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Topic: Hungarian minority in Romania

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	MINORITIES IN ROMANIA: DIFFERENCES AND TYPOLOGY
		Consequently, the Hungarian nobility represented for long centuries a dominant political stratum, and after 1848 within the process of modernization of the education and the state as whole, the Hungarians enjoyed a status of majority as it is definable in the present sense of the word.
		For the Hungarians leaving at these territories, the rapprochement with the new state structures and with the status of minority was not easy, moreover the new Romanian state's cultural and educational policies having strong nationalizing tendencies.
		The demographic stress, the fear of significant decrease in number is especially strong among the Hungarians from Romania, the emigration of Hungarians, as a consequence of an inadequate and unfavorable minority policy, being frequently mentioned in various discourses of Hungarian public and political actors.
	www.iie.org /flinnscholar/romminor.htm (2479 words)

	The Hungarian Minority's Situation in Ceausescu's Romania
		The present study, in addition to presenting the basic facts concerning the Hungarian minority, is primarily a summation of recent developments related to the subject.
		Hungarian historians believe that this period began in the last third of the 18th century, and found the Hungarians in a relatively advantageous position in Transylvania.
		One significant difference as regards Hungarian and Romanian consciousness was that the institutions of the medieval Hungarian state - its feudal constitution, dating back to as early as 1437, from which the association of the "three nations" and the "four (established) denominations" was derived - remained virtually intact until 1848.
	www.hungarian-history.hu /lib/humis/humis06.htm (2927 words)

	RADIO FREE EUROPE/ RADIO LIBERTY
		Romania's strategy of incorporating the Hungarian minority's demands for greater linguistic, educational, and economic freedoms in the revised constitution is both an innovative and effective form of policymaking that other states can imitate when designing domestic laws.
		Romania attached issues of importance to national minorities with issues that were critical for the state, thus creating a package that would have been difficult for either group to oppose.
		Romania's constitutional overhaul was a unique solution to its equally unique national preferences and circumstances, but the 2003 referendum has clearly made it the exemplar of how to use political processes to successfully redefine state-minority relationships in positive ways.
	www.rferl.org /reports/eepreport/2004/10/20-271004.asp (2425 words)

	Hungarian_language information. LANGUAGE SCHOOL EXPLORER
		Hungarian is the official language of Hungary, and thus an official language of the European Union.
		Hungarian is officially recognized as a minority or regional language in Austria, Croatia, Romania, Bukovina, Zakarpattia in Ukraine, and Slovakia.
		Hungarian is an agglutinative language â“ it uses a number of different affixes, including suffixes, prefixes and a circumfix to define the meaning or the grammatical function.
	language.school-explorer.com /Hungarian (5382 words)

	MSN Encarta - Romania
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761559516/Romania.html (1012 words)

	[No title]
	www.rotravel.com /romania/history/cap1.php (262 words)

	Romania - VisitEurope.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
	www.visiteurope.com /romania.html (285 words)

	Romania (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
	flagspot.net /flags/ro.html (1633 words)

	ICL - Romania - Constitution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
	www.oefre.unibe.ch /law/icl/ro00000_.html (10035 words)

	Government of Romania (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
	www.gov.ro /engleza (2233 words)

	Southeastern Europe Country Analysis Brief
	www.eia.doe.gov /emeu/cabs/romania.html (2575 words)

	Amnesty International Report 2002 - Europe - ROMANIA
	web.amnesty.org /web/ar2002.nsf/eur/romania!Open (1613 words)

	Romania
	travel.state.gov /travel/romania.html (2499 words)

	Rome and Romania, Roman Emperors, Byzantine Emperors, etc.
	www.friesian.com /romania.htm (14386 words)

	Romania (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0107905.html (1082 words)

	ROMANIA - Official Travel and Tourism Information. History
	www.romaniatourism.com /history.html (1110 words)

	Romania (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
	www.factmonster.com /ipka/A0107905.html (875 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Europe \| Country profiles \| Country profile: Romania
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1057466.stm (887 words)

	ICL - Romania Index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
	www.oefre.unibe.ch /law/icl/ro__indx.html (672 words)

	Romania News
	www.topix.net /world/romania (1122 words)

	Romania Special Weapons (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
	www.fas.org /nuke/guide/romania (162 words)

	Romania Travel Information \| Lonely Planet Destination Guide
	www.lonelyplanet.com /worldguide/destinations/europe/romania (190 words)

	Romania - In Your Pocket (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
	www.inyourpocket.com /Romania/index.shtml (354 words)

	CIA - The World Factbook -- Romania (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
	www.cia.gov /cia/publications/factbook/geos/ro.html (1432 words)

	Romania Maps - Perry-Castañeda Map Collection - UT Library Online
	www.lib.utexas.edu /maps/romania.html (149 words)

	Romania News - Media Monitoring Service by EIN News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
	www.einnews.com /romania (675 words)

	romania map and information page
	www.worldatlas.com /webimage/countrys/europe/ro.htm (412 words)

	Ethnologue report for Romania
	www.ethnologue.com /show_country.asp?name=Romania (442 words)

	USAID Europe and Eurasia: Romania
	www.usaid.gov /locations/europe_eurasia/countries/ro (502 words)

	Romania : Country Studies - Federal Research Division, Library of Congress
	lcweb2.loc.gov /frd/cs/rotoc.html (187 words)

	WTO \| Romania - Member information
	www.wto.org /english/thewto_e/countries_e/romania_e.htm (192 words)

	About Romania - Location, Flag, Map, Weather, Transportation
	www.phpclasses.org /browse/country/ro (91 words)

	UNPO
		Hungarians in Romania constitute 20 % of the population of Transylvania and they form a majority in the Szekler Region (the counties of Hargita and Kovászna).
		The National Hungarian Party, which after 1922 participated in 9 elections and in 1928 was the second largest party of the Romanian Parliament also urged that the grievances of the national minorities be settled through the League of Nations (Népszövetség).
		The Hungarian Minority in Romania are represented in UNPO by the Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania (DAHR).
	www.unpo.org /member_profile.php?id=24 (2032 words)

	Pros and cons of autonomy for the Hungarian minority in Romania
		The request for implementing ‘1201’ led to public outrage throughout Romania, and was widely discussed in all the media, by all strata of the population.
		The Hungarians of Romania form a much larger proportion of the total population of 22.8 million; 7 per cent (1.6 million) according to the national census of 1992.
		The case of the Romanian minority in Hungary proves that constructive cooperation between ethnic Hungarians and Romanians is very well possible, and that this should not be a hindrance (and maybe is quite the opposite) to economic prosperity.
	www.jeroenvm.dds.nl /romhaut.htm (7181 words)

	The Hungarian Minority's Situation in Ceausescu's Romania
		The state's relationship to minority churches was also influenced by the churches, natural antagonism to policies aimed at national exclusivism.
		The foregoing indicates the Romanian government's successful effort to reduce the weight of the minorities and their freedom of action by reducing the organizational autonomy of their churches and by conferring disproportionate influence to the Romanians belonging to the same denomination.
		Overall, the Roman Catholic Church of the Hungarians in Romania is characterized by a strong and independent-minded clergy and hierarchy and by an intensive religious life encompassing broad strata of the faithful which also provides an important institutional framework for the use of the mother tongue.
	www.hungarian-history.hu /lib/humis/humis13.htm (4085 words)

	Romania - Europe Movers. Moving companies Romania. Free quotes by movers.
		Romania has been a member of NATO since 2004, and is also an acceding country to the European Union.
		The EU Accesion Treaty was signed in early 2005, and Romania is due to join the Union on January 1, 2007.
		A sizeable Hungarian minority in Transylvania speaks Hungarian as well as Romanian; until the 1990s, there were also a substantial number of German-speaking Transylvanian Saxons, but most of them have left the country since the fall of communism and the accompanying opening of borders.
	www.europemovers.com /Romania.html (623 words)

	Hungarian Minority in Romania: Fighting for 5 Percent
		They are known to defend their position as a Hungarian minority more ardently than anyone, and any attempt to present them as anything else than Hungarians is refuted with indignation by the Szeklers themselves.
		The Hungarian Civic Union (UCM) is one of the most active new political groups to call for greater autonomy for the Hungarian minority.
		In the Szeklerland county of Harghita east of Targu Mures, for instance, 85 percent of the population considers itself Hungarian, and all of the county's two senators and five lower-chamber deputies are UDMR members.
	www.unpo.org /article.php?id=1351 (1641 words)

	UNHCR - Romania: Update to ROM28368.FEX of 12 December 1997 on the situation of ethnic Hungarians in Romania
		The Hungarian Democratic Union of Romania (UDMR), the political party representing the interests of Romania's ethnic Hungarian minority, threw its support behind the Vasile government, as it had the previous Ciorbea government (AP 3 Sept. 1998; DPA 3 Oct. 1998).
		One report indicates that the issue of dual citizenship for ethnic Hungarian Romanians was quite controversial and created a certain amount of conflict within the UDMR in 1998 (Duna TV 27 Apr. 1998).
		In late 1998 the UDMR demanded that the Romanian chief public prosecutor investigate what were reported as "extremely crude attacks" against the UDMR and the Hungarians of Romania and Hungary by Vadim Tudor, chairman of the Greater Romania Party, and asked President Constantinescu to take a stand on the affair (Hungarian Radio 25 Nov. 1998).
	www.unhcr.org /home/RSDCOI/3ae6ad0f74.html (797 words)

	Hungarian Minority in Romania: BÃ©la MarkÃ³ is the Presidential Candidate of the DAHR
		Hungarian Minority in Romania: BÃ©la MarkÃ³ is the Presidential Candidate of the DAHR
		Prior to the parliamentary and presidential elections in November, Béla Markó is thus in the position to transmit the DAHR standing point to the Hungarian community in a „dual condition:” as leader of the DAHR and as its presidential candidate.
		In the past few years, the Hungarian community has come closer to the establishment of territorial-administrative autonomy mainly through the continuous trend of general decentralization that has been taking place in the fields of education, culture, health, social issues, economic development and public order.
	www.unpo.org /article.php?id=1308 (452 words)

	Romania Europe - Pictures of Bucharest, Travel, Economy and Map
		The post-war Soviet occupation led to the formation of a Communist "people's republic" in 1947 and the abdication of the king.
		Romania began the transition from Communism in 1989 with a largely obsolete industrial base and a pattern of output unsuited to the country's needs.
		The IMF Board approved Romania's completion of the standby agreement in October 2003, the first time Romania has successfully concluded an IMF agreement since the 1989 revolution.
	romania.europe-countries.com (929 words)

	The American Hungarian Federation - Founded 1906
		Bishop Szabo is the head of the Unitarian Church in Romania and is in the United States to attend the General Assembly of the Unitarian Universalist Association.
		"Romania respects the rights of its Hungarian minority and fulfills the political criterion for membership of the EU.” The American Hungarian Federation disagrees with the Directorate General of the European Commission and continues efforts to educate the pubilc, including the European Union, on Romanian minority rights record.
		The American Hungarian Federation is concerned that revised policies by Hungary may not be sufficient to protect the Hungarian minorities living in the Carpathian Basin.
	www.americanhungarianfederation.org (2751 words)

	Hungarian Minority in Romania@Everything2.com
		This is 7% of the entire Romanian population; one of the largest ethnic minorities of Europe.
		In the sixteenth century, Hungarian power was shattered by the Ottoman empire and Transylvania existed as an independent principality owing allegiance to the Turks but of Hungarian character.
		Use of the Hungarian language was discouraged and an attempt was made to erode the separate identity of all minority groups in Romania.
	everything2.com /?node_id=1077506 (346 words)

	HUNGARY - Hungarian Online Resources (Magyar Online Forrás)
		Statement of the WFH 5 March 2006 Autonomy for the Székelyland Call for international support The World Federation of Hungarians, the world largest Hungarian civil organization is turning to the international community in order to ask help in avoiding that, on 15 March 2006, the...
		Hungarian National Council of Transylvania Education Committee REPORT on the Shortcomings of the Hungarian Public and Higher Education in Romania The Hungarian minority in Transylvania claims the following with respect to education in their mother tongue: 1.
		Overview Tens of thousands of ethnic Hungarians of Transylvania participated in mass demonstrations in 1990 demanding the creation of the independent Hungarian language education system in Romania, including the re-establishment of the state-funded, public university teaching in Hungarian.
	hungaria.org /hal/hungary (387 words)

	Romania WebDirectory, Visit Romania, Romania - Romania.org
		Sibiu also has a significant Hungarian minority, remnants of Transylvania's past as part of the Hungarian Empire and, later, Austria-Hungary.
		Despite this, Sibiu is also distinctly Romanian (95% of the population are ethnic Romanians) and manages to fuse these three cultures, as well as smaller minorities of Roma, Slovaks and Ukrainians into a city that is as wonderful as it is vibrant.
		The reality is that the fortified towns and villages of Transylvania were established in the 12th Century by settlers from the Moselle region, referred to locally as 'Saxons'.
	www.romania.org /romania/cities/sibiu.html (470 words)

	HUNSOR - Hungarian-Swedish Online Resources
		Report on the Situation of Hungarians in Romania
		Report on the Situation of Hungarians in Ukraine
		The Trianon peace agreement - for hungarians the most Unjust one
	www.hunsor.se /ehunsor.html (106 words)

	Hungarian Minority in Romania: Hungary Supports Minority Rights
		to increase autonomy for ethnic Hungarians living mainly in the northwest of the country.
		Basescu said that while the two countries had different minority policies, they both met European Union standards on minority rights.
		Results will be submitted to parliament in support of legislation granting autonomy to ethnic minorities, organizers said.
	unpo.org /article.php?id=6293 (434 words)

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