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Topic: Humboldt Penguin

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	Penguin - ninemsn Encarta
		Penguins are grouped into 17 (or in some classifications, 16) species and 6 genera, most of which are found in Antarctica and on subantarctic islands.
		The largest species are the emperor penguin, which may attain a height of more than 120 cm (48 in), and the king penguin, from 91 to 97 cm (36 to 38 in) in height.
		The gentoo penguin raises its flippers and calls or bows in a manner peculiar to the male gentoo; the jackass penguin bows, shakes his head, and brays in a characteristic jackass-like call; and the courtship display and clear trumpeting of the king penguin are specific to that species.
	au.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761576981/Penguin.html (1197 words)

	Penguins: Humboldt Penguins - Spheniscus humboldti
		Humboldt penguins are only found along the Pacific coast of South America, from Isla Foca (5°S) off the coast of Peru, down to Algarrobo (33°s) in Chile, with additional isolated colonies further to the south on the Punihuil Islands (42°S).
		The Humboldt penguin is similar in size to Magellanic penguins, having an average length of around 70cm., and an average weight of 4kg.
		Humboldt Penguins are capable of breeding at 2 years of age, and can live to over 30 years of age in captivity, although few would achieve this in the wild.
	www.penguins.cl /humboldt-penguins.htm (1212 words)

	Humboldt Penguins
		Humboldt Penguins have a broad fl band that runs in an inverted horseshoe shape around their fronts.
		Humboldt penguins are similar to African Penguins in appearance, the main differences are that the Humboldt penguins are shorter, have proportionately longer flippers and a narrower white band on the head.
		Humboldt penguins breed on the west coast of South America and on off shore islands extending north well into the tropics.
	www.adelie.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk /species_notes/humb.htm (210 words)

	RWP Zoo : Humboldt Penguin
		And you thought it was cold: Humboldt penguins are found along the coast of Chile and Peru, and on islands west of the South American coast.
		Penguins use the technique of "porpoising," which is arching above the surface of the water and slipping in again as they travel to and from their fishing grounds.
		Penguin populations are on the decline due to a number of factors.
	www.rogerwilliamsparkzoo.org /what_to_see/north_america/northamerica_penguin.cfm (627 words)

	Bagheera: An Endangered Species and Endangered Animal Online Education Resource
		Penguins are found as far north as the equatorial islands of the Galapagos and as far south as Antarctica.
		Total population of the Humboldt penguin was estimated at 20,000 in the early 1980s, and in the 1990s may number around 10,000 individuals.
		The Humboldt penguin nests on islands or rocky stretches of mainland coast and feeds on fish and squid in near-shore waters.
	www.bagheera.com /inthewild/van_anim_penguin.htm (789 words)

	Untitled Document
		Humboldt penguins use a camouflage technique known as "counter-shading." From below, its white belly is difficult to detect against the shimmering sun filtering down from the ocean’s surface and from above the Humboldt’s dark back blends in with the inky flness of the ocean below.
		Penguins have a well developed preen or oil gland at the base of the tail that is used to keep the feathers well oiled so that they can be waterproof.
		Penguins are flightless birds, but their strong pectoral muscles enable them to literally "fly" under the water by beating their flipper-like wings for propulsion.
	www.colszoo.org /animalareas/shores/penguin.html (849 words)

	Penguins - Travel Photos by Galen R Frysinger, Sheboygan, Wisconsin
		Penguins are insulated from the frigid ocean water by three layers of short, dense feathers and an underlying layer of fat.
		The cold Humboldt Current along the west side of South America permits two species to breed in what are otherwise tropical latitudes: the Galapagos penguin on the Galápagos Islands, and the Humboldt penguin on the South American coast and offshore islets.
		The gentoo penguin raises its flippers and calls or bows in a manner peculiar to the gentoo; the jackass penguin bows, shakes his head, and brays in a characteristic jackasslike call; and the courtship display and clear trumpeting of the king penguin are specific to that species.
	www.galenfrysinger.com /penguins.htm (1668 words)

	Humboldt Penguins - Wildlife of Antarctica - Antarctic Connection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Humboldt penguins, also known as the Peruvian penguins, are members of the Spheniscus genus, This warm weather penguin lives mostly on rocky mainland shores, especially near cliffs, or on islands off the coasts of Chile and Peru.
		Humboldts are most similar to the Magellanic penguins and where territories overlap the two species may be easily confused.
		Humboldt penguin chicks molt at about 70-90 days with the young fledglings losing their down feathers and replacing them with all grey adult feathers which become darker over time.
	www.antarcticconnection.com /antarctic/wildlife/penguins/humboldt.shtml (572 words)

	Humboldt penguin
		Endemic to the cold nutrient-rich waters of the Peru Current, the Humboldt Penguin breeds in a hot Mediterranean to desert climate.
		Humboldt Penguins also have more extensive areas of bare skin than Magellanic Penguins, including a pink fleshy patch at the base of the lower mandible.
		Humboldt Penguins nest in burrows - often dug into thick guano deposits, among boulders, in sea caves and sometimes in the open.
	www.penguinworld.com /types/humboldt.html (231 words)

	World Almanac for Kids
		Penguins are grouped into 18 species and 6 genera, most of which are found in Antarctica and on subantarctic islands.
		In captivity the king and emperor penguins normally do not learn to pick up their own food, and after they have been taught to feed by strenuous forced feeding they must be fed by hand each day.
		The emperor penguin breeds in one of the world’s most inhospitable regions during one of the coldest periods of the year, laying and incubating its eggs in temperatures as low as −62° C (–80° F).
	www.worldalmanacforkids.com /explore/animals/penguin.html (1447 words)

	ANIMAL BYTES - Penguins
		In emperor penguins, the female transfers a newly laid egg to her mate's feet, and then leaves to feed at sea while the male incubates the egg for as long as 66 days.
		Penguins are vulnerable to habitat destruction, overfishing of primary food sources, ecological disasters such as oil spills and human encroachment into nesting areas.
		In addition, the Humboldt penguins at SeaWorld are part of the species survival program (SSP) of the American Zoo and Aquarium Association in an attempt to ensure the survival of this endangered species.
	www.seaworld.org /animal-info/animal-bytes/animalia/eumetazoa/coelomates/deuterostomes/chordata/craniata/aves/sphenisciformes/penguins.htm (795 words)

	Humboldt penguins
		Humboldt penguins were maybe one of the most affected as they use the guano for building their burrows and because they do not fly, becoming easy target for guano workers.
		In 1981 the population size of Humboldt penguins in Peru was estimated at 4500 - 6000 birds (Hays 1984).
		In order to secure the long-term survival of Humboldt penguins in Peru, the solution is to leave the guano untouched and to reduce the levels of disturbance and poaching during guano harvesting.
	people.uncw.edu /emslies/gradstudents/WebpageCarlos/humboldt_penguins.htm (923 words)

	Humboldt Penguin
		Humboldt penguins are warm climate penguins, unlike their Antarctic relatives.
		Penguins are flightless birds, but they have amazing mobility in the water.
		Penguins nest in pairs on the shore in rock burrows or near foliage.
	www.akronzoo.org /learn/penguin.asp (241 words)

	Humbolt Penguins (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The Humboldt penguin is often called the Peruvian penguin, although they are also found in Chile.
		Humboldt penguins have a thick fl upside down horseshoe shape on their belly.
		Humboldt penguins had lived undisturbed in their habitat for thousands of years.
	www.siec.k12.in.us /~west/proj/penguins/humbolt.html (202 words)

	WOBURN SAFARI PARK- Make the discovery
		Humboldt penguins, otherwise known as Peruvian penguins, come from North Chile and Southern Peru in South America.
		Humboldt penguins have a striking piebald plumage with a marking of spots on the chest, which is unique to each bird.
		The numbers of Humboldt penguins have been in decline since the mid 19th century when the guano was harvested for fertilizer which caused a serious drop in good breeding sites.
	www.woburnsafari.co.uk /education/animal_facts/humboldt_penguin.php (521 words)

	The Humboldt Penguin \| Planeta Vivo Society (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Where are the penguins in ENSO periods?, Do have Humboldt penguins migratory trips during normal years and years with ENSO?, they are questions that even continue without being answered.
		In a lateral access of this cavern we observed a few youthful penguins, clearly been born in the present reproductive period because their moulting was not complete.
		Humboldt Penguin Census on Isla Chañaral, Chile: Recent Increase or Past Underestimate of Penguin Numbers?.
	www.planetavivo.org /english/drupal/TheHumboldtPenguin3 (826 words)

	Humboldt Penguin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Humboldt Penguin (Spheniscus humboldti) is a South American penguin, breeding in coastal Peru and Chile.
		Its nearest relatives are the African Penguin, the Magellanic Penguin and the Galápagos Penguin.
		This penguin nests on islands and rocky coasts, burrowing holes in guano and sometimes using scrapes or caves.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Humboldt_Penguin (244 words)

	Alexander von Humboldt - Penguin Group (New Zealand) Authors - Penguin Group (New Zealand) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Alexander von Humboldt was born on the family estate at Tegel in Berlin in 1769.
		A large inheritance enabled Humboldt to travel; after a few frustrations he was allowed by Charles IV of Spain to travel in the Spanish American colonies at his own expense, with his companion Aimé Bonpland.
		Humboldt was not only a prominent figure in the Parisian scientific world but also Chamberlain to Friedrich Wilhelm III, and Councilor of State to Friedrich Wilhelm IV.
	www.penguin.co.nz /nf/Author/AuthorPage/0,,1000033008,00.html (271 words)

	Brief Species Notes
		Royal penguins are sometimes regarded as a sub-species of Macaroni penguins with a white throat.
		Rockhopper penguins are perhaps the commonest of the crested penguins.
		Humboldt penguins are found on the Peruvian coast of South America.
	www.adelie.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk /species_notes/PENGNOTE.htm (875 words)

	Animals: Birds Humboldt Penguin
		The Humboldt penguin is found on the west coast of South America along the coast of Chile and Peru in the region of the cold water Humboldt current.
		Humboldt penguins nest on islands or on rocky stretches of mainland coast, especially in areas with cliffs.
		Humboldt penguins are intensely social and gregarious and are usually found in groups.
	www.philadelphiazoo.org /index.php?id=3_1_4_5 (443 words)

	Penguin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		These fossils prove that prehistoric penguins were already flightless and seagoing, so their origins probably reach as far back as 65 million years ago, before the extinction of the dinosaurs.
		Penguin ancestry beyond Waimanu is not well known, though some scientists (Mayr, 2005) think the penguin-like plotopterids (usually considered relatives of anhingas and cormorants) may actually be an early sister group of the penguins, and that penguins may have ultimately shared a common ancestor with the Pelecaniformes.
		Penguin is thought by some to derive from the Welsh words pen (head) and gwyn (white), applied to the Great Auk, which had a conspicuous white patch between the bill and the eye (although its head was fl), or from an island off Newfoundland known as "White Head" due to a large white rock.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Penguin (1913 words)

	Spheniscus humboldti, Humboldt Penguin at MarineBio.org
		Humboldt penguins, Spheniscus humboldti (Meyen, 1834), are named after the Humboldt current, a cold, nutrient-rich current of water that runs from along the west coast of South America from northern Peru to the southern tip of Chile.
		Humboldts are a medium-sized penguin with fl heads, backs, and tails and a characteristic fl upside-down horseshoe shaped band across their chest that extends down either side of their white belly to their fl feet.
		Humboldt penguins are similar in size to Magellanic penguins, having an average length of about 70 cm and an average weight of 4 kg.
	marinebio.org /species.asp?id=651 (1000 words)

	BBC - Science & Nature - Wildfacts - Humboldt penguin
		The population of Humboldt penguins is thought to be declining.
		Humboldt penguins dig burrows underground to protect themselves and their eggs from the hot sun and predation.
		Humboldt penguins are classified as Vulnerable by the 2000 Red List of Threatened Species.
	www.bbc.co.uk /nature/wildfacts/factfiles/374.shtml (190 words)

	The Animals
		Humboldt penguins are named after the Humboldt Current that flows along the west coast of the Americas.
		The Penguin Coast Exhibit mimics the rocky shores of the mainland coast and islands of Chile and Peru.
		Humboldt penguins have a unique voice that makes it easy for each to be identified by his or her mate and offspring.
	rosamondgiffordzoo.org /penguin-exhibit.asp (1365 words)

	Galapagos Penguin
		Although penguins are considered to be flightless, they do not have any of the skeletal adaptations to flightlessness typical of other flightless birds, such as a reduced keel on the breastbone.
		Penguins, in fact, are not flightless at all.
		Penguins are usually silent, but at times they make a braying noise that sounds very much like a donkey.
	www.rit.edu /~rhrsbi/GalapagosPages/GalapagosPenguin.html (683 words)

	The Humboldt Penguin \| Planeta Vivo Society (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Unlike their Antarctic relatives the penguins of the Spheniscus gender tend to remain all the year around their breeding colonies and they do not make great seasonal migrations to escape of the cold weather.
		The main reason so that the Humboldt penguins inhabit the coasts of Chile and Peru is the great availability of food thanks to the presence of the Humboldt cold sea stream.
		A great number of penguins in this island does not mean that to inhabit it is easy for them, most of the nest are in its main plateau, but to arrive at them these small birds must overcome steep with heights ranging from the 30 meters minimum...
	www.planetavivo.org /english/drupal/TheHumboldtPenguin1 (617 words)

	Humboldt Penguin :: Saint Louis Zoo
		Humboldt penguins share their name with the chilly Humboldt Current, which flows north from Antarctica along the Pacific Coast of South America, where the birds live.
		Sadly, the breeding habits of the Humboldt penguin are being disrupted by human activity.
		The Saint Louis Zoo is one of the U.S. oos spearheading the conservation of Humboldt penguins in Peru.
	www.stlzoo.org /animals/abouttheanimals/birds/penguins/humboldtpenguin.htm (1283 words)

	Humboldt Penguin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		There are only about 20,000 humboldt penguins left in the entire world as of 1999.
		The Humboldt Penguin spends mostly all of its time in the water of the see.
		This type of penguin will normally feed on fish including anchovies and squid; although, at the zoo, their diet consists of smelt, trout, capelin, and herring.
	www.hillsborough.k12.nj.us /hhs/endspeci/Birds/hupenglw.htm (461 words)

	Galapagos Penguin
		Humboldt Penguins presently live in colonies all along the western coast of South America, and it is likely that the Galapagos Penguin originated from a stray group of Humboldt Penguins that followed the cold waters of the Humboldt Current to the Galapagos Islands.
		The Galapagos Penguin is similar in appearance to the Humboldt Penguin with the major exceptions of a longer, more slender bill, fewer white feathers, and smaller overall size (Stonehouse, 2002).
		The Galapagos Penguin is a remarkable species that exhibits numerous unique adaptations that allow it to continue surviving in one of the most extreme niches of all penguins.
	www.stanford.edu /class/anthsci10sc/2002_galapagos_website/Albert-Penguin.htm (1874 words)

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