervening states are acting to protect their own nationals, as in the case of Israel's 1976 raid to release its nationals being held hostage at the airport in Entebbe, Uganda.
		The extended argument would be that in exceptional cases where peaceful means of alleviating a humanitarian crisis inflicted by a state on its own nationals have failed, and where the Security Council has recognized a threat to international peace, forceful intervention would be lawful so long as it is proportional to the situation.
	www.msu.edu /course/pls/364/stein/364-Kosovo-IntLaw.htm (18359 words)

	International Affairs Review is the independent (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		This article seeks to assess the success of the NATO humanitarian intervention in the Kosovo province of the Federal Yugoslav Republic.
		It finds that humanitarian intervention in Kosovo has led to the creation of an international protectorate on the territory of the secessionist province.
		Without offering a comprehensive solution to the underlying problem of the political status of Kosovo, the commitment of NATO troops seems to be tantamount to simply maintaining the ceasefire—a commitment that could become indefinite.
	www.gwu.edu /~iar/balkanmandate.html (182 words)

	Public Lecture: Humanitarian Intervention in Kosovo: Legal and Human Aspects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Public Lecture: Humanitarian Intervention in Kosovo: Legal and Human Aspects
		International Human Rights lawyer, Julie Mertus, will give a slide/lecture entitled "Humanitarian Intervention in Kosovo: Legal and Human Aspects".
		The event Coordinator is Melody Nichols and can be reached at 221 3810
	www.wm.edu /cal/Lecture/680.html (52 words)

	Review Essay Legality, Morality and the Dilemma of Humanitarian Intervention after Kosovo -- Krisch 13 (1): 323 -- ...
		rather than state sovereignty, would endorse humanitarian intervention.
		of unilateral humanitarian intervention neglect the value of
		Legality and Legitimization of Humanitarian Intervention: New Challenges in the Age of the War on Terrorism
	ejil.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/13/1/323 (352 words)

	Find in a Library: Lessons of Kosovo : the dangers of humanitarian intervention
		Find in a Library: Lessons of Kosovo : the dangers of humanitarian intervention
		Lessons of Kosovo : the dangers of humanitarian intervention
		WorldCat is provided by OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. on behalf of its member libraries.
	worldcatlibraries.org /wcpa/ow/219d1d5f00b8425aa19afeb4da09e526.html (75 words)

	Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law: Anticipatory humanitarian intervention in Kosovo.@ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law: Anticipatory humanitarian intervention in Kosovo.@ HighBeam Research
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		Author: Charney, Jonathan I. The intervention by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in Kosovo during the spring of 1999 aroused controversy at the time and still provokes questions about the legality of the action, its precedential effect, and procedures for developing new international law.
	highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?docid=1G1:58726605&refid=ink_tptd_mag (155 words)

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