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	ipedia.com: Hundred Days Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Hundred Days commonly names the period between 20 March 1815, the date on which Napoleon arrived in Paris after his return from Elba, and 28 June 1815, the date of the restoration of King Louis XV...
		The Hundred Days (French Cent-Jours) commonly names the period between 20 March 1815, the date on which Napoleon arrived in Paris after his return from Elba, and 28 June 1815, the date of the restoration of King Louis XVIII.
		Their recollection of his conduct during the congress of Châtillon was the determining fact at this crisis; his professions at Lyon or Paris had not the slightest effect; his efforts to detach Austria from the coalition, as also the feelers put forth tentatively by Fouché at Vienna, were fruitless.
	www.ipedia.com /hundred_days.html (1794 words)

	Modern Era: III
		Opposition to the reform was intense among the conservative ruling elite, especially the Manchus, who, in condemning the announced reform as too radical, proposed instead a more moderate and gradualist course of change.
		Under the Protocol of 1901, the court was made to consent to the execution of ten high officials and the punishment of hundreds of others, expansion of the Legation Quarter, payment of war reparations, stationing of foreign troops in China, and razing of some Chinese fortifications.
		Failure of reform from the top and the fiasco of the Boxer Uprising convinced many Chinese that the only real solution lay in outright revolution, in sweeping away the old order and erecting a new one patterned preferably after the example of Japan.
	www-chaos.umd.edu /history/modern3.html (966 words)

	Guangxu Emperor - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		He initiated the Hundred Days' Reform but was abruptly stopped when Empress Dowager Cixi launched a coup in 1898.
		In June 1898, Guangxu began the Hundred Days' Reform, aimed at a series of sweeping changes politically, legally, and socially.
		Although Cixi did nothing to stop the Hundred Day's Reform from taking place, she intervened after Kang Youwei was given too much power, and loyal officials like Li Hongzhang were dismissed.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Kwang-su (935 words)

	Cixi - Life History (2) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		She is particularly remembered for her impeding the reform of the imperial system and her personal unscrupulousness as exemplified in two events at the turn of the century, the Hundred Days Reform (1898), and the Boxer Rebellion (1900).
		In the Hundred Days Reform, when the Guangxu Emperor listened to the Southern officials, such as Kang Youwei, and Tan Sitong, and began to initiate internal reforms, Cixi heeded the pleas of self-interested court officials and opposed the reforms that were taking place in 1898.
		As the demands for reform became louder, he was unable to adjust the imperial system to the new situation and capitulated to his own court officials.
	www.lcsc.edu /modernchina/Cixi2.htm (909 words)

	Session 98: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The ability to rethink both the institution and the meaning of the monarchy was a mark of the radicalism of the reform movement of the 1890s.
		The specific proposals of the 1898 reforms fell short of this goal; it was impossible to raise the question of constitutional limitations on the emperor’s power explicitly, though the intention to do so was clear.
		The 1898 reform movement laid the institutional and conceptual groundwork for the fuller integration of women into late Qing social life by including them in the nation-building project and the modern imaginary.
	www.aasianst.org /absts/1998abst/china/c98.htm (1139 words)

	China - The Hundred Days' Reform and the Aftermath (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		China - The Hundred Days' Reform and the Aftermath
		Influenced by the Japanese success with modernization, the reformers declared that China needed more than "self-strengthening" and that innovation must be accompanied by institutional and ideological change.
		The Hundred Days' Reform ended with the rescindment of the new edicts and the execution of six of the reform's chief advocates.
	countrystudies.us /china/18.htm (526 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		However, the Royal Familiy was not entirely responsible for the reform movementÕs failure; rather, it was the intervention of the Empress Dowager herself that destroyed the hopes of reforming the country.
		Kang Youwei was to revive the reform movement in early 1898 upon hearing the news that the emperor himself was becoming increasingly liberal.
		Therefore, the plan to abolish the reform movement was a conscientious decision made by herself for the purpose of maintain her power.
	www.geocities.com /xiao_2u/Cixi.doc (3998 words)

	From Reform to Revolution
		The reform program designed by the scholars Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, and Tan Sitong had a brief trial in the so-called "Hundred Days of Reform" of 1898, but it was not until after the Boxer Rebellion defeat in 1900 that wide-ranging reforms in education, military, economics and government were actually implemented.
		Reform efforts also informed the reorganization of the Guomindang (Kuomintang [KMT]), or Nationalist Party, which nominally reunified the country in 1926-28 and tried to build a modern state, and the founding of the Chinese Communist Party in 1921, which saw itself as adapting Marxist ideas to Chinese realities.
		The ineffectiveness of reform efforts led them to believe that the traditional system itself was hindering both China's modernization and her ability to deal with the foreigners.
	www.indiana.edu /~hisdcl/h207_2002/ti&yong.htm (2494 words)

	Late Qing reforms
		As she never gave her full heart to the reform, the reform movements could not succeed at last.
		The constitutional reform after 1905 disappointed the gentry class as the Qing government delayed the opening of the parliament and instead formed the Royal Cabinet at last.
		The failure of reform hastened the downfall of Qing Dynasty.
	www.thecorner.org /hists/assign/chi-ref.htm (1112 words)

	China, 1904-1914 - Biographies, Glossary, and Place Names
		Well educated in both traditional and modern subjects, he was a senior adviser in the Hundred Days Reform in 1898, but when the reform movement was suppressed by the Empress Dowager, Kang was forced to flee into exile.
		His attempted Hundred Days Reform in 1898 ended with the Empress Dowager seizing control and imprisoning Kuang-hsü, though she was unable to dethrone him.
		This weak attempt at reform was to no avail, and the monarchy collapsed only three years after her death.
	cnparm.home.texas.net /Nat/China/ChinaBios.htm (2252 words)

	Travel Beijing, China, Summer Palace
		After the failure of the Reform Movement in 1898, Emperor Guangxu, who advocated the reform, was under house arrest here.
		The Reform Movement in 1898, also known as the "Hundred Days Reform," lasting 103 days, aimed at reforming the outdated feudal system and creating a new edict.
		The chamber in the east of the hall was Emperor Guangxu's day room, the opposite one, his bedchamber.
	www.beijingtrip.com /attractions/summer/palacehalls.htm (245 words)

	chen/Being Chinese, Becoming Chinese American. Chapter 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In fact, it explicitly argued that the reform party, now under the new formal name of the Constitutionalist Party (although it was still better known among Chinese in the United States as Baohuanghui) gathered the cream of Chinese society and represented the prevailing opinion in China.
		Reform of the existing system was the only way to save China from extinction and to build a strong and modern China.
		It explicitly argued that the reforms, which the Qing court promised to carry out and on which the Constitutionalists pinned all their hopes, were doomed in China.
	www.press.uillinois.edu /epub/books/chen/ch1.html (14955 words)

	Ch'ing China: "The One Hundred Days of Reform" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		He had written his ideas on reform in what was to be nearly the final form in two books in the mid-1880's (at the age of only 27): Ta t'ung shu ("Grand Unity") and K'ung Tzu kai-chih k'ao ("Confucius as a Reformer").
		Immediately K'ang set to work on what was to become known as "The One Hundred Days of Reform." Edicts began pouring out of the imperial court with the express purpose of changing China into a modern, constitutional state.
		The last reform, however, met with bitter opposition since the military was largely in the hands of a few Governor-Generals.
	www.wsu.edu:8001 /~dee/CHING/HUNDRED.HTM (295 words)

	K'ang Yu-wei. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		He was a leading philosopher of the new text school of Confucianism, which regarded Confucius as a utopian political reformer.
		That same year with Liang Ch’i-ch’ao he founded a reform newspaper and a reform organization, but both were quickly suppressed (1896).
		In a series of decrees known as the “hundred days’ reform,” the emperor changed the civil service examination system to include essays on current affairs, established Beijing Univ. as well as western-style provincial schools, abolished many sinecure posts, and revised administrative regulations.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ka/KangYuwe.html (306 words)

	First One Hundred Days
		Since the name of the game is to support reform while killing it, a useful approach is to offer an alternative measure that looks like it will do the job, but really doesn't.
		In some ways this scenario is the best of all worlds, since Senators would be able to claim that they supported reform while not having to live with the consequences.
		As one supporter of McCain-Feingold admitted the other day, "Everyone recognizes that there are constitutional issues in McCain-Feingold, and everyone assumes it will end up at the Supreme Court if it passes and is signed." The legal scenario raises the very strange possibility that the best way to kill McCain-Feingold would be to pass it.
	college.hmco.com /cgi-bin/polisci/first_100_days/index.cgi (856 words)

	Topical Words: Hundred days
		The original Hundred Days was the period between the arrival of Napoleon in Paris on 20 March 1815, after he escaped from Elba, to 28 June, when King Louis XVIII regained his throne following the Battle of Waterloo.
		The new Labour government is following a precedent set by an earlier Labour prime minister, Harold Wilson, who said during the 1964 election campaign that Britain needed a programme of a hundred days of dynamic action, similar to the one that John F Kennedy had proposed in 1961.
		Its historical associations are far from uniformly positive, after all: Napoleon was deposed for a second time at the end of his hundred days, and Harold Wilson’s first administration was troubled with a small parliamentary majority of four and was hardly a model for radical reformers.
	www.worldwidewords.org /topicalwords/tw-hun1.htm (329 words)

	Archive \| April 30, 2001 \| The 'hundred days' of reform demur
		While those who are the unwilling supporters of the privilege, pursue to create meaningful reform.
		Where you fall into this mix, most likely depends on the degree you are willing to accept bribes or the intensity that you resist them.
		The conservatives will get their rhetoric that they want to hear, the teachers will get their money to disconcert another generation and the price of energy will rise as the air warms from the rates that the public will pay.
	www.enterstageright.com /archive/articles/0501reform.htm (914 words)

	Exploring Chinese History :: Chapter 2, Section 2- Pre- Modern Chinese History Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Although by 1800 only a few hundred thousand Chinese had been converted, the missionaries--mostly Jesuits--contributed greatly to Chinese knowledge in such fields as cannon casting, calendar making, geography, mathematics, cartography, music, art, and architecture.
		The Taiping tolerance of the esoteric rituals and quasi-religious societies of south China--themselves a threat to Qing stability--and their relentless attacks on Confucianism--still widely accepted as the moral foundation of Chinese behavior-- contributed to the ultimate defeat of the rebellion.
		Its advocacy of radical social reforms alienated the Han Chinese scholar-gentry class.
	www.ibiblio.org /chinesehistory/contents/c02s02.html (4355 words)

	China in 1900
		In 1900, China’s glory days were behind her.
		In 1900, China was heavily controlled by foreign nations who tended to dominate the ports such as Shanghai.
		In 1898, the emperor Guangxu introduced a batch of reforms during the so-called Hundred Days of Reform.
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /china_hundred_flowers.htm (311 words)

	Hundred - InfoSearchPoint.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		es:Cien One hundred (100) is a natural number.
		The standard SI prefix for a hundred is "hecto-".
		The Roman numeral for hundred is C (for centum).
	www.infosearchpoint.com /display/1_E2 (125 words)

	Liang Ch'i-ch'ao on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Stunned by China's disastrous defeat by Japan (see Sino-Japanese War, First), K'ang and Liang launched (1895) a movement for constitutional and educational reform.
		The movement received the backing of Emperor Kuang-hsu in 1898, but the "hundred days' reform" was aborted by the Empress Dowager Tz'u Hsi.
		Although his writings had a great influence on the constitutional movement within China, the large Chinese student community in Japan increasingly favored an anti-Manchu revolution as espoused by Sun Yat-sen.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/L/LiangC1hi.asp (184 words)

	Emperor Guangxu
		Emperor Guangxu, personal name Zaitian, born in 1871, is the ninth emperor (reigned 1875-1908) of the Qing dynasty, during whose reign the Empress Dowager Cixi (1835-1908) totally dominated the government and thereby prevented the young emperor from modernizing and reforming the deteriorating imperial system.
		During what has come to be known as the "Hundred Days of Reform," he collected a group of progressively oriented officials around him and issued a broad series of reform edicts.
		Empress Dowager Cixi was outraged and with the support of conservative officials, she cruelly suppressed this reform movement and confined the young emperor to his palace for about 10 years.
	www.travelchinaguide.com /intro/history/known/guangxu.htm (348 words)

	The Epoch Times \| Epoch Times Commentaries on the Communist Party - Part 1
		Whether it be collaborating with the Kuomintang Party, a pro-US foreign policy, economic reform and market expansion, or promoting nationalism—each of these decisions occurred at a moment of crisis, and all had to do with gaining or solidifying power.
		Facing a crisis of survival, the CCP was forced to reform China’s economy in the 1980s.
		Opposition to the reform was intense among the conservative ruling elite.
	english.epochtimes.com /news/4-12-9/24672.html (4025 words)

	Book review by JD
		He was a leading light of the "Hundred Days" reform movement of 1898, when a group of enlightened scholars and officials, with the support of the idealistic young emperor, attemtped to break the power of the Dowager Empress and her reactionary ministers.
		He was martyred (by beheading) and became something akin to a Nathan Hale of the reform movement.
		Thus the dichotomy K'ang and T'an and reform versus Chang and Liu and revolution, which can be found in the notebooks of a thousand students, is fed into Prof.
	www.olimu.com /Journalism/Texts/Reviews/Chintellectuals.htm (2002 words)

	About China - CSSA, LSU
		The Taiping tolerance of the esoteric rituals and quasi-religious societies of south China--themselves a threat to Qing stability--and their relentless attacks on Confucianism--still widely accepted as the moral foundation of Chinese behavior--contributed to the ultimate defeat of the rebellion.
		The Hundred Days' Reform () ended with the rescindment of the new edicts and the execution of six of the reform's chief advocates.
		The revolutionary leader was Sun Yat-sen (or Sun Yixian in pinyin, 1866-1925), a republican and anti-Qing activist who became increasingly popular among the overseas Chinese and Chinese students abroad, especially in Japan.
	www.lsu.edu /student_organizations/cssa/aboutchina/history/qing.html (3566 words)

	chen/Being Chinese, Becoming Chinese American. Appendix: Political Events in China, 1898-1924 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Hundred Days' Reform, proposed by Kang Youwei, a Confucian scholar, carried out by Emperor Guang Xu, suppressed by Empress Dowager Ci Xi.
		Tongmenghui's political platform was "to overthrow the Manchu barbarians, to restore China to the Chinese, to establish a republic, and to distribute land equally."
		Empress Dowager Ci Xi issued an edict promising to prepare a constitution, carry out administrative reforms, and convene a national assembly.
	www.press.uillinois.edu /epub/books/chen/append.html (1170 words)

	Session 115: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Session 115: The "Hundred Days of Reform" in Modern Chinese History: 100 Years Later, Part Two (see session 98)
		The centenary of the reform movement of 1898 (wuxu bianfa) offers an opportunity to reassess its significance.
		The 1898 reforms have not been subject to scholarly reevaluation in some time.
	www.aasianst.org /absts/1998abst/china/c115.htm (671 words)

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