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Topic: Humber Estuary

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	HUMBER - LoveToKnow Article on HUMBER
		, an estuary on the east coast of England formed by the rivers Trent and Ouse, the northern shore belonging to Yorkshire and the southern to Lincoinshire.
		Except where the Humber cuts through a low chalk ridge, between north and south Ferriby, dividing it into the Wolds of Yorkshire and of Lincolnshire, the shores and adjacent lands are nearly flat.
		The course is carefully buoyed and lighted, for the Humber is an important highway of commerce, having on the Yorkshire bank the great port of Hull, and on the Lincolnshire bank that of Grimsby, while Goole lies on the Ouse a little above the junction with the Trent.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /H/HU/HUMBER.htm (366 words)

	Humber, estuary, England. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Spurn Head, with a lighthouse, is at the mouth of the Humber.
		In early English history the Humber was significant as a means of ingress.
		The Humber Bridge (4,580 ft/1,396 m), linking Hull with the estuary’s southern shore, was opened in July, 1981, and is one of the longest suspension bridges in the world.
	www.bartleby.com /65/hu/HumberEng.html (185 words)

	Humber [Definition] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		The Humber is a large tidal estuary An estuary is a semi-enclosed coastal body of water which has a free connection with the open sea and within which sea water mixes with fresh water.
		The key feature of an estuary is that it is an interface between sea water and fresh water and there is an influence of the ocean tide creating a dynamic relationship between the two waters....
		Two fortifications were built in the mouth of the river in 1914, the Humber Forts The Humber Forts are two large fortifications in the mouth of the river Humber in northern England: Haile Sand Fort and Bull Sands Fort.
	www.wikimirror.com /Humber (1447 words)

	The Humber Estuary - Cleethorpes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		The sandflats of the outer estuary, for instance, are home in the early years for about three per cent of North Sea plaice.
		The estuary is now regarded by ornithologists as one of the five most important in Britain and one of the 10 most important in Europe.
		As part of their work they have calculated that, over a five year period, the average number of birds on the Humber flats, marshes and coast came to 104,758, of which 19,774 were wildfowl and 84,984 waders.
	www.cleethorpes-online.co.uk /humber.html (407 words)

	RiverHumber.co.uk Humber Bridge,Places and Attractions around the River Humber area.. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		The Humber is a North Sea inlet on the East coast of England and it is one of the major deepwater estuaries in the U.K. The deepwater channel is 22 miles (35 kms.) long from the open sea at Spurn Point to Kingston Upon Hull.
		The Humber with its canals and tributaries, (which include the rivers Hull, Ancholme, Derwent, Ouse and Trent) run off an area of 9,550 square miles (24,750 square kms.), which is about 20% of the total land area in England.
		The Humber is a large tidal estuary and extremely Muddy, disturbed, thick, discoloured.')" onmouseout="hideddrivetip()">turbid, the estuary has a brown appearance due to this high turbidity, and is often thought of as a dirty river.
	website.lineone.net /~ktaylor297 (613 words)

	Humber - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Humber is a large tidal estuary forming part of the boundary between northern and southern England.
		In the Anglo-Saxon period, it was a major boundary, separating Northumbria from the southern kingdoms.
		Two fortifications were built in the mouth of the river in 1914, the Humber Forts.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Humber_estuary (171 words)

	The Humber Bridge Board (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		or a long time the Humber Estuary was a barrier to trade and development between the two banks and local interests campaigned for over 100 years for the construction of a bridge or tunnel across the estuary.
		Approval for the construction of a suspension bridge was granted in 1959 with the passing of the Humber Bridge Act and the creation of the Humber Bridge Board, although it was not until 1973 that work finally began.
		Firstly the Humber has a shifting bed and navigable channel along which a craft can travel is always changing; a suspension bridge with no support piers in mid-stream would not obstruct the estuary.
	www.humberbridge.co.uk /construction.htm (449 words)

	BP Chemicals & Surrounding Area - 14/20 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		The Humber Estuary is located on the northeast coast of England and drains a catchment area of some 24,472 km2, around 20% of the total land surface of England.
		The Humber is a coastal plain estuary, a type of estuary formed when pre-existing valleys were flooded at the end of the last glaciation.
		A significant feature of the Humber is the large tidal range, this is due to its position within the North Sea basin and produces a mean spring tidal range is 5.7m at Spurn.
	www.nh97.co.uk /east-y/bp-1/source/14.html (152 words)

	River Humber Estuary, River Humber Bridge, RiverHumber.com
		The Humber is a large tidal estuary and extremely
		turbid, the estuary has a brown appearance due to this high turbidity, and is often thought of as a dirty river.
		It was built 5 miles (8 kms.) to the west of Hull between Hessle and Barton on Humber.
	www.riverhumber.com (549 words)

	Spurn Pilots and VTS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		ABP is the Statutory Harbour Authority for the Humber.
		The Humber Estuary is the fastest-growing and busiest trading estuary in the UK with more than 40,000 international shipping movements a year to and from the Humber ports.
		ABP is the beneficial owner of most of the bed of the Humber Estuary as well as parts of the Rivers Trent And Ouse by virtue of long-term leases from the Crown for 999years.
	www.spurnpoint.com /Spurn_Pilots_and_VTS.htm (691 words)

	Humber estuary - United Kingdom
		The Humber estuary is located on the east coast of the United Kingdom and comprises extensive wetland and coastal habitats.
		Embankments have fixed the coastline, this influences the response of the estuary to relative sea level rise.
		A complementary advantage of this measure, when applied in the inner estuary, is the lowering of water levels in the estuary, reducing the risk of flooding.
	www.eurosion.org /shoreline/58humberestuary.html (346 words)

	Reader's Digest - British Edition
		Until the Humber Bridge was completed in 1980, the north and south of Humberside—a county created in 1974—were separated by the largest estuary in Britain, where the rivers Trent and Ouse join to meet the sea.
		East of Goole, at the head of the Humber estuary, the Trent flows across a landscape of marshes and meres to meet the southern Humber shore.
		Sails were an everyday sight on the Humber until around the 1940-50s as fishing vessels plied their trade, and cargo ships with coal, stone and grain made their way between the Trent and Ouse and other inland waters.
	www.readersdigest.co.uk /travel/humberestuary.htm (483 words)

	Environment Agency - Humber estuary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		In addition to the relevance of criteria to the estuary as a whole, the relevance of criteria within each Management Unit (MU) was identified.
		The overall significance of adverse impacts within a management unit is inferred by comparing the compliance of an option against a criterion with the relevance of that criterion within the management unit.
		The Humber Estuary is affected by a rising sea level, and this has implications for loss of inter-tidal mudflats (known as ‘coastal squeeze’).
	www.environment-agency.gov.uk /aboutus/512398/830672/831472/831506?lang=_e (702 words)

	ABP Humber Estuary Services - The official website of Associated British Ports for the Rivers Humber, Ouse and Trent (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		The Hydrographic Section of ABP's Humber Estuary Services is responsible for the surveying of over 375 square kilometres (145 square miles) of the Humber harbour area.
		The other main chart that is offered for general sale is the Upper Humber bi-monthly "Barton Haven to Burton Stather" which is also a compilation based on the annual survey background, with fortnightly surveys of the buoyed channel inserted.
		As the Humber constantly changes and technology advances, so must the ways in which we carry out surveys in the river.
	www.humber.com /navigation/published-surveys.asp (444 words)

	Biography, Autobiography, Old Steve of Scarborough, North Yorkshire, United Kingdom - The Boat.
		As the estuary widened and the navigation hazards, as we felt all the markers were, lessened, the powerboat opened up and finally threading its way through the other traffic, headed south.
		We were approaching the Humber Estuary and as we got closer I took the wheel and Claud, chart in hand, gave directions and course to steer and pointed out the different illuminated buoys to head for or pass on this side or that.
		On the section of the trip between the Humber Estuary and Bridlington I saw one of the most remarkable sights that I think it is possible to see out at sea and off the coast of the UK.
	www.oldstevetwo.homestead.com /Page54.html (3600 words)

	News
		ABP has committed to the creation of 57 hectares of mudflat and salt marsh, and six hectares of grassland on the Humber Estuary, to replace habitats that will be damaged due to new port developments.
		The Humber Estuary, with its extensive mudflats and salt marshes, is vital to the survival of these birds.
		The agreement is the latest in a string of moves by ABP to ensure that its operations and developments contribute to sustainable development and fulfil its obligations under the EU Habitats Directive.
	www.users.globalnet.co.uk /~mediareps/DTEnvironment.htm (397 words)

	Humber Management Scheme (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		The average width of the Humber Estuary is 4.3km and the average depth is 6.5m, it is 14km at its widest point and totals over 30,550 ha, (75,492 acres).
		The Humber's muddy appearance, known as turbity, is due to suspended sediment, which is derived mainly from the eroding boulder clay cliffs along the Holderness coast, but also from riverine sediments.
		The Humber has 40,000 ship movements per year and its ports and wharves handle 14% of the UK’s international trade, it is the country’s largest port complex.
	www.humberems.co.uk /site-description.asp (335 words)

	Hull LBAP : Estuarine Habitats
		Some areas of the Humber Estuary are designated as Special Protection Areas (SPA); this is the European designation for the protection of specific species of bird.
		The UK Biodiversity Steering Group has produced a Habitat Statement for estuaries, which recommends that the conservation direction should be to maintain and enhance the extent and quality of estuarine habitats in the UK, including the full diversity of estuarine communities.
		The overall objectives of this plan are to offset the current losses due to coastal squeeze and erosion, to maintain the existing extent of saltmarsh habitat, and to restore the area of saltmarsh to 1992 levels.
	www.hull.ac.uk /HBP/ActionPlan/Estuary.htm (1529 words)

	Spurn Point Nature Reserve. Spurn Head, RiverHumber.com
		This is a 6 km long spindly peninsula of sand and shingle, that hooks into the Humber estuary.
		This region from the village to the north, Kilnsea (which has two shores the seaward one is a sandy beach while the other one in the Humber estuary is muddy sand but sheltered) to Spurn head is now a National Nature Reserve.
		At the head moored just off the jetty is the Humber lifeboat, one of only three in the country, manned by a full time crew.
	www.riverhumber.com /index7.htm (306 words)

	Intended crossings across the River Humber
		Whilst the Humber estuary, at high tide, has provided a penetrating land route into the heart of northern England, it has also been a formidable barrier to communication north and south.
		A Humber Bridge Act was successful in 1959 in allowing a toll paying bridge, but the south bank saw that its future growth with east-west traffic into the national road network had greater potential without a bridge.
		However, the growth of regional planning, and the identification of the Humber north and south as one unit, in the Yorkshire and Humberside Economic Planning Council, meant that the Humber Bridge was seen as a means to unify both banks.
	www.renew.freeuk.com /newholl/hmbcross.html (1427 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| The Guardian \| Nature finds safe haven in Humber
		The Humber's hundreds of thousands of migrating birds will be protected by strict measures, as will the 80 species of fish and the colony of seals which has taken over an RAF bombing range.
		The Humber SSSI will also protect a wide range of less visible creatures, from small mud-dwelling animals to the colonies of bitterns - an estimated 10% of the species' British population - whose boom can be heard from breeding grounds in claypits on the estuary shore.
		The 37,000 hectares (92,460 acres) of the Humber estuary are one of the most fascinating tidal reaches in Europe, with a third of the area falling between high and low tide marks, and hosting two ecosystems as a result.
	www.guardian.co.uk /uk_news/story/0,3604,1334156,00.html (625 words)

	Tornado GR4 Crash (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		Two RAF crewmen were rescued from the River Humber this afternoon after their fighter bomber plunged into the estuary.
		Three helicopters, from RAF Leconfield, RAF Wattisham and the Humberside police, were dispatched to the scene of the crash, and the Humber lifeboat also joined in the rescue operation.
		Humber Rescue then picked up the gentleman who was drifting down the river and he was passed on to the air sea rescue as well.' Police divers were last night searching for the wreckage of the aircraft in the Humber's navigation channel.
	www.rafmarham.co.uk /relations/ac-crash.htm (1505 words)

	WL :: net transport of fine sediment
		The net sediment import into estuaries and tidal lagoons is largely governed by channel-shoal interactions.
		Further distribution of the fine sediments within estuaries and tidal lagoons is governed by temporal variations in driving forces and biological activity.
		The tidal asymmetry in the outer part of the estuary is sensitive to the tidal constituents prescribed at the model boundaries.
	www.wldelft.nl /rnd/intro/topic/2003-nts (320 words)

	The structure of the fish assemblage in the Humber estuary, United Kingdom
		Temperature, salinity, turbidity and dissolved oxygen levels at the bottom and in the middle of the water column were measured at the end of each trawl, in addition to water depth and tidal state being noted.
		The Humber fish community comprises the usual components of an estuarine fish community, with resident, nursery and seasonal and juvenile migratory types.
		Temperature was found to be the most important physical factor affecting the fish community within the estuary, reflecting the seasonally varying nature of the assemblage.
	www.ieo.es /publicaciones/especiales/RyAPubEsp21_17_1996.htm (542 words)

	BBC NEWS \| England \| Humber \| Scheme to protect Humber wildlife
		A joint spokesman for the local authorities involved said: "Flanking the Humber, where 300,000 people live and work, are many port and industrial complexes of vital importance to the country's economy.
		The Humber is one of the UK's largest estuaries and was recently designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) by English Nature.
		The management scheme will use the SSSI status to ensure the estuary is conserved for wildlife including ducks, geese, wading birds - such as curlew, lapwing and redshank - birds of prey and even the rare bittern.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/england/humber/4640861.stm (327 words)

	Nutrient Fluxes through the Humber estuary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		The Humber is a large and complex estuarine system on the east coast of England fed by several rivers.
		The main estuary, below the confluence of the two tidal river systems, removes about 6% of the phosphate and 50% of the ammonium entering at the confluence or about 50% and 80%, respectively, if internal sources are taken into account.
		Nitrate behaves conservatively within the main estuary; thus any conversion of ammonium to nitrate is balanced by a nitrate sink of comparable size.
	www.cefas.co.uk /publications/files501-1000/627.htm (329 words)

	Humber
		The Humber is a large tidal estuary in northern England.
		It currently forms the boundary between the East Riding of Yorkshire and North Lincolnshire between Faxfleet and Spurn Head.
		Humber is also the name of one of the ranges of cars manufactured by the Rootes Group.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/humber (172 words)

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