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Topic: Humoral immune system

	Immune System - MSN Encarta
		Immune System, group of cells, molecules, and organs that act together to defend the body against foreign invaders that may cause disease, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
		Adaptive immune responses are actually reactions of the immune system to structures on the surface of the invading organism called antigens.
		The ability of the immune system to mount a response to disease is dependent on many complex interactions between the components of the immune system and the antigens on the invading pathogens, or disease-causing agents.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761575681/Immune_System.html (586 words)

	The Immune System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Present-day livestock management systems and practices may allow the immune system to be overwhelmed by either a significantly high disease challenge or by weakening the existing immune system.
		The complement system consists of at least 20 serum proteins which, when stimulated, respond with a series of chain reactions similar to the "domino effect," i.e., something happens to activate the first component which in turn activates the next component which in turn activates the next component, etc., until the reaction is complete.
		The activated B-lymphocytes respond as described under humoral immunity; however, the T-lymphocytes respond by dividing to produce daughter cells, by destroying the disease-infected tissue cells, or by secreting chemical messenger molecules that signal the invasion of additional susceptible cells by the disease organism or direct and encourage macrophages to destroy the disease-infected cell.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /BODY_VM027 (3705 words)

	Immune system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In multicellular organisms, the immune system is an organ system that acts as a defense against foreign pathogens (such as viruses, bacteria, parasites), some poisons, as well as suppressing cancer.
		The adaptive immune system is based on dedicated immune cells termed leukocytes (white blood cells) that are produced by stem cells in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus and/or lymph nodes.
		Suppression of the immune system is often used to control autoimmune disorders or inflammation when this causes excessive tissue damage, and to prevent transplant rejection after an organ transplant.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Immune_system (1969 words)

	Immune System
		A compromised immune system or inadequate immune response may lead to serious infections because of the inability of the immune system to respond to or contain the infection.
		Humoral immunity: this part of the immune system relates to specific antibody production by B cells and their related subtypes called plasma cells.
		Cell-mediated immunity (CMI): this complex part of the immune system entails the recognition of invading organisms and activation of various "killing cells" in a specific manner to eradicate the infection.
	www.immunitytoday.com /immunity/immunesystem.html (611 words)

	THE IMMUNE SYSTEM--PART 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The immune system is perhaps one of the most complex and fascinating systems of the body.
		Although we all understand that it is the immune system's job to defend the body against foreign invaders, understanding the methods used to accomplish this is relatively new knowledge.
		Within the humoral system, the prime responsibility for the immune response lies with the B cells.
	www.naturalrearing.com /J_In_Learning/Immunization/Immunesystem/IMMUNESYSTEM1.htm (1525 words)

	Immune System
		They are descendants of the bone marrow's pool of stem cells, and produce a circulating or humoral immune system derived from B-cells (bursa-dependent or bone marrow derived), and a cellular or cell-mediated immune system that derives from T-cells (thymus dependent).
		T-cell, or cell-mediated immunity is the cellular mechanism whereby T-cells act as coordinators and effectors of the immune system.
		Immune deficiency diseases sire a group of disorders in which normal host defenses against disease are impaired.
	www.sunstrike-great-danes.com /health-immune-system.htm (4110 words)

	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Immune response
		This allows the immune system to respond faster and more efficiently the next time you are exposed to the same antigen, and in many cases will prevent you from getting sick.
		Immune system disorders occur when the immune response is inappropriate, excessive, or lacking.
		Suppression of the immune system may be an undesired side effect of certain treatments or disorders.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/article/000821.htm (1127 words)

	Humoral immunity Summary
		This is known as the humoral response and involves the activation of a special set of cells known as the B lymphocytes, because they originate in the bone marrow.
		Humoral immunity (HIR) is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by secreted antibodies, produced in the cells of the B lymphocyte lineage (B cell).
		Humoral immunity refers to antibody production, and all the accessory processes that accompany it: Th2 activation and cytokine production, germinal center formation and isotype switching, affinity maturation and memory cell generation.
	www.bookrags.com /Humoral_immunity (857 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Biologic Markers in Immunotoxicology (1992)
		B cells are precursors of the antibody-secreting plasma cells of the humoral immune system, which in turn produce the five major classes of immunoglobulin molecules.
		A systemic approach to the evaluation of immunocompetence, which is based on simple screening procedures followed by appropriate specialized tests of immune function, usually permits the definition of the immune defect.
		Although some antigen-specific systems have been proposed, in most cases, the peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the patient to be studied are cultured with a polyclonal activator of B cells, such as pokeweed mitogen or Staphylococcus aureus Cowen strain activator.
	books.nap.edu /books/0309043891/html/99.html (6664 words)

	Immune System
		An animal’s Immune System: system which protects the body from foreign invaders (viruses, bacteria, cancer, etc.)','(immun = safe, free)','../../sounds/bio105/immune.wav')" onMouseOver="window.status='Protects body from foreign invaders'; return true">immune system protects its body from intruders: bacteria, viruses, parasites, cancer cells, etc. An immune system is present in several animal groups, especially within the vertebrates.
		Unfortunately, this leaves the person with no immune system, so (s)he must be extremely careful during that time to avoid all possible pathogens.
		However, if the immune system is stressed and not functioning properly, a cancer cell may multiply before the immune system has a chance to kill it.
	www.biology.clc.uc.edu /courses/bio105/immune.htm (1139 words)

	Immune System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		This defense system is non-specific and attacks foreign objects indiscriminately and relies on cells and chemicals that are general in their targets.
		There are two arms of the immune system, one that attacks antigens outside of cells and the other that attacks cells that have antigens inside them.
		The humoral response is provoked when antigens bind to receptor proteins on the surface of competent B cells (the receptor proteins are bound antibodies).
	www.lander.edu /RSfox/112immun.html (3550 words)

	RedNova News - Science - Earthworm immunity: a model of immune competence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Responses of the immune system were used as markers to evaluate the effects of xenobiotics on the environment.
		Humoral immunity: lysins and serine proteases of Eisenia fetida
		Immune reactive lysenin was detected in large leukocytes and in free large chloragogue cells present in the lumen of the typhlosole, a depression in the dorsal wall of the intestine.
	www.rednova.com /news/stories/2/2004/03/02/story136.html (5635 words)

	The Immune System
		The human immune system is a very complicated set of pathways that allow the human body to respond to foreign invaders such as bacteria, viruses, and other infectious agents, as well as foreign material such as pollen.
		The human immune system is divided into two main parts: humoral immunity, which deals with infectious agents in the blood and body tissues, and cell-mediated immunity, which deals with body cells that have been infected.
		Therefore, the immune system is clearly a highly favorable adaptation for the human because it protects the human cellular machinery from benefiting parasitical organisms instead of human cells.
	library.thinkquest.org /C004367/be7.shtml (1488 words)

	lymph and immunity
		The immune system is more effective than the nonspecific methods, and has a memory component that improves response time when an invader of the same type (or species) is again encountered.
		Systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE) has the person forming a series of antibodies to their own tissues, such as kidneys (the leading cause of death in SLE patients) and the DNA in their own cellular nuclei.
		When the infected T cell is needed in the immune response, the viral genes are activated and the virus replicates, killing the infected cell and producing a new round on T4 cell infection.
	www.emc.maricopa.edu /faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookIMMUN.html (2964 words)

	Immune System
		An animal’s Immune System: system which protects the body from foreign invaders (viruses, bacteria, cancer, etc.)','(immun = safe, free)','../../sounds/bio105/immune.wav')" onMouseOver="window.status='Protects body from foreign invaders'; return true">immune system protects its body from intruders: bacteria, viruses, parasites, cancer cells, etc. An immune system is present in several animal groups, especially within the vertebrates.
		Unfortunately, this leaves the person with no immune system, so (s)he must be extremely careful during that time to avoid all possible pathogens.
		However, if the immune system is stressed and not functioning properly, a cancer cell may multiply before the immune system has a chance to kill it.
	biology.clc.uc.edu /courses/bio105/immune.htm (1139 words)

	immunology - evolution of immunity III
		While the occasional throwback to invertebrate defense mechanisms remain such as phagocytosis of bacteria or the use of enzymes in secretions, overall the vertebrate immune system is nothing like the invertebrate systems.
		Because of the limited research carried out on the fish immune system, there are probably several more antigens that fish antibodies can target but they have not yet been identified.
		Never-the-less it is clear that some invading pathogens entirely escape the attention of the fish humoral immune system.
	www.keratin.com /am/am007.shtml (813 words)

	Incao letter
		One branch is the humoral immune system (or Th2 function) which primarily produces antibodies in the blood circulation as a sensing or recognizing function of the immune system to the presence of foreign antigens in the body.
		These two functional branches of the immune system may be compared to the two functions in eating: tasting and recognizing the food on the one hand, and digesting the food and eliminating the food waste on the other hand.
		Instead, vaccinations modify the reactivity of the immune system, decreasing acute discharging inflammatory reactions and increasing the tendency to chronic allergic and auto-immune reactions.
	www.whale.to /vaccines/incao1.html (1550 words)

	Information on the immune system - InnerVibrance.Com
		It is thought that the infectious agents remain dormant in the body tissue and once aware of a weakness in the immune system, attack the body's cells.
		To be effective, the immune system must have the ability to recognize these clever, camouflaged intruders and destroy them before they do any damage to the body.
		Proper digestion is key to a healthy immune system, by exercising you are also promoting better digestive function which will aid in keeping your body clean of toxins and keep the immune system healthy.
	www.innervibrance.com /immune_system (828 words)

	VAT: The Lymphatic System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The body's Humoral immune system is dominated by circulating Antibodies (proteins that bind to other proteins specifically).
		All of the cells in the blood are derived from the same progenitor cells, the hematopoietic stem cells of the bone marrow.
		Since we are dealing with the immune system, we shall be concerned only with cells of the leukocyte lineage (B-cells, T-cells, and various monocytes such as macrophages).
	www.acm.uiuc.edu /sigbio/project/updated-lymphatic/lymph8.html (433 words)

	Humoral immunity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Humoral immunity is mediated by secreted antibodies, produced in the cells of the B lymphocyte lineage (B cell).
		Secreted antibodies bind to antigens on the surfaces of invading microbes, which flags them for destruction.
		Humoral immunity refers to antibody production, and all the accessory processes that accompany it: Th2 activation and cytokine production, germinal center formation and isotype switching, affinity maturation and memory cell generation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Humoral_immunity (331 words)

	IMMSIM: Research
		Taking advantage of a flexible computer model of the immune system, we are experimenting on two possible ways by which self tolerance may be broken: idiopeptides and intermolecular help.
		The response of the system to virus involves a competition between the ability of the virus to kill the host cells and the host's ability to eliminate the virus.
		In this study, based on experiments conducted in a cellular automaton model of the immune system, we have reproduced affinity maturation of the antibodies and determined the relative roles of affinity selection and hypermutation of antibody genes in bringing about the final result, i.e., optimization of the effector function.
	www.cs.princeton.edu /immsim/research.html (1494 words)

	[Frontiers in Bioscience 1, d318-323, October 1, 1996]
		Humoral antibody effector functions depend upon secreted immunoglobulin and the concentration of antibody must reach a minimum effective threshold in a short enough time to stop a growing pathogen before it becomes lethal.
		In general a functional immune system responds to a given pathogen in a class that is effective in destroying and ridding it.
		As an example of a learned response the immune system during infection might assay which class is effective in ridding the pathogen and suppress all other classes as ineffective.
	www.bioscience.org /1996/v1/d/cohn1/htmls/318-323.htm (3939 words)

	Clinical Trial: Hepatitis C Virus and the Humoral Immune System
		The purpose of this study is to measure specific chemokines, antibodies, and antibody-producing B cells in the blood of patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.
		A second hypothesis is that autoantibodies and immune complexes present in HCV patient serum contribute to the persistence and spread of viral infection.
		To test these hypotheses, we are measuring levels of chemokines, the frequency of circulating B cells (mature resting B cells, mature activated B cells, memory B cells, and immature B cells), and the levels and components of ICs in the blood of HCV-infected patients.
	clinicaltrials.gov /ct/show/NCT00219999 (423 words)

	The Natural Path: The Immune System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The mucosal immune system consists of the lining tissues of the body that defends us against infectious organisms such as bacteria, virus, yeast, parasites and food antigens.
		Further immune system function can be measured by testing antibodies to gluten, milk dairy, soy, corn and rice.
		Prolonged immune system stress can lead the body to attack itself resulting in autoimmune diseases such as lupus, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis.
	www.naturalpath.com /info/immune.htm (807 words)

	Immune System
		Parts of the immune system are antigen-specific (they recognize and act against particular antigens), systemic (not confined to the initial infection site, but work throughout the body), and have memory (recognize and mount an even stronger attack to the same antigen the next time).
		The blood and lymph systems are intertwined throughout the body and they are responsible for transporting the agents of the immune system.
		The innate immunity system is what we are born with and it is nonspecific; all antigens are attacked pretty much equally.
	uhaweb.hartford.edu /BUGL/immune.htm (3339 words)

	Immune System - NIAID Net News
		The immune system is a complex of organs--highly specialized cells and even a circulatory system separate from blood vessels--all of which work together to clear infection from the body.
		The organs of the immune system, positioned throughout the body, are called lymphoid organs.
		The spleen, at the upper left of the abdomen, is also a staging ground and a place where immune system cells confront foreign microbes.
	www.niaid.nih.gov /final/immun/immun.htm (979 words)

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