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Topic: Hurrian language

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Urartian language

Languages of the Caucasus

Hurrians

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Hattic language

Alarodian languages

List of extinct languages

Agglutinative language

Ket language

Canaanite languages

Avar language

Anatolian languages

Northwest Caucasian languages

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	Hurrian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hurrian is a conventional name for the language of the Hurrians (Khurrites), a people who entered northern Mesopotamia around 2300 BC and had mostly vanished by 1000 BC.
		Hurrian was the language of the Mitanni kingdom in northern Mesopotamia, and was likely spoken at least initially in Hurrian settlements in Syro-Palestine.
		Hurrian further influenced the Semitic language spoken at Qatna; and the Hittite language, particularly in the dialect of Sapinuwa.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hurrian_language (344 words)

	Zazaki language - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Zazaki (Zazakî, Zazaish) or Dimli is a language closely related to the Persian and Kurdish languages, spoken by the Zaza in eastern Anatolia (Turkey), an ethnic minority related to the Iranians and Kurds.
		Hurrian itself is extinct; however it is thought to have had a close relationship to modern Chechen and was a member of the Alarodian language family.
		As with many other languages in the region, the exact positioning of Zazaki in terms of language families is controversial; it parallels a similar controversy about the relationship of the various ethnic groups and is politically fraught.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Zazaki (389 words)

	Who were Illyrians
		The principal language of the Italic group is Latin, originally the speech of the city of Rome and the ancestor of the modern Romance languages: Italian, Romanian, Spanish, Portuguese, French, etc. The earliest Latin inscriptions apparently date from the 6th century BC, with literature beginning in the 3rd century.
		The Hittite language is known from the approximately 25,000 tablets or fragments of tablets preserved in the archives of Bogazköy-Hattusa, excavated by German archaeologists beginning in 1905.
		Old Persian was the administrative language of the early Achaemenian dynasty dating from the 6th century BC; and an eastern Middle Indo-Aryan dialect was the language of the chancellery of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka in India in the mid-3rd century BC.
	www.geocities.com /iliria1 (15583 words)

	Mitanni - Wikipedia Light! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Bearers of names in the Hurrian language are attested in wide areas of Syria and the northern Levant that are clearly outside the area of the political entity known to Assyria as Hanilgalbat.
		It is believed that the warring Hurrian tribes and city states became united under one dynasty after the collapse of Babylon due to the Hittite sack by Mursili I and the Kassite invasion.
		Hurrians are mentioned in the private Nuzi texts, in Ugarit, and the Hittite archives in Hattushsha (Bogazköy).
	godseye.com /wiki/index.php?title=Mitanni (4589 words)

	Definition of Hurrian language
		Hurrian is a conventional name for the language of the Hurrians, a people who entered northern Mesopotamia around 2300 BC and had mostly vanished by 1000 BC.
		Hurrian is an agglutinative language which belongs to neither the Semitic nor the Indo-European language families.
		Speiser, believe that the Hurrians were later arrivals who assimilated or were assimilated by a Subarian substratum, and view the term "Hurrian language" as anachronistic.
	www.wordiq.com /definition/Hurrian_language (176 words)

	Mitanni, Hurrians, Subareans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The language of Mitanni was Hurrian; there is, however, a clear evidence of the use of Indic vocabulary in the Mitanni documents.
		In Hurrian, huradi means a soldier; in the neo-Assyrian period, a verb hara_du 'to keep watch' was perhaps derived from it.
		Hurrians may be presumed to have been in the Near East from early times on the basis of the old Sumerian craft-word ta/ibira, 'copper worker', for which convincing proof of a Hurrian source can be adduced (Otten 1984, Wilhelm 1988).
	www.hindunet.org /saraswati/contacts/mitanni.htm (6500 words)

	Tower of Babel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		According to the narrative in Genesis Chapter 11 of the Bible, the Tower of Babel was a tower built by a united humanity to reach the heavens.
		However, their languages were confounded and they went to separate parts of the earth.
		The image of language multiplication as a curse instead of enriching has been used in the promotion of international auxiliary languages.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tower_of_Babel (4986 words)

	e. The Kassites, the Hurrians, and the Arameans. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		The Hurrians worshipped gods later associated with the Iranians and Indians (such as Mithra and Varuna) (See Economy, Technology, Society, and Culture)—the names of some Hurrian rulers and certain technical expressions in Hurrian texts (particularly in connection with the chariot) are Indo-European.
		The Hurrians adopted Mesopotamian religion and culture, utilizing Babylonian as an administrative language and cuneiform script to write the Hurrian language.
		Adad-Nirari I (1307–1275) defeated the Babylonians and conquered the Hurrian city-states.
	www.bartleby.com /67/86.html (801 words)

	Wikipedia: Eber
		Comming from the same area, both Eberites and Hurrians may have shared a common ancestral language.
		It is clear that Hurrian-related languages show some affinity with Caucasian languages like that of the Avars.
		Records of the Hurrian Language remain to this day, though the Eberite language is lost, remaining only as the dialectical differences Hebrew has from other Canaanite dialects.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/e/eb/eber.html (212 words)

	The Old Babylonian period
		There is a brief inscription in Hurrian language from the end of the period of Akkad, while that of King Arishen (or Atalshen) of Urkish and Nawar is written in Akkadian.
		The relationship between Hurrian and Subarean has already been mentioned, and the language of the Urartians, who played an important role from the end of the 2nd millennium to the 8th century BC, is likewise closely related to Hurrian.
		It is not known whether the migrations of the Hurrians ever took the form of aggressive invasion; 18th-century-BC texts from Mari speak of battles with the Hurrian tribe of Turukku south of Lake Urmia (some 150 miles from the Caspian Sea's southwest corner), but these were mountain campaigns, not the warding off of an offensive.
	www.angelfire.com /nt/Gilgamesh/oldbabyl.html (4584 words)

	How old is the Rig Veda? (Part 2)
		Hurrian was written in cuneiform, which was the common script of that region for a few thousand years; many different languages were written in cuneiform, and the script is well understood.
		In support of a fairly recent arrival of a substantial part of these Hurrians is the convincing theory that their military and political success, and perhaps even their emigration, was due to the leading role of a group of Indo-Arians [sic et not aliter]...
		Hurrian was spread over a vast area, and there were several dialects, but no Indo-Aryan influence can be detected either in vocabulary or syntax.
	www.sawf.org /newedit/edit02052001/musings.asp (2305 words)

	Bella Roma Music (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Finally, among the many tablets excavated at the ancient city of Ugarit (modern Ras Shamra) on the Syrian sea coast, came one complete cult hymn whose lyrics are written in the now dead Hurrian language but whose music instructions and notation consist of borrowed Akkadian terms known to us from the four tablets mentioned earlier...
		Then the double horizontal line is shown with two pairs of small angle wedges inscribed between them: this cuneiform sign may indicate the notation "twice" or "double." Below the double lines is the musical notation; after that, on the reverse, is the "colophon," or label to the text.
		It is thought that the original version of the Hurrian Hymn was a hymn to Nikkal, or Ningal, wife of the mood god Sin or Nanna, (Nannar) but the Hurrian lyrics are still not well understood.
	www.bellaromamusic.com /stories/hurrianmoonrise/moonrisepage.html (644 words)

	About Synchronized Ancient History
		The Hurrians, like the Hitties, are one of the discoveries of the past century, a people speaking a language neither Indo-European nor Semitic but having strong ties with Urartian and perhaps with Modern Georgian as well.
		Now, according to Velikovsky's chronological revisions, the Hurrians flourished not in the 16th-14th centuries BC but in the 11th-9th, and, as we have seen, he postulates their identification with the Carians.
		In my opinion, the importance of the Hurrians does not correspond to the relative unimportance of the Carians who, whatever the extent of their migrations, could hardly have been numerous enough to have made such a profound impression upon the Middle Eastern scene.
	www.specialtyinterests.net /anatolia.html (2859 words)

	Biblical Archaeology Society Online Archive Browse (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		As a result of our excavations, we believe that Hurrian speakers, or Hurrians, were present in northern Syro-Mesopotamia at least by the beginning of the third millennium B.C. They adapted the cuneiform script devised by the Sumerians—and used by the Babylonians and Assyrians to write forms of Akkadian—to write their own language.
		That is the common view: that the first Hurrian kingdoms, including Urkesh, came into existence at the very end of the third millennium B.C. as a result of the collapse of the Akkadian Empire in southern Mesopotamia.
		The realism of the Hurrian glyptic style (the practice of carving or engraving on cylinder seals); the peculiar recurrence of gestures, such as the touching of the lap; the suggestion that a special meal of lamb and cream may have been important to the royal house (as shown on the cook’s seal); the stone architecture.
	members.bib-arch.org /nph-proxy.pl/000000A/http/www.basarchive.org/bswbBrowse.asp=3fPubID=3dBSAO&Volume=3d4&Issue=3d3&ArticleID=3d9&UserID=3d0& (4309 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : The Kingdom of the Lion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Discoveries and translations since then have shown that the Hurrians were an economic and military force, a people who left their mark on their contemporaries, most notably upon the Hittites.
		Mirjo Salvini, director of the Institute of Mycenean and Aegean-Anatolian Studies in Rome, explains that the Hurrians began to appear after 2500 BC in the vast fertile area among the foothills of the eastern Taurus and the Zagros mountains.
		One of her favorites is a stela (see page 4) on which a plowman moves himself forward by pushing on a diagonal with his leg—a new compositional technique, she says, centuries ahead of artists to the south and west.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/199703/the.kingdom.of.the.lion.htm (3112 words)

	Akkad - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Akkad gave its name to the Akkadian language, reflecting use of akkadû ("in the language of Akkad") in the Old Babylonian period to denote the Semitic version of a Sumerian text.
		And the beginning of his [Nimrod's] kingdom was Babel, and Erech, and Accad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar.
		The name Agade is probably from the Sumerian language, appearing e.g.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Akkad (529 words)

	Myths: Appendix
		In many cases, the language spoken by a people is not related with their actual origin.
		The existing controversies whether the Hurrian language was Indo-European or agglutinative are owing to the fact that the main Hurrian kingdom in Mesopotamia was ruled by Mitanni, whose language was of the Kushitic family, and therefore it is usually mistaken as "Hurrian".
		The ignorance of the original languages and their basic linguistic rules has generated the most unlikely speculations, as for example the association MeSHeKH-MoSQvah (Moscow in Hebrew), that are completely unrelated words, having in common only the initial mem.
	www.imninalu.net /myths-appendix.htm (908 words)

	Wikinfo \| Hittites (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Hatti was the non-Indo-European language of the inhabitants before the ancestors of the Indo-European Hittites became the dominant group.
		The Hurrians, a people living in the mountainous region along the upper Tigris and Euphrates rivers, took advantage of the situation to seize Aleppo and the surrounding areas for themselves.
		The Hittite people, language and culture remained as late as the 5th century AD, as they went on living as discrete and diverse small independent states in central and southeastern Anatolia.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Hittites (743 words)

	KRG, Kurdistan Regional Government
		The Hurrians spoke a language, or properly, languages, of the north-eastern group of the Caucasic family of languages, distantly related to modern Chechen, Lezgian and Lakz.
		Their direction of Hurrian expansion is not yet understood, and by no means should be taken as having been north-south, i.e., an expansion out of the Caucasus, as often is presumed without any evidence.
		The legacy of the Hurrians to the present culture of the Kurds is fundamental.
	web.krg.org /articles/article_detail.asp?showsecondimage=&RubricNr=101&ArticleNr=40 (5521 words)

	Hittite/Hurrian Mythology REF
		The Hurrians occupied the land between the Hittites and Assyria, having descended from the mountains south of the Caspian Sea.
		Babylonian and Hurrian deities were worshiped along-side or assimilated with the native Hittite deities.
		Storm/Weather-god (Hurrian's Teshub, Taru, Luwian's Tarhun(t) - 'The Conqueror'), 'The king of Kummiya', 'King of Heaven, Lord of the land of Hatti'.
	home.comcast.net /~chris.s/hittite-ref.html (4726 words)

	History Channel Search Results
		The importance of the discovery is that the archives made it possible to decipher the Hittite language, thus revealing information about previously unknown aspects of the culture, such as political organization, legislation, religion, and literature.
		Most of the texts found in the archives were written in the Hittite language, but treaties and state letters were written in Akkadian, the international language of the period.
		Other texts were written in the Hurrian language of southeastern Anatolia and northern Mesopotamia, a language unrelated to any known linguistic group.
	www.historychannel.com /thcsearch/thc_resourcedetail.do?encyc_id=211973 (1552 words)

	All Empires History Forum: Armenian Origins ? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Armenian language is an own independent branch of its own in the family of the Indo-European Languages, with no living relatives.Manyb believe that Armenian is a close relative of the extinct Phrygian language.From the modern languages Greek seems to be the most closely related to Armenian.
		The Nairi were clearly Hurrian, in that the Biainili which were a Nairi tribe and which were the creators of the Urartean state spoke a Hurrian language.
		The cultures blended as well as the languages, explaining the many influences, which is why Armenian is in its own subgroup of indo-european languages, as it is not closely related enough to any other language to group it together.
	www.allempires.com /forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=3901&PN=1 (2915 words)

	Alarodian languages - Gurupedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Alarodian languages are a proposed language family that encompasses two language families of the Caucasus: Northeast or Dagestan (sometimes called Avar or Lezgian which are also the names of its most major members) and
		The connection between the Northeast and North-central families was based on claimed similarities in phonetics and grammar, such as sentence structure and an ergative case system.
		The Hurro-Urartian languages were included on the basis of grammatical and lexical similarities.
	www.gurupedia.com /a/al/alarodian.htm (264 words)

	IRAQ-The 3rd Millennia theatre of war was Aryan Rann-Bhoomi in 2nd Millennia BC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Hurrians, whose language is neither Indo-European nor Semitic, were a non-Indo-European people and are believed to have come from Armenia and present day north east of Turkey.
		The Mitannis used Hurrian language but inducted into it Indo-Aryan vocabulary, as the Turks did in Persia, India in a way and elsewhere, ie using the language of the subjects, but retaining the military terms.
		The Hittite language is the earliest known extinct form of Indo-European language and the older Hittite texts (from 1650 BC to 1595 BC) are the earliest texts found so far.
	saag.org /papers7/paper648.html (2822 words)

	CNR-->Institute ICEVO :Focus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Based on careful philological analysis of the Hurrian texts, it furnishes a firm textual basis for studies on the history, language and cultural traditions of the Hurrian people and their contribution to the civilization of Ancient Near East.
		The importance of the research activity relating to the corpus of Hurrian texts emerges clearly from the long-standing collaboration between the Institute’s researchers and scholars from the German universities of Berlin and Würzburg.
		The continuing computerisation of all Hurrian epigraphic material will result in a thesaurus of the language as well as the availability on-line of all Hurrian texts, in order to make the access to this textual material both easier and far more rapid.
	www.cnr.it /istituti/FocusByN_eng.html?cds=025&nfocus=3 (428 words)

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