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Topic: Humoral immunity

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	Humoral Immunity
		For humoral immunity, the cells which are amplified (increased in number/stimulated to divide) are those which produce antibody, B cells.
		Humoral immunity, thus, is not so much "acquired" as amplified and refined in response to exposure to non-self antigens.
		The existence of memory cells is the physiological manifestation of the priming of humoral immunity, i.e., for future recognition of specific antigens.
	www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu /~sabedon/biol2075.htm (2277 words)

	The Immune System
		Antibody-mediated immunity (also known as Humoral immunity) functions primarilly to control "extra-cellular" infectious agents; cell-mediated immunity is generally required to kill intra-cellular infectious agents; and mucosal immunity is necessary for mucosal membranes to resist invasion by infectious agents.
		The antibodies responsible for humoral immunity (mainly IgG) are found in the blood stream and tissue fluids, including those tissues under the mucosal surfaces; even though they are helpful in controlling disease agents that have penetrated the mucosal membranes, they are not very effective at controlling infection on the mucosal surfaces.
		The activated B-lymphocytes respond as described under humoral immunity; however, the T-lymphocytes respond by dividing to produce daughter cells, by destroying the disease-infected tissue cells, or by secreting chemical messenger molecules that signal the invasion of additional susceptible cells by the disease organism or direct and encourage macrophages to destroy the disease-infected cell.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /BODY_VM027 (3705 words)

	Humoral immunity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Humoral immunity is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by secreted antibodies, produced in the cells of the B lymphocyte lineage (B cell).
		Humoral immunity refers to antibody production, and all the accessory processes that accompany it: Th2 activation and cytokine production, germinal center formation and isotype switching, affinity maturation and memory cell generation.
		It also refers to the effector functions of antibody, which include pathogen and toxin neutralization, classical complement activation, and opsonin promotion of phagocytosis and pathogen elimination.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Humoral_immunity (306 words)

	Microbiology: An Introduction Online Course Companion Chapter 17 -- Study Outline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Cellular immunity is primarily a response to intracellular bacteria and viruses, multicellular parasites, transplanted tissue, and cancer cells.
		Humoral immunity involves antibodies that are produced by B cells.
		The Interrelationship of Cell-Mediated and Humoral Immunity (pp.
	occawlonline.pearsoned.com /bookbind/pubbooks/tfc/chapter17/custom1/deluxe-content.html (1214 words)

	Marijuana and Immunity, by Leo E. Hollister, M.D.
		Another commonly used measure of cell-mediated immunity is the ability of T-lymphocytes to form in vitro rosettes of sheep erythrocytes surrounding T cells.
		A frequently used measure of humoral immunity is the ability of splenic lymphocytes from mice that are immunized against sheep erythrocytes to form plaques when exposed to in vitro to sheep erythrocytes.
		In summary, humoral immunity, as tested by a number of in vitro procedures, seems also to be impaired by cannabinoids, but this effect was most evident for THC.
	www.pdxnorml.org /JOPD_Immunity_Hollister_92.html (4226 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		There are several lines of defense for the immune system: the first, called innate (natural) immunity refers to immune processes that protect the host prior to exposure to antigen (Ag), are not enhanced by such exposure, and are relatively nonspecific.
		Specific (or acquired) immunity, on the other hand is characterized by Ag stimulation and recognition, response specificity, and response amplification and memory upon subsequent exposure.
		Humoral immunity refers to the function of B-lymphocytes that proliferate and produce Ab to combat bacteria and viruses in bodily fluids.
	www.psych.utah.edu /psych3460/lecture/hiv.doc (946 words)

	allee (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In starlings, song performance by males is key to mating success as evidenced by males increasing their rate of singing in the presence of a female, and females demonstrating clear preferences for males that sing in longer bouts (Eens, 1997 and Gentner et al., 2000).
		Cell-mediated immunity is important for defense against viral pathogens (as well as regulating other aspects of the immune system including humoral immunity) and humoral immunity is important for combating most bacterial infections.
		To assess humoral immunity, I measured antibody responses to injection of the novel antigen, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA).
	www.animalbehavior.org /ABS/Stars/Allee/allee_2000.html (389 words)

	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Immune response (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Some of these barriers are the skin, stomach acid, mucus (which traps bacteria and small particles), the cough reflex, and enzymes in tears and skin oils.
		Acquired immunity is when the body is exposed to various antigens and builds a defense that is specific to that antigen.
		Infants have passive immunity because they are born with antibodies that are transferred through the placenta from the mother.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/article/000821.htm (1151 words)

	Basic Principles of Specific Immunity and Immunization
		This is because innate immunity refers simply to the inability of many organisms that have not evolved to be, for example, human pathogens, to cause disease in (again, for example) humans because of the absence of mechanisms necessary to be invasive in humans
		Artificially acquired immunity specifically refers to vaccination (which is an artificial exposure to a pathogen's antigens, i.e., without infection or, at least, without disease) and to the transfusion of antibodies from one individual into another (antiserum or antitoxin, etc.)
		"Humoral immunity depends first on the ability of B lymphocytes to recognize specific antigens and second on their ability to initiate responses that protect the body against foreign agents.
	www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu /~sabedon/black17.htm (2205 words)

	Richard D. Karp
		A humoral response of the American cockroach to honeybee toxin demonstrating specificity and memory.
		Cockroach inducible humoral factor: Precipitin activity that is sensitive to a proteolytic enzyme.
		The inducible humoral factor in the American cockroach: Identification and partial purification of the immune hemolymph proteins mediating binding activity.
	www.biology.uc.edu /faculty/karp/karppubs.htm (483 words)

	Stressgen Biotechnologies Corp. Scientific Tutorial (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Initiation of the humoral immune response can occur when a pathogen is recognized by receptors on B cells.
		One of the most important participants in cellular immunity are T cells.
		This “killer” function, which resides within some types of T cells (and in other cell types which make up cellular immunity) is thought to be important for clearance of established infection or eradication of cancerous cells.
	www.stressgen.com /immunotherapeutic_science/humoral_immunity.htm (191 words)

	lymph and immunity
		Immunity is the body's capability to repel foreign substances and cells.
		Cell-mediated immunity concerns cells in the body that have been infected by viruses and bacteria, protect against parasites, fungi, and protozoans, and also kill cancerous body cells.
		Passive immunity is the type of immunity when the individual is given antibodies to combat a specific disease.
	www.emc.maricopa.edu /faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookIMMUN.html (2964 words)

	Humoral Immunity
		Microbiology @ Leicester: Infection and Immunity: Humoral immunity
		To realise the essential differences of the primary and the secondary humoral immune response, and the requirement for immunological memory.
		Conferring immunity to the foetus by the transplantal passage of IgG.
	www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk /MBChB/3b.html (1727 words)

	VAT: The Lymphatic System
		The body's Humoral immune system is dominated by circulating Antibodies (proteins that bind to other proteins specifically).
		All of the cells in the blood are derived from the same progenitor cells, the hematopoietic stem cells of the bone marrow.
		Each plays an important role in effectively controlling infections and aiding the humoral side of the immune response to an Ag.
	www.acm.uiuc.edu /sigbio/project/updated-lymphatic/lymph8.html (433 words)

	The Adaptive Immune System: Antibodies - Antibody Production (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Humoral Immunity refers to the production of antibody molecules in response to an antigen (def).
		Humoral immunity is most effective against bacteria, bacterial toxins, and viruses prior to these agents entering cells.
		Antibodies or immunoglobulins (def) are specific glycoprotein configurations produced by B-lymphocytes and plasma cells in response to a specific antigen and capable of reacting with that antigen.
	www.cat.cc.md.us /courses/bio141/lecguide/unit3/humoral/antibodies/abyproduction/abyproduction.html (2632 words)

	The role of neuroendocrine immune interactions in the initiation of humoral immunity in chickens.
		Furthermore, the role of such an interaction in the initiation of humoral immunity is not well understood.
		Therefore, the present studies were conducted to determine mechanisms involved in the initiation of humoral immunity in chickens.
		It was concluded that the first step in the initiation of humoral immunity after antigen exposure is the release of interleukin-1 by macrophages, which in turn stimulates the production of CRF by hypothalamus and/or leukocytes.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1999/mar/A9931083.html (514 words)

	Immune response
		The immune response is the way the body recognizes and defends itself against microorganisms, viruses, and substances recognized as foreign and potentially harmful to the body.
		One's innate immunity are the barriers that keep harmful materials from entering your body and form the first line of defense in the immune response.
		Some of these barriers are: the skin, stomach acid, mucous (traps microorganisms and small particles), the cough reflex, and enzymes in tears and skin oils.
	www.healthscout.com /ency/1/000821.html (421 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Furthermore, there are two types of adaptive immunity: humoral immunity which is mediated by antibodies and functions to defend the body against microbes and microbial toxins; cell-mediated immunity which is mediated by T cells and functions to eradicate microbes that infect and live within host cells.
		This lecture covers both humoral immunity (functions of antibodies and the classical pathway of complement) and innate immunity (alternative and lectin pathway of complement).
		Figure 14-5a: Complement is an effector mechanism of both humoral and innate immunity.
	www.muhealth.org /~md2004/update4/4-09humoral.doc (1369 words)

	Humoral
		Depending on which lymphokines are in highest concentration near a given B cell, it can follow several differentiation pathways (these studies have been done in the mouse).
		The Salk (killed) polio vaccine is very effective in inducing protective immunity against polio even without activating CTL because it induces strong neutralizing antibodies.
		Humoral immunity offers protection against many virus infections.
	microvet.arizona.edu /Courses/MIC419/Tutorials/humoral.html (3802 words)

	learning Objectives: Humoral Immunity
		Humoral Immunity deals with the activation of mature resting B cells to become effector plasma cells and memory B cells.
		Describe the role of T cells in humoral immunity.
		Apply this information to a clinical case - be able to predict the humoral response to a bacterial or viral pathogen.
	microvet.arizona.edu /Courses/MIC419web/LOHumoralImm.html (373 words)

	NEJM -- Impaired humoral immunity in treated Hodgkin's disease
		To define the contribution of aggressive lymphoma treatment to the risk of post-splenectomy septicemia, we investigated the humoral immunity of 44 patients with Hodgkin's disease.
		Specific antibody against Haemophilus influenzae Type b was significantly reduced (mean, 147 ng per milliliter, P less than 0.01) in patients receiving combined treatment (radiotherapy and chemotherapy), whereas single treatment reduced titers marginally (chemotherapy) or not at all (radiotherapy).
		Aggressive treatment with chemotherapy and radiation impairs humoral defense against encapsulated micro-organisms, and thus magnifies the risk of post-splenectomy septicemia in patients with Hodgkin's disease.
	content.nejm.org /cgi/content/abstract/297/5/245 (198 words)

	Arthritis Research & Therapy \| Full text \| BLyS in humoral immunity
		A possible role for this molecule in autoimmunity could also be inferred by the presence of high levels of this mediator in murine models of lupus, and a moderate therapeutic effect of the soluble BAFF receptor TACI (transmembrane activator and CAML-interactor) in murine lupus.
		To study the molecular effects of the molecule and define a role for BLyS in humoral immunity.
		The effects of BLyS-receptor interaction in humoral immunity were tested by treating mice immunized with nitrophenyl-conjugated chicken gamma globulin (CGG) with the receptor-Fc fusion protein, and following the serum antibody response and splenic histology.
	arthritis-research.com /paperreport/ar-2000-66835 (636 words)

	Specialty Laboratories ::: we help doctors help patients
		Quantitative measurement of IgG antibody response after adequate challenge with polysaccharide (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b and Neisseria meningitidis) or protein (tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid) antigens is considered the ideal approach for the evaluation of humoral immunity in patients with recurrent infections.
		Measurement of antibody avidity and functional capacity are recommended in evaluation of humoral immunity.
		Evaluation of the immune response to protein antigens can be used to determine the patient's ability to mount an active immune response after treatment with high doses of immunosupressives.
	www.specialtylabs.com /books/display.asp?id=481 (679 words)

	Persisting Humoral Antiviral Immunity within the Japanese Population after the Discontinuation in 1976 of Routine ...
		Persisting Humoral Antiviral Immunity within the Japanese Population after the Discontinuation in 1976 of Routine Smallpox Vaccinations -- Hatakeyama et al.
		Persisting Humoral Antiviral Immunity within the Japanese Population after the Discontinuation in 1976 of Routine Smallpox Vaccinations
		Arita, I. Duration of immunity after smallpox vaccination: a study on vaccination policy against smallpox bioterrorism in Japan.
	cdli.asm.org /cgi/content/full/12/4/520 (3547 words)

	humoral immunity - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Humoral immunity : MEDLINE plus Illustrated Medical Encyclopedia [home, info]
		Humoral immunity : Drug Discovery and Development [home, info]
		Humoral immunity : Pest Management Glossary [home, info]
	www.onelook.com /?w=humoral+immunity&ls=a (131 words)

	Humoral immunity to HIV-1: kinetics of antibody responses in chronic infection reflects capacity of immune system to ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Humoral immunity to HIV-1: kinetics of antibody responses in chronic infection reflects capacity of immune system to improve viral set point -- Trkola et al.
		Humoral immunity to HIV-1: kinetics of antibody responses in chronic infection reflects capacity of immune system to improve viral set point
		Correlation between humoral responses to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope and disease progression in early-stage infection.
	www.bloodjournal.org /cgi/content/full/104/6/1784 (6312 words)

	[No title]
		Stimulates an immune response (cellular, humoral, or both).
		Once immunity develops, will react with hapten alone (without carrier protein) Cells of Immune system A.
		Immunity produced by host’s Ab producing cell following exposure to Ag.
	science.nhmccd.edu /biol/wellmeyer/lecture/specific.doc (1006 words)

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