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Topic: Humanitarian intervention

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	Human Rights Watch World Report 2004: War in Iraq: Not a Humanitarian Intervention
		Humanitarian intervention was supposed to have gone the way of the 1990s.
		The lack of ongoing or imminent mass slaughter was itself sufficient to disqualify the invasion of Iraq as a humanitarian intervention.
		Intervention was not motivated primarily by humanitarian concerns.
	www.hrw.org /wr2k4/3.htm (5517 words)

	Crimes Of War Project > The Book
		Today, humanitarian interventions have been largely the brainchildren of UN bureaucrats and of humanitarian relief organizations who are unable to operate safely in conflict zones.
		As the costs of humanitarian interventions mount, the willingness of outside States to intervene to protect people from systematic violations of internationally recognized human rights or provide them with relief is an open question.
		But humanitarian intervention remains an immensely attractive idea to many, and in the absence, after the end of the Cold War, of either any real system of international security or any real transfer of authority to supranational institutions like the UN, it is likely to remain an enduring, if half-hearted, one.
	www.crimesofwar.org /thebook/humanitarian-intervention.html (1193 words)

	Human Rights Watch World Report 2004: War in Iraq: Not a Humanitarian Intervention
		Humanitarian intervention was supposed to have gone the way of the 1990s.
		The lack of ongoing or imminent mass slaughter was itself sufficient to disqualify the invasion of Iraq as a humanitarian intervention.
		Intervention was not motivated primarily by humanitarian concerns.
	hrw.org /wr2k4/3.htm (5514 words)

	Sovereignty Eclipsed?: The Legitimacy of Humanitarian Access and Intervention (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Humanitarian intervention involves a situation where the humanitarian aspects are the primary factors in the decision to intervene and are the main focus of the action, including action within the traditional security realm which may mitigate the humanitarian situation.
		Humanitarian intervention is premised, for the most part, on the use of force for humanitarian ends, and may have as its eventual outcome the removal of a repressive regime.
		The implications for the discourse on humanitarian intervention are far-reaching.
	www.jha.ac /articles/a019.htm (19582 words)

	MONA FIXDAL, Department of Political Science, University of Oslo, and DAN SMITH, International Peace Research ...
		Humanitarian intervention is a largely-though not wholly-new area of inquiry within academic international relations.
		It is arguable, however; that there are two types of humanitarian intervention in which the question of right authority is not important: (1) cases when the governments have agreed to accept UN peacekeeping forces in the context of a cease-fire agreement, and (2) cases of so called failed states.
		When intervention occurs, it is about power; not a concern for human rights, democracy, or other liberal values; the basis for intervention lies in the ability and the wish to intervene, not in a right to do so.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/fixdal.html (13496 words)

	The Dilemmas of Humanitarian Intervention
		The enthusiasm for humanitarian intervention (usually in the form of United Nations peacekeeping missions, though occasionally through outside parties without UN sanction) was fueled by the growing human rights movement throughout the world and by a relentless stream of television images of the victims of human rights abuses.
		Here he addresses the critics of humanitarian intervention, He supports the creation of a greater UN reserve force that could be deployed in large-scale operations and suggests how the composition and deployment of such forces could be restructured.
		Humanitarian intervention entails the ranking of one set of values over against another, and in real life this may mean war or the invasion of another sovereign state.
	www.religion-online.org /showarticle.asp?title=2908 (2061 words)

	Humanitarian Intervention
		An example of an intervention which led to growing disrepute for the doctrine was Hitler’s use of force to "defend" ethnic Germans in the Sudetenland as a pretext for his invasion of Czechoslovakia.
		Humanitarian justifications were also used during the 1971 Indian intervention in East Pakistan, the 1978 Vietnamese intervention against the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia, the 1979 Tanzanian intervention against Idi Amin in Uganda, and the 1979 French intervention against the Bokassa regime in the Central African Republic.
		As Jack Donnelly argues, humanitarian intervention rests on the notion that the principle of self-determination is being negated when a genocidal regime does not have the consent of the people, so the legal principle of nonintervention does not apply.
	www.ndu.edu /inss/strforum/SF166/forum166.html (2414 words)

	The Painful Death of Humanitarian Intervention - by Doug Bandow
		The GOP was skeptical of humanitarian warmaking less than a decade ago, when President Bill Clinton took America into war with Serbia, a small state that had threatened neither the U.S. nor any of its allies.
		The justification for humanitarian intervention is fundamentally utilitarian.
		Humanitarian intervention is more commonly advocated for governmental basket cases with little or no serious military capability.
	www.antiwar.com /bandow/?articleid=9951 (3447 words)

	The Ethics of Armed Humanitarian Intervention by CAJ (Tony) Coady: Peaceworks: U.S. Institute of Peace
		Moreover, if military interventions in the Middle East against terrorism prove successful, they may bolster the case for the use of military intervention in the cause of humanitarian relief by suggesting that military power can be effective in solving political problems at a distance and in aiding positive social transformation of other societies.
		This essay begins with definitional discussions of the key terms of any such debate: "humanitarian," "intervention," and "ethics." "Humanitarian" refers principally to the motives for the intervention, namely, to save foreigners from the ills inflicted upon them by their rulers or by powerful, protected groups in their own country.
		Military interventions in the affairs of other states without the warrant of self- defense or defense of allies were largely ruled out, both morally and legally.
	www.usip.org /pubs/peaceworks/pwks45.html (1223 words)

	Humanitarian Military Intervention
		The history of humanitarian military intervention is replete with examples of powerful states or coalitions invoking the doctrine to conceal their own geopolitical interests.
		The Clinton doctrine of humanitarian intervention is simply the latest in a series of pretexts employed by the United States to justify unilateral military intervention.
		Humanitarian intervention to stop grave human rights abuses should only be used after multilateral diplomatic and economic measures have been exhausted.
	www.fpif.org /briefs/vol5/v5n01hmi_body.html (2498 words)

	Boston.com / News / Boston Globe / Opinion / Op-ed / Humanitarian intervention in Darfur?
		UN humanitarian chief Jan Egeland has predicted that mortality rates could climb to 100,000 people a month if insecurity forces humanitarian organizations to suspend work.
		Humanitarian intervention in Darfur should be defined by security needs, not the capacity of the African Union or the political limitations of the UN.
		Attacks on civilians and humanitarian workers in the early stages of intervention present a clear risk, and a highly mobile, well-armed early contingent of troops must be deployed to counter such threats.
	www.boston.com /news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2005/04/17/humanitarian_intervention_in_darfur (755 words)

	Humanitarian intervention: a controversial right.
		The first case of armed intervention on humanitarian grounds by Western countries was in Kurdish areas of northern Iraq.
		The term “right” or “duty” of “intervention”—to which the word “humanitarian” was soon added—was coined in the late 1980s by Mario Bettati, Professor of International Public Law at the University of Paris II, and by the French politician Bernard Kouchner, one of the founders of the aid organization Médecins sans frontières (Doctors without Borders).
		Humanitarian aid must therefore be delivered without regard to national frontiers, or whether or not a country has pledged to respect a rule, the jurisdiction of a court or the powers of an international police force.
	www.unesco.org /courier/1999_08/uk/ethique/txt1.htm (1541 words)

	Doing It Right: The Future of Humanitarian Intervention (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		The answer is to focus on those where the scale of death and suffering is greatest, where intervention is unlikely to create great-power conflicts, and where a mission can be designed that promises many lives saved at low cost to intervening soldiers.
		These should have been the prime candidates for humanitarian intervention, as should any future conflicts of comparable severity (Kosovo and Haiti were not on this list, but the Clinton administration's wise decisions to intervene in those places reflected the presence of strategic stakes alongside humanitarian concerns).
		Intervention in the last three would pit outside forces against battle-toughened, dedicated, and rather large insurgencies fighting on terrain advantageous for guerrilla-like warfare.
	www.brook.edu /press/review/fall2000/ohanlon.htm (2604 words)

	Motives for Humanitarian Intervention
		I would require that a "humanitarian impact statement" be incorporated into the U.S. foreign policy decision-making process before actions are taken or not taken that may lead to a humanitarian crisis.
		If we had done a humanitarian impact statement, think of the suffering we could have prevented in the Balkans alone: We likely would not have missed the risk and consequences of mass murder and forced expulsions in Bosnia in the early '90s and Kosovo in the late '90s.
		We need to develop a literacy of recognizing the steps in the life-cycle of a humanitarian crisis and bring to bear tools to deal with it: early warning tools, prevention tools, mitigation tools, and a range of intervention tools up to and including--as a last resort--military force applied with a clear end-point in mind.
	www.state.gov /g/prm/rls/37930.htm (1432 words)

	ZNet Commentary
		That’s not intervention and it’s not humanitarian intervention.
		While Clinton is talking about the right of humanitarian intervention, which he has never once exercised and—I want to cut down the criticism of Clinton: nor has anyone else; it’s unlikely that in all of history you can find a genuine case of humanitarian intervention.
		Again, before talking about the academic issue of humanitarian intervention (of which there are no known examples), you can start by not escalating atrocities as you have been doing in the past.
	www.zmag.org /sustainers/content/2000-07/05chomsky.htm (999 words)

	Humanitarian Intervention? - Empire? - Global Policy Forum
		The report further analyzes the controversial concept of “humanitarian” intervention, which some defend as a means to justice, but critics often deride as a tool used by powerful nations to meddle in smaller states’ affairs.
		Proponents for humanitarian intervention are advocating for the creation of a UN Force, ready to intervene in situations like Rwanda and Srebrenica.
		Annan said intervention to prevent genocide was not a “right to intervention,” but at root a responsibility of the entire human race to protect fellow human beings from extreme abuse.
	www.globalpolicy.org /empire/humanint (3006 words)

	The Debate on Humanitarian Intervention
		Military intervention in other societies for humanitarian reasons has become a western moral and political preoccupation as a result of the war in Bosnia and the genocide in Rwanda.
		Since the invasion of Iraq, the humanitarian justification has retroactively been made the justification for American policy there and offered as the basis for policy in the future.
		Humanitarian intervention is to be turned into a positive (even preemptive) program for doing good internationally.
	www.commondreams.org /views04/0330-07.htm (707 words)

	Focus on the Global South - Humanitarian Intervention: Evolution of a Dangerous Doctrine
		“Humanitarian intervention,” defined simply, is military action taken to prevent or terminate violations of human rights that is directed at and is carried without the consent of a sovereign government.
		Humanitarian intervention seldom remains the dominant rationale for long, with geopolitics quickly becoming the driving force of a military operation.
		Humanitarian intervention ends up doing what its proponents say they are out to prevent: instigating increased human rights violations and violations of human rights and related international accords.
	www.focusweb.org /content/view/818/26 (3901 words)

	Humanitarian Intervention? - Empire? - Global Policy Forum
		Proponents for humanitarian intervention are advocating for the creation of a UN Force, ready to intervene in situations like Rwanda and Srebrenica.
		The author examines US “liberal interventions” in Kosovo and Haiti in 1994, and argues single-power interventions are both politically illegitimate and often lead to further political instability and crisis.
		Annan said intervention to prevent genocide was not a “right to intervention,” but at root a responsibility of the entire human race to protect fellow human beings from extreme abuse.
	globalpolicy.igc.org /empire/humanint (2151 words)

	Humanitarian Intervention and Assistance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Humanitarian military intervention and muscular peace operations have been partially effective in recent years in saving thousands of lives from the Balkans to Haiti to Somalia to Cambodia to Mozambique.
		Three recent military humanitarian intervention cases, Somalia, Rwanda, and Bosnia are used to formulate a focus set of criteria for military intervention in accordance with the present National Security Strategy and future global trends.
		Definition of a humanitarian intervention; Public opinion on humanitarian intervention; Cases that suggest the lack of balance in the practice of humanitarian intervention; Alternatives for humanitarian intervention proposed.
	www.au.af.mil /au/aul/bibs/human.htm (10873 words)

	Saving Strangers: Humanitarian Intervention in International Society: Current Amazon U.S.A. One-Edition Data
		It maps the changing legitimacy of humanitarian intervention by comparing the international response to cases of humanitarian intervention in the cold war and post-cold war periods.
		The legitimacy of humanitarian intervention is contested by the 'pluralist' and 'solidarist' wings of the English school, and the book charts the stamp of these conceptions on state practice.
		This theory is employed to assess the humanitarian qualifications of the cases of intervention analysed in the book, and this normative assessment is then compared to the moral practices of states.
	www.halloween.com /halloween-books/free.php?in=us&asin=0199253102 (904 words)

	The United Nations and the Challenge of Humanitarian Intervention (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		State practice in the past two centuries, and especially since 1945, provides few genuine cases of “humanitarian intervention.” Moreover, on prudential grounds, the scope for abusing such a right is so great as to argue strongly against its creation.
		The urge to “humanitarian intervention” by powerful regional organizations outside their own area of operations must be bridled by the legitimating authority of the international organization.
		The only just and lasting resolution of the challenge of humanitarian intervention would be a new consensus proclaimed by the peoples of the world through their governments at the United Nations and embodied in its Charter.
	www.isanet.org /archive/kosovoandun.html (4394 words)

	Humanitarian Intervention: A Forum
		Not surprisingly, every imperial intervention claims to be humanitarian, but calling an intervention "humanitarian" cannot strip it of its politics.
		It is curious that those who support humanitarian interventions assume that these interventions must be military, and that they will differ from other military interventions in their benign, indeed humanitarian, intent and effect.
		Unless all interventions (both military and nonmilitary) by all powers are subject to review by some organization of international law, we will not be able to determine the justness of a particular intervention (or nonintervention).
	www.thenation.com /doc/20030714/forum/5 (651 words)

	- Humanitarian Military Intervention
		Military intervention in a conflict without a reasonable prospect of success is unjustifiable, especially when it is done in the name of humanity.
		In every conflict studied, however, some military interventions succeeded while others failed, raising the question, ‘Why have some past interventions been more successful than others?’ This book argues that the central factors determining whether a humanitarian intervention succeeds are the objectives of the intervention and the military strategy employed by the intervening states.
		Four types of humanitarian military intervention are offered: helping to deliver emergency aid, protecting aid operations, saving the victims of violence and defeating the perpetrators of violence.
	www.sipri.org /contents/publications/HMI.html (654 words)

	Boston Review \| Noam Chomsky: "Humanitarian Intervention"
		The Nicaraguan case raises another issue that will not be overlooked by serious people considering the prospects for "humanitarian intervention." The leader of such intervention will be a state that is remarkable not only for its violence, impudence, and moral cowardice, but also for its lawlessness, not only in recent years.
		The prospective leader of "humanitarian intervention" is also notorious for its ability to maintain a self-image of benevolence whatever it does, a trait that impressed de Tocqueville 150 years ago.
		A second qualification is that intervention undertaken on the normal grounds of power interests might, by accident, be helpful to the targeted population.
	bostonreview.net /BR18.6/chomsky.html (2724 words)

	Humanitarian Intervention? - Empire? - Global Policy Forum
		Humanitarian interventions, he argues, maintain the unjust global order and obscure its negative consequences.
		As the crisis in Sudan’s Darfur region escalates, the question of a possible humanitarian intervention is gaining increasing urgency.
		It proposes a refinement of the “valid but incomplete” criteria for humanitarian intervention put forward by British Prime Minister Tony Blair in a 1999 speech.
	www.globalpolicy.org /empire/humanint/index.htm (3006 words)

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