Hund's rule - Factbites

Hund's rule - Factbites
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Topic: Hund's rule

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	It's All Geek to Me!: Hund's Rule and Humans
		Hund's Rule of Maximum Multiplicity is a simple rule that explains how atomic structure changes as atomic numbers increase.
		Hund, I hope you approve of my appropriation of your rule to explain urban loneliness.
		As is the characteristic of good rules, they find use in domains far removed from those of their original formulation.
	www.numenorean.net /blog/archives/2005/04/hunds_rule_and.html (871 words)

	Hund's rule
		A rule of thumb stating that subshells fill so that the number of unpaired spins is maximized.
		Also known as the rule of maximum multiplicity.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/H/Hunds_rule.html (105 words)

	multiplicity - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Phrases that include multiplicity: healthy multiplicity, hund's rule of maximum multiplicity, hunds rule of maximum multiplicity, intersection multiplicity, multiplicity of a zero, more...
		Multiplicity : Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics [home, info]
		Words similar to multiplicity: multiplicities, numerosity, numerousness, more...
	www.onelook.com /?w=multiplicity&ls=a (218 words)

	Propeties that enable catalysis
		The Hunds Rule of Maximum Multiplicity Principle states that when electrons fill orbitals they will be placed as far apart as possible to reduce repulsion.
		Any 2 electrons in the same orbital must have opposite spin in keeping with this rule.
		This is simply because no 2 things, including electrons can be in the same place at the same time.
	www.chem.shef.ac.uk /chm131-2003/cha03vlr/page3.html (333 words)

	Filling Electron orbitals
		Hunds' Rule will tend to favour electron configurations with unpaired electrons.
		The net effect of nuclear attraction and electron repulsion leads to an idea of differential rules for shielding by electrons in certain types of orbitals for electrons in other types of orbitals and you will find quantitative values in the literature.
		Such electron configurations make for "paramagnetism" in the free atoms; that is they would be attracted towards the strong region of an applied magnetic field (the lines of force are concentrated within the paramagnetic substance).
	www.chem.shef.ac.uk /level-4/jim-hall/BAILEY5.HTM (1371 words)

	Forum 218043
		I call that the Pauli exclusion principle rather than Hund's Rule of Maximum Multiplicity.
		but of course you know that is Hunds Rule of Maximum Multiplicity.
		when electrons occupy orbitals of degenerate energy levels they will do so to give the maximum number of unpaired spins.
	www.network54.com /Forum/218043/thread/1075448375/last-1075493486/intellectuals (263 words)

	Hund's Rule History - Hund's Rule Information
		Hund's rule is based on the Aufbau principle that electrons are added to the lowest available energy level (shell) of an atom.
		Although Hund's rule accurately predicts the electron configuration of most elements, exceptions exist, especially when atoms and ions have the opportunity to gain additional stability by having filled s orbitals or half- filled or filled d or f orbitals.
		Developed by the German scientist, Friedrich Hund (1896-1997), Hund's rule allows scientists to predict the order in which electrons fill an atom's suborbital shells.
	www.bookrags.com /sciences/chemistry/hunds-rule-woc.html (263 words)

	February 4
		Hund was a physicist, a professor at the universities of Rostock, Leipzig, Jena, Frankfurt, and Göttingen.
		He worked on the theory of what became known as the Prandtl-Glaubert rule for subsonic airflow.
		He worked in the field of the electronic structure of atoms and molecules.
	courseweb.stthomas.edu /paschons/language_http/calendar/feb4.html (263 words)

	Werner Kutzelnigg - Publikationsliste
		Hund's rules, the alternating rule, and symmetry holes.
		CC-R12, a correlation-cusp corrected coupled cluster method with a pilot application to the Be2 potential curve.
	www.theochem.rub.de /members/kutzelnigg/kutzelnigg_pubs.de.html (263 words)

	Chemistry 325- Inorganic Chemistry-Spring, 1999 Text: Basic Inorganic Chemistry
		Electronic structure of atoms, orbitals, Hund's rule, trends in the periodic table.
		Solids, lattice energy, geometries of crystal lattices, structures with closed packed
	www.sci.ccny.cuny.edu /chemistry/students/syllabi/32500.html (131 words)

	RSNZ: 2004:Wybourne
		Wybourne, B. 2000: Hund’s rules, jj-coupling and the g
		Smith, P. R.; Wybourne, B. 1967: Selection rules and the decomposition of the kronecker squares of irreducible representations.
		Wybourne, B. 1984: Characters, dimensions and branching rules for covariant irreps of U(N/M).
	www.rsnz.org /directory/yearbooks/2004/wybourne.php (131 words)

	Hund's rule, spin blockade, and the Aufbau principle in strongly confined semiconductor quantum dots
		We find that while Hund's rule is generally obeyed, deviations from the Aufbau principle are common when single-particle energy levels are separated by a few meV.
		The validity of generally accepted "rules of level occupation'' (Hund's rule, Aufbau principle, and single spin-flip rule) is examined.
		Hund's rule, spin blockade, and the Aufbau principle in strongly confined semiconductor quantum dots
	www.edpsciences.org /articles/epl/abs/2000/08/6058/6058.html (131 words)

	Chemistry_Glossary_Quiz_Questions.pxt
		Avogadro's sequence Aufbau principle Hund's rule* Monatomic ions have...
		Charles Boyle Gay-Lussac Dalton Tyndall is associated with the Tyndall hypothesis Tyndall rule* Tyndall effect Hund*'s has a...
		Bronsted Hund Arrhenius Heisenberg is famous for the Uncertainty Principle True False Dalton’s law of partial pressures discusses the pressure in...
	www.s95162438.onlinehome.us /dloads/Chemistry_Glossary_Quiz_Questions.pxt (131 words)

	Introduction to the Scientific Methods
		In this Lesson, orbital diagrams are explained and used to illustrate Hund's Rule, which predicts the lowest energy (ground state) arrangement of electrons in degenerate orbitals of an atom.
		Learn Hund's Rule and be able to identify electronic arrangements that represent the atom in the ground state and the excited state.
		Arrange electrons in orbital diagrams to represent configurations allowed by the Pauli Exclusion Principle.
	aa.uncwil.edu /reeves/chm101jr/dist_F00/CFCC/CHM101_34OrbitalDiagrams.htm (131 words)

	Unit Outline (template)
		Electrons occupy atomic orbitals in the ground state of an atom according to the Aufbau principle, the Pauli exclusion principle, and Hund&.
		State the Aufbau principle, the Pauli exclusion principle, and Hund&.
		An electron in an atom can move from one main energy level to a higher main energy level only by absorbing an amount of energy exactly equal to the difference between the two levels.
	www.msu.edu /~fredenb3/main-web-pages/chemistry-sem-1/Electons_unit.htm (131 words)

	From Quantum Numbers to The Periodic Table
		Hund's rule states that when there there are degenerate (equal energy) orbitals available, electrons will enter the orbitals one at a time and only when all the orbitals are half filled will pairing-up occur.
		The electronic structure of the d block elements chromium and copper show that Hund's rule can sometimes take precedence over the Aufbau principle.
		The Pauli exclusion principle states that an orbital can contain a maximum of two electrons which must be of opposite spin.
	www.meta-synthesis.com /webbook/34_qn/qn_to_pt.html (131 words)

	Atomic Energy Levels
		The fact that such electron configurations have lower energy means that they will be filled first, and this fact is noted in "Hund's rule #2".
		The effect of the spin-spin interaction is noted in Hund's rule #1.
		This result is correlated with the fact that the two electrons are identical fermions, and a wavefunction which describes the pair must be antisymmetric with respect to exchange of the electrons (a requirement of the Pauli exclusion principle).
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/atomic/atstruct.html (358 words)

	Quantum Numbers and Atomic Energy Levels
		The S and L are combined to produce a total angular momentum quantum number J, and it is found that higher J values lie lower in energy ( Hund's Rule #3)
		This is sometimes referred to as the spin-spin effect and summarized in Hund's Rule #1.
		For light atoms, the spins and orbital angular momenta of individual electrons are found to interact with each other strongly enough that you can combine them to form a resultant spin S and resultant orbital angular momentum L (this is called Russell-Saunders or LS coupling).
	www.kemt.fei.tuke.sk /Predmety/KEMT422_SPAS/_web/Hyperphysics/qnenergy.html (358 words)

	buckleyourshoe.com -Vedas & Puranas - Books and Book Reviews
		Pauli's exclusion principle, Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity, Aufbau's principle and its limitations, variation of orbital energy with atomicnumber.
		Bent's rule, Resonance and reso- nance energy, Molecular orbital theory.
		(i) Ionic bond : Generalcharacteristics, types of ions, size effects, radius ratio rule and their limitations.
	www.buckleyourshoe.com /vedas/dusyll/chemistry/1st%20yr/chem_p1.htm (358 words)

	chapter 7 the pauli exclusion principle
		the aufbau principle, the Pauli exclusion principle, and Hund's rule.
		Explain and apply the Pauli Exclusion Principle, the aufbau principle, and Hund's...
		Using the Aufbau principle, write the expected electron configurations and the orbital box diagrams following the Pauli exclusion...
	www.consolidateyourdebt-store.com /articles/33/chapter-7-the-pauli-exclusion-principle.html (358 words)

	AUE: FAQ excerpt: Where to put apostrophes in possessive forms
		There was in any case a long period where spelling was a lot less standardized than it is today, so one should not think in terms of any sort of "standard rule" existing during the transitional period.
		The standard rule: Use 's for the singular possessive, and a bare apostrophe after the plural suffix -s or -es for the plural possessive.
		It is more likely that the derivation went in the opposite direction, i.e.: Johnes hund => John's hound => Johnny's dog => John 'is dog with the "John his dog" form coming into use only briefly before disappearing from modern English.
	www.alt-usage-english.org /excerpts/fxwheret.html (814 words)

	Unit 6 Intro to Bonding
		Be able to use the "box diagrams" for s and the three p atomic orbitals to demonstrate the effect of Hund's Rule on the electron configurations of the second and thied row elements.
		Know how to apply the "n+l" rule and be able to reproduce electron configurations using spectroscopic notation 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s and so on, for elements and ions up to calcium (#20) on the periodic table.
		The "box" and spectroscopic symbols for electron configurations is the culmination of the introduction of quantum theory in a general chemistry course.
	www.csubak.edu /~mdutton/u6c211.html (814 words)

	H.htm
		Hund rules apply if the "Russell-Saunders" coupling scheme is valid.
		(3) In configurations containing shells less than half full of electrons, the term having the lowest total angular momentum J lies lowest in energy, whereas in those with shells more than half filled, the term having the largest value of J lies lowest (fine structure rule).
		The full width of a spectral band at a height equal to half of the height at the band maximum.
	pages.unibas.ch /epa/glossary/H.htm (541 words)

	NSW HSC ONLINE - Chemistry
		process information from secondary sources to use Hund’s rule to predict the electron configuration of an element according to its position in the Periodic Table
		Ionisation energy (IE) is the amount of energy required to remove completely one mole of electrons from one mole of gaseous atoms or ions.
		Ionisation energy (IE) is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion.
	hsc.csu.edu.au /chemistry/options/art/2768/ch983.htm (541 words)

	: Ionic Bonding, review at WorldSSP.net
		We have already seen that there are complex patterns to the trends in ionization energy and electron affinity that reflect not just atomic size (which is confusing enough) but also Hund's rule.
		Ionic Bonding In ionic bonding, metal atoms lose electrons and non-metal atoms gain electrons to form ions, which are then held together by strong electrostatic interactions.
		Bond and Molecular Polarity Ionic Bonds As a metal and a non-metal approach one another, the valence electrons interact and the metal (indicated by the red sphere) transfers its valence electrons to the non-metal (indicated by the blue sphere).
	www.worldssp.net /webinfo_l.asp?proid=12384 (541 words)

	Table of contents for Library of Congress control number 99206238
		Erich Hückel and the Theory of Aromaticity- Reflections on Theory and Experiment: Debye-Hückel Theory of Electrolytic Solutions/Nature of the Double Bond/Hybridization in Double Bonds/Benzene Problem/MO Description of Conjugated Cyclic Compounds/Orbital Symmetry (Woodward-Hoffmann Rules)/ Extension of Cyclic p-Electron MO Theory to Transition States of Pericyclic Reactions/Violation of Hund's Rule in Biradicals/Reflections on Hückel's Career.
		Discoveries Missed, Discoveries Made - Two Case Studies of Creativity in Chemistry: Science and the Individual/Diels, Alder, Their Competitors, and the Discovery of the Diene Synthesis/Thiele/The Alternation Effect and the Discovery of Orbital Symmetry.
		The Dienone-Phenol Mysteries: Isolations of Estrogens/Approaches to the Estrogens by Aromatization of Ring A/ Alicyclic Steroids/Woodward's Challenge/Misgivings About the Structures/Why did Woodward Undertake the Correction of the Phenolic Structures?/Woodward and the Total Synthesis of Steriods/Approaches and Achievements/Mechanistic Motivation.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/toc/wiley022/99206238.html (244 words)

	JAM 2004 - Syllabus
		Bohr’s theory of hydrogen atom; Wave-particle duality; Uncertainty principles; Schrodinger’s wave equation; Quantum numbers, shapes of orbitals; Hund’s rule and Pauli’s exclusion principle.
		Kinematics of moving fluids, equation of continuity, Euler’s equation, Bernoulli’s theorem, viscous fluids, surface tension and surface energy, capillarity.
		Wave equation, traveling and standing waves in one-dimension.
	www.iitb.ac.in /~jam/syllabus.html (2645 words)

	Bio-Oxygen Australia - World Leading Air Purification Systems
		, two molecular orbitals of equal energy each contain a single electron in accordance with Hund's first rule; consequently, oxygen gas is paramagnetic".
		[4] Instutut fur Ionenphysik, Leopold Franzens Universitat, Insbruck, Austria, Journal of Chemical Physics, Volume 111, Number 8, 1999, 3548 - 3558, S. Metejcik, P. Stampfli, A. Stamatovic, P. Scheier and T.D. Mark, " Electron Attachment to Oxygen Clusters studied with high energy resolution".
		116 (2002), 7583 - 7588, S. Matt, R. Parajuli, A. Stamatovic, P. Scheier, T.D. Mark, " Quantitative investigation of the kinetic energy release in metastable decay reaction of (02)+ions: Evidence for a change in the metastable decay mechanisms as a function of cluster size".
	www.perfectlypureair.com /11395.htm (2645 words)

	Helium Energy Levels
		This effect is sometimes called the " spin-spin interaction " and is addressed by Hund's Rule #1.
		Another way to view the energy is to say that the repulsion of the electrons contributes a positive potential energy which partially offsets the negative potential energy contributed by the attractive electric force of the nuclear charge.
		The electron energy levels for a helium atom demonstrate a number of features of multi-electron atoms.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/quantum/helium.html (2645 words)

	Helium Energy Levels
		This effect is sometimes called the "spin-spin interaction" and is addressed by Hund's Rule #1.
		In the helium energy level diagram, one electron is presumed to be in the ground state of a helium atom, the 1s state.
		The energy required to remove the second electron is 54.4 eV, as would be expected by modeling it after the hydrogen energy levels.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/quantum/helium.html (572 words)

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