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Topic: Hundred Flowers Campaign

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	People's Republic of China
		The redistribution of land was accelerated, and a class struggle landlords and wealthy peasants was launched.
		An ideological reform campaign requiring self-criticisms and public confessions by university faculty members, scientists, and other professional workers was given wide publicity.
		The number of people affected by the various punitive or reform campaigns was estimated in the millions.
	www-chaos.umd.edu /history/prc.html (1329 words)

	Hundred Flowers Campaign Summary
		By early July, just five weeks after the inauguration of the Hundred Flowers Campaign, a dramatic new campaign was launched by the CCP, shifting the target of criticism from the CCP to the intellectuals.
		The Hundred Flowers Campaign, also termed the Hundred Flowers Movement, (Simplified Chinese: 百花运动; pinyin: bǎihuā yùndòng) is the period referring to a brief interlude in the People's Republic of China from 1958 to 1966 during which the Communist Party authorities permitted or encouraged a variety of views and solutions to ongoing problems.
		In the early 1950s, the three-anti/five-anti campaigns brought an end to private ownership of land, and further purged many people the CPC deemed to be landlords and capitalists.
	www.bookrags.com /Hundred_Flowers_Campaign (1492 words)

	gloss220
		The campaign occurred in response to the Hundred Flowers Campaign--Mao's effort in 1956 to solicit constructive criticism of the CCP that resulted instead in an unleashing of virulent condemnation of the chairman and the party.
		Hundreds of thousands of people died as a direct result of their persecution, and millions of others suffered severe physical and psychological abuse during this period.
		The 1957 slogan, "Let a hundred flowers bloom; let a hundred schools of thought contend," was revived during the 1970s as part of the campaign to achieve the Four Modernizations.
	www.owlnet.rice.edu /~anth220/gloss220.html (6420 words)

	The Mao Years: 1949-1976 - Multimedia Collection
		Hundred Flowers Campaign (1957) - Period in which Mao encouraged China's intellectuals to criticize the Communist Party.
		Anti-Rightist Campaign (1957+) - Period of retaliation against those who criticized the Communist Party during the Hundred Flowers campaign.
		During this time Mao instigated his most radical political campaign, the Cultural Revolution, that brought the nation to the brink of civil war.
	osulibrary.orst.edu /video/hist312.html (339 words)

	Hundred (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The standard SI prefix for a hundred is "hecto-".
		The Roman numeral for hundred is C (for centum).
		See also: Hundred (division), century, the year AD One hundred and one / One-O-One
	www.black-science.org /wikipedia/h/hu/hundred.html (99 words)

	The Hundred Flowers Campaign
		In this paper, I hope to show that the Hundred Flowers experiment was an attempt by Mao to further China's development by enlisting the aid of the nation's non-Party intellectuals, and that the movement's implementation signaled a major miscalculation on Mao's part.
		The Hundred Flowers movement quickly gained momentum throughout May, when debates turned from the shortcomings of Party officials and cadres to criticism of Marxist-Leninist ideology and the Party's role in governing the country.
		As MacFarquhar (Hundred Flowers 12) writes, however, "It is certainly unlikely that Mao would have gone to all the trouble of formulating his doctrine on contradictions to unearth bourgeois thoughts of whose existence he was already aware." Instead, it seems more likely that Mao was a victim of his own propaganda.
	filebox.vt.edu /users/jojacks2/words/hundredflowers.htm (3266 words)

	Book 'A Year in Pyongyang - North Korea' by Andrew Holloway
		My campaign was to hang on to the last vestiges of sanity for another hundred days and nights in Pyongyang.
		After the brief flowering of international culture during the Spring Festival month, the television was back to the routine grind of propaganda and banal feature films in an alien tongue.
		Here, for a stretch of a hundred yards, they had dug up both carriageways simultaneously, so that all the traffic had to edge its way over broken rocks; a brief journey that probably put as much stress on the vehicles' suspensions as 10,000 miles of normal motoring.
	www.aidanfc.net /a_year_in_pyongyang_16.html (1914 words)

	flowers :: China Resources
		Description: Deliver flowers and other gifts anywhere and any time in china.
		Same day delivery is available.Accept credit card online security.If others can't please try us.
		Keywords: peony, luoyang, wild peonies, flower lotus red, peony flower, blue flower type, transplanted, japanese tree peony, campaign flower hundred, best fertilizer
	www.iaqi.com /china/flowers.html (121 words)

	Tony Cliff: China - Hundred Flowers Wilt (1959)
		It is two years since the policy of “A hundred flowers will bloom” was launched in China (May, 1957).
		The “hundred flowers” campaign was launched largely as an after-effect of the Hungarian revolution.
		The following months saw the unfolding of a vast “anti-rightist” campaign attacking all those who dared to criticise the shortcomings of the Party during the month of “free criticism.” Thousands upon thousands both outside and inside the Patty became the victims of this campaign.
	www.marxists.org /archive/cliff/works/1959/05/chinawilt.htm (1916 words)

	China - POLICY TOWARD INTELLECTUALS
		Unlike previous campaigns in which writers and all of their works were condemned, criticism in this case focused on one work, "Bitter Love." Neither Bai Hua's other works nor his political difficulties in the 1950s and 1960s were part of the discussion.
		The campaign soon was out of control and extended to areas beyond the scope that Deng Xiaoping had intended, raising fears at home and abroad of another Cultural Revolution.
		Because of the campaign against spiritual pollution, intellectuals (including scientists and managerial and technical personnel) and party and government cadres were hesitant to take any action that could expose them to criticism.
	countrystudies.us /china/72.htm (1587 words)

	Chinese Political Slogans
		The modem 'Hundred Schools of Thought' were the criticisms of the Communist Party which Mao invited in late 1956, partly in response to the Hungarian uprising.
		The ferocity and scale of the discontent which the Hundred Flowers campaign revealed severely shook the Party leaders, and in 1957 many of those who had offered their criticisms were punished as part of the Anti-Rightist Campaign, set in motion to eradicate the 'poisonous weeds' which had sprung up in such alarming numbers.
		The campaign to criticise Lin Biao and Confucius was really a covert attack on Zhou Enlai and his policies, viewed as pro-modernisation and as less 'radical' than those promoted by Mao himself.
	sacu.org /slogans.html (1136 words)

	Exploring Chinese History :: History :: Contemporary Chinese History :: Comprehensive
		In 1958 the CCP launched the Great Leap Forward campaign under the new "General Line for Socialist Construction." The Great Leap Forward was aimed at accomplishing the economic and technical development of the country at a vastly faster pace and with greater results.
		The drafting of intellectuals for manual labor was part of the party's rectification campaign, publicized through the mass media as an effort to remove "bourgeois" influences from professional workers-- particularly, their tendency to have greater regard for their own specialized fields than for the goals of the party.
		By mid-1966 Mao's campaign had erupted into what came to be known as the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, the first mass action to have emerged against the CCP apparatus itself.
	www.ibiblio.org /chinesehistory/contents/01his/c04s03.html (4024 words)

	Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series/ China / Glossary
		The expression was used to denote the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, a political campaign officially inaugurated in August 1966 to rekindle revolutionary fervor of the masses outside formal party organizations.
		The campaign resulted in widespread waste of resources and was partially responsible for famine in 1960 and 1961.
		The movement was patterned along the lines of the Yan'an rectification campaign of 1942-45 and was intended to increase ideological "correctness" and consciousness, especially in regard to reversing "capitalist" and "revisionist" tendencies perceived in social and economic life.
	memory.loc.gov /frd/cs/china/cn_glos.html (2744 words)

	The Mao Years: 1949-1976 - Multimedia Collection
		Hundred Flowers Campaign (1957) - Period in which Mao encouraged China's intellectuals to criticize the Communist Party.
		Anti-Rightist Campaign (1957+) - Period of retaliation against those who criticized the Communist Party during the Hundred Flowers campaign.
		During this time Mao instigated his most radical political campaign, the Cultural Revolution, that brought the nation to the brink of civil war.
	osulibrary.oregonstate.edu /video/hist312.html (390 words)

	marxism: A Defense for Mao
		There are four main atrocities people tie Mao Tse-Tung in with, The Invasion of Tibet, The Hundred Flowers Campaign, The Great Leap Forward, and The Cultural Revolution; which happened in that order.
		Besides the deaths, which were mostly those of enemy combatants anyways, the Invasion actually liberated Tibet from harsh British rule, healed the poverty of the region, and promoted further rebellion against the British on the continent.
		The Hundred Flowers was a carefully thought out plan by Mao to get his potential opponents to identify themselves so they could be weeded out.
	community.livejournal.com /marxism/291708.html (1953 words)

	Manila Independent Media Collective. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Hundred Flowers Campaign, also termed the Hundred Flowers Movement, is the period referring to a brief interlude in the People's Republic of China from 1956 to 1957 during which the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) authorities permitted or encouraged a variety of views and solutions to ongoing problems.
		In the early 1950s, the three-anti/five-anti campaigns brought an end to private ownership of land, and further purged many people the CCP deemed to be landlords and capitalists.
		The name of the movement originated in a poem: pinyin: bǎi huā qífàng, bǎi jiā zhēngmíng; English translation: "Let a hundred flowers bloom; let a hundred schools of thought contend." Mao had used this to signal what he had wanted from the intellectuals of the country.
	manila.indymedia.org /?action=newswire&parentview=46298 (1484 words)

	The Price China Has Paid: An Interview with Liu Binyan - The New York Review of Books
		When intellectual life awakened in 1979, twenty-three years after the 1956 Hundred Flowers Campaign, the faith of Chinese intellectuals in the Party was profoundly shaken.
		In 1981 there was the long campaign against Bitter Love, the film by Bai Hua in which he exposed the people's sufferings during the Cultural Revolution and laid the blame squarely on Mao.
		These campaigns all belong to a single strand of counterreform which emanates from one faction of the leadership that is obviously getting weaker as time goes on.
	www.nybooks.com /articles/4178 (3574 words)

	China - The Transition to Socialism, 1953-57 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Cultural and intellectual figures were encouraged to speak their minds on the state of CCP rule and programs.
		Mao personally took the lead in the movement, which was launched under the classical slogan "Let a hundred flowers bloom, let the hundred schools of thought contend." At first the party's repeated invitation to air constructive views freely and openly was met with caution.
		The Hundred Flowers Campaign (see Glossary), sometimes called the Double Hundred Campaign, apparently had a sobering effect on the CCP leadership.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-2602.html (562 words)

	Green World Tour Censored - Part II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		These passages have to do with Tang Xiyang's reflections on what he had learned from his experience as a "rightist" condemned during the Hundred Flowers campaign and not rehabilitated until nearly a quarter century later.
		There are well-known cases out of hundreds of thousands of frame-ups that caused loss of life, family separations, the denunciations of fathers by sons.
		Hundreds of millions of people must realize and show concern for this problem.
	www.usembassy-china.org.cn /sandt/tangcensored-2.htm (3624 words)

	Chinese food history and culture page 6
		An ideological reform campaign requiring self-criticisms and public confessions by university faculty members, scientists, and other professional workers was given wide publicity.
		Artists and writers were soon the objects of similar treatment for failing to heed Mao's dictum that culture and literature must reflect the class interest of the working people, led by the CCP.
		The former was directed ostensibly against the evils of "corruption, waste, and bureaucratism"; its real aim was to eliminate incompetent and politically unreliable public officials and to bring about an efficient, disciplined, and responsive bureaucratic system.
	asiarecipe.com /chihistory6.html (1366 words)

	Asia Sentinel - Righting Mao’s Wrongs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Mao launched his famed Hundred Flowers Campaign in February of 1957, calling on intellectuals to “let a hundred flowers bloom, let a hundred schools of thought contend.” It was a call that the newly socialist nation’s intellectuals answered with a vengeance by going after the Communist Party fang and claw.
		Yan Zhufu who was a third year physics student at Beijing University when he was labelled a rightist in 1957, has kept up an angry campaign for redress, telling the Chinese media she had been petitioning the university since 1995 for an apology and compensation, in vain.
		To investigate publicly the 1957 campaign would require an analysis of the roles played by Mao and Deng, whom the party presents as the two most important leaders of the post-1949 period.
	www.asiasentinel.com /index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=374&Itemid=31 (1878 words)

	PHSchool.com - Primary Sources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The purpose of this movement was to begin lifting the restrictions placed on Chinese artistic and scientific freedom, to encourage new ideas, and to allow criticism of the government.
		To artists and writers, we say, "Let flowers of many kinds blossom." To scientists we say, "Let diverse schools of thought contend." This is the policy of the Chinese Communist Party.
		Let flowers of many kinds blossom, diverse schools of thought contend: that is a policy to mobilize all the positive elements.
	www.phschool.com /atschool/primary_sources/let_flowers_blossom.html (440 words)

	Meet Russian mail order brides for romantic correspondence and marriage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		All major agencies depend on dozens, (or in Anastasia's case, several hundred) small agencies located all across the former Soviet Union to find ladies and perform services for clients.
		In other words, whenever a consumer purchases services from a particular agency, even a big one, he has to keep in mind that the agency itself, is in fact depending on many, many other Eastern European agencies that operate in the ladies' local cities.
		Anastasia is the only agency that has a full time staff specifically devoted to spot-checking correspondence for suspicious activity and reacting to reports of suspicious correspondence that we receive from our clients.
	www.anastasiaweb.com /Default.aspx?page=AntiscamPolicy (1888 words)

	I Love Chinese - Culture and History - Powered by Hello! Mandarin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		These campaigns were accompanied in 1951 and 1952 by the san fan (三反 or "three anti") and wu fan (五反 or "five anti") movements.
		Mao personally took the lead in the movement, which was launched under the classical slogan "Let a hundred flowers bloom, let the hundred schools of thought contend" (百花齐放百家争鸣).
		The Hundred Flowers Campaign, sometimes called the Double Hundred Campaign (双百方针), apparently had a sobering effect on the CCP leadership.
	www.hellomandarin.com /ilovechinese/culture/20060620-27.html (1348 words)

	China - Mao in Question
		Only five months later, when many oppositionists had shown their hand and come into the open, the Hundred Flowers were shut down and the brutal purge of ‘rightists’ was launched, with hundreds of thousands of ‘intellectuals’; denounced and imprisoned and many thousands executed.
		Whether the Hundred Flowers was a deliberate ploy to force the opposition into the open to be purged its difficult to know.
		Either way, the closing down of the Hundred Flowers and the launching of the anti-rightist campaign resulted in creating the conditions for consolidating Mao’s position in the leadership and the next insane bid for rapid industrialisation, the Great Leap Forward.
	www.internationalviewpoint.org /article.php3?id_article=856 (2666 words)

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