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Christiaan Huygens

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	Christiaan Huygens - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Christiaan Huygens (pronounced in English (IPA): [ˈhaɪg ənz]; in Dutch: [ˈhœy γəns]) (April 14, 1629–July 8, 1695), was a Dutch mathematician and physicist; born in The Hague as the son of Constantijn Huygens.
		Huygens early speculated in detail about life on other planets (although we do not know to what extent ancient writers exercised such speculation, since most of their work has not survived).
		Huygens moved back to The Hague in 1681 after suffering serious illness and died there 14 years later on July 8, 1695.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Christiaan_Huygens (505 words)

	Huygens probe - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Huygens separated from the Cassini orbiter on December 25, 2004, and landed on Titan on January 14, 2005 near the Xanadu region.
		Huygens probe separated from Cassini orbiter at 02:00 UTC on December 25, 2004 in SCET.
		Doppler radio measurements of Huygens from Earth were made, though not as accurate as expected measurement that Cassini would have made; when added to accelerometer sensors on Huygens and VLBI tracking of the position of the Huygens probe from Earth, reasonably accurate wind speed and direction measurements can still be derived.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Huygens_probe (3203 words)

	BBC - History - Christiaan Huygens (1629 - 1695) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		His father, Constantijn Huygens was secretary to the Prince of Orange, a respected poet and composer in his spare time, and his grandfather had been secretary to Prince William the Silent.
		Huygens was irresistibly attracted to women, but although he had a constant string of girlfriends he never married.
		Huygens strenuously avoided getting involved in politics and so despite the war he stayed in France for 9 more years and dedicated his book on the pendulum clock (1673) to the King of France.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/historic_figures/huygens_christiaan.shtml (593 words)

	Christian Huygens (1629 - 1695)
		In 1675 Huygens proposed to regulate the motion of watches by the use of the balance spring, in the theory of which he had been perhaps anticipated in a somewhat ambiguous and incomplete statement made by Hooke in 1658.
		Huygens fully recognized the intellectual merits of the work, but seems to have deemed any theory incomplete which did not explain gravitation by mechanical means.
		From this hypothesis Huygens deduced the laws of reflexion and refraction, explained the phenomenon of double refraction, and gave a construction for the extraordinary ray in biaxal crystals; while he found by experiment the chief phenomena of polarization.
	www.maths.tcd.ie /pub/HistMath/People/Huygens/RouseBall/RB_Huygens.html (1267 words)

	Huygens
		Huygens believed that a pendulum swinging in a large are would be more useful at sea and he invented the cycloidal pendulum with this in mind.
		Huygens' work on the collision of elastic bodies showed the error Descartes' laws of impact and his memoir on the topic was sent to the
		Huygens stated that an expanding sphere of light behaves as if each point on the wave front were a new source of radiation of the same frequency and phase.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Mathematicians/Huygens.html (2255 words)

	Huygens' Clocks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Huygens deduced that the crucial interaction for this effect came from ``imperceptible movements'' of the common frame supporting the two clocks.
		As Huygens surmised, the platform motion is the culprit: if we prevent the platform from moving, there is no synchronization at all.
		Huygens may not have observed beating death because his clock systems were heavily weighted (a by-product of the maritime design--the weighting was necessary to keep the clocks upright when at sea).
	www.physics.gatech.edu /research/schatz/clocks.html (431 words)

	SPACE.com -- Touchdown on Titan: Huygens Probe Hits its Mark
		Martin Tomasko, Huygens imaging instrument lead, said that initial studies of the probes Titan images have found that the darker regions once puzzled by astronomers appear to be smooth surfaces, while the brighter areas are elevated terrain.
		Huygens researchers are poring through hundreds of images and spectra data, and they will most likely work through the night studying the informational treasure sent home by the hardy probe, ESA commentators said.
		Huygens is still pounding out a signal to the surprise of ESA engineers, but any science data it is currently transmitting is falling on deaf ears.
	www.space.com /missionlaunches/huygens_descent_comm_050114-1.html (1913 words)

	Cassini-Huygens: Operations-Huygens Mission
		Huygens separated from Cassini at 30 centimeters (about 12 inches) per second and a spin rate of seven revolutions per minute to ensure stability during the coast and entry phase.
		Huygens was equipped with six science instruments designed to study the content and dynamics of Titan's atmosphere and collect data and images on the surface.
		Huygens collected 2 hours, 27 minutes, 13 seconds of descent data, and 1 hour, 12 minutes, 9 seconds of surface data, which turned out to be far more surface data than was ever expected.
	saturn.jpl.nasa.gov /operations/huygens-mission.cfm (802 words)

	Christiaan Huygens -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In the year 1666 Huygens moved to (The capital and largest city of France; and international center of culture and commerce) Paris where he held a chair at the (The Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France) French Royal Society.
		Huygens early speculated in detail about (Click link for more info and facts about life on other planets) life on other planets (although we do not know to what extent ancient writers exercised such speculation, since most of their work has not survived).
		In 1675, Christian Huygens (An official document granting a right or privilege) patented a (A watch that is carried in a small watch pocket) pocket watch.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/ch/christiaan_huygens.htm (808 words)

	Christiaan Huygens (1629-95) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Born in The Hague in 1629, Christiaan Huygens was a famous Dutchman for his development of advanced pendulum clocks (1659).
		Huygens also contributed significantly to physics: In 1656, he derived the conservation of momentum law, in 1659, he established the idea of centrifugal forces, and in 1678 in Paris, he developed his famous wave theory of light.
		Huygens left France in about 1686 for religious reasons, fearing persecution as he was a protestant, visited England in 1689 and then retired to The Hague, where he died in 1695.
	seds.lpl.arizona.edu /messier/xtra/Bios/huygens.html (378 words)

	Huygens' Principle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Subsequently, Augustin Fresnel (1788-1827) elaborated on Huygens' Principle by stating that the amplitude of the wave at any given point equals the superposition of the amplitudes of all the secondary wavelets at that point (with the understanding that the wavelets have the same frequency as the original wave).
		Huygens' principle tells us to consider each point on a wavefront as a new source of radiation and add the "radiation" from all of the new "sources" together.
		It's also interesting to note the analogy between Huygens' spherical wavelets centered on the boundary of the wave front and the technique of analytic continuation, by which we expand the boundary of an analytic region by means of disks of convergence centered on or near the boundary of the existing analytic region.
	www.mathpages.com /home/kmath242/kmath242.htm (2548 words)

	ESA Science & Technology: Huygens Probe Separation and Coast Phase
		All of the activity between the time of the separation command and the time at which the Cassini and Huygens were no longer in physical contact took place in approximately 0.15 seconds.
		The Huygens separation is a strenuous event for Cassini, and attitude control must be configured accordingly.
		The probe relay critical sequence, for communications between the Huygens Probe and Cassini Orbiter during the approach to Titan and descent in the atmosphere, was uplinked separately from the background sequence S07 on 18 and 19 December.
	sci.esa.int /science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=34956 (1042 words)

	Cassini-Huygens: Spacecraft-Huygens Probe Instruments
		The Huygens Probe, supplied by the European Space Agency, is another advanced spacecraft system that is a crucial part of the overall Cassini mission.
		The Huygens probe payload also consisted of a complement of six scientific instruments, which were each designed to perform a different function as the probe descended into Titan's murky atmosphere.
		The intent of this experiment was to measure the wind speed during Huygens' descent through Titan's atmosphere by observing changes in the carrier frequency of the probe due to the Doppler effect.
	saturn.jpl.nasa.gov /spacecraft/instruments-huygens.cfm (881 words)

	CNN.com - Huygens to plumb secrets of Saturn moon - Jan 13, 2005
		HUYGENS PROBE: Spacecraft is 8.9 feet in diameter and 703 pounds (317 kg).
		The Huygens probe, about the size of a Volkswagen-Beetle, has been spinning silently toward Titan since it detached from the Cassini spacecraft on December 24.
		Huygens is expected to hit the upper atmosphere 789 miles (1,270 km) above the moon at a speed of about 13,700 mph (22,000 km/h).
	www.cnn.com /2005/TECH/space/01/13/huygens.titan (934 words)

	CNN.com - Images reveal Titan's secrets - Jan 14, 2005
		The images were taken by the Huygens probe, which reached the surface of Titan on Friday morning after being launched from the Cassini spacecraft now orbiting Saturn.
		Jean-Jacques Dordain, director general of the European Space Agency, which led the Huygens mission to Titan, exclaimed "magnifique" as the first image was displayed on screens at ESA mission control in Darmstadt, Germany.
		The third image, taken as the Huygens probe neared the surface, showed a flat landscape scattered with rocks that may be large ice boulders, scientists said.
	www.cnn.com /2005/TECH/space/01/14/huygens.titan (1252 words)

	A Titan of a Mission: Science News Online, Nov. 20, 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		When the Huygens probe plunges through Titan's atmosphere, it may land (top to bottom) on an icy surface, in an organic goo, or on a sea of hydrocarbons.
		On the surface, the amount of tilt may indicate whether Huygens has landed on solid ground or is bobbing on an ocean, rocked by waves that could be as high as 15 m.
		As Huygens comes within a few hundred meters of the surface, the echo may indicate the bumpiness of the terrain.
	www.sciencenews.org /articles/20041120/bob8.asp (2103 words)

	Radio astronomers pinpoint Huygens in the atmosphere of Titan
		Huygens is the 340-kg probe that has accompanied the larger Cassini spacecraft on a mission to thoroughly explore Saturn, its rings and its numerous moons.
		VLBI tracking of Huygens during its parachute descent in the atmosphere of Titan will allow observers to reach an unprecedented accuracy of about one kilometre in the determination of the probe's position.
		The Huygens VLBI tracking experiment shows an example of synergies between experimental techniques developed in fundamental astrophysics based on advanced technologies of radio physics, quantum electronics, digital signal processing, and planetary science, exploration of the Solar System by deep space probes.
	www.jive.nl /news/huygens/Huygens-VLBI-Press_Release.htm (1267 words)

	Christiaan Huygens
		Huygens was involved at the examination of small life forms and microscopic objects like sperms and blood cells.
		Huygens presented the correct explanation for the rings in 1656.
		With this Huygens is known as the founder of the theory of probabilistics.
	www.surveyor.in-berlin.de /himmel/Bios/Huygens-e.html (1057 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Huygens begins its Titan descent
		Huygens' systems should now be preparing to transmit data to the Cassini spacecraft.
		Huygens could land with a thud on ice and rock, squelch into tar-like gunge, or splash down in an oily sea.
		Huygens has spent the past seven years tethered to the Cassini spacecraft, which arrived at Saturn in July 2004.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/science/nature/4171945.stm (687 words)

	Huygens' landing on Titan an achievement for the ages / Scientists celebrate successful mission, await hard data
		And one thing was clear, Lebreton said: Huygens had landed intact, most probably on a solid surface, with no danger of sinking or vanishing into a thick smog of hydrocarbons.
		Huygens was not floating or sunken in a sea of methane; it was not impaled on a spire of frozen methane ice, nor showered by an erupting methane volcano.
		The Green Bank signal confirmed that all three of the Huygens' parachutes had opened successfully, slowing the spacecraft down from 11,200 mph at the top of Titan's atmosphere to a mere 15 mph when it landed on the unknown surface.
	sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/archive/2005/01/14/MNhuygens14.TMP (977 words)

	Christian Huygens
		Christian Huygens was a Dutch physicist and astronomer who lived between 1629-1695.
		Using a telescope he had made, Huygens first identified Saturn's rings and one of Saturn's moons.
		Huygens also invented the pendulum clock, increasing the accuracy of timekeeping, and proposed the wave theory of light.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /tour/link=/people/enlightenment/huygens.html (103 words)

	NASA - Sights and Sounds of Titan
		Microphones onboard Huygens recorded the sound of wind rushing by the probe as it descended.
		Huygens was designed to float in case it landed in a river or lake--but it didn't.
		ESA's Huygens probe was carried to Saturn's orbit aboard Cassini, and sent on its way to Titan on Dec. 24, 2004.
	www.nasa.gov /mission_pages/cassini/whycassini/16jan_titan.html (537 words)

	Huygens, Christiaan -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Huygens was from a wealthy and distinguished middle-class family.
		Proposed by the Dutch mathematician, physicist, and astronomer, Christiaan Huygens, in 1690, it is a powerful method for studying various optical phenomena.
		Huygens also developed the wave theory of light and made significant contributions to the science of dynamics and the use of the pendulum in clocks.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9041658?tocId=9041658 (830 words)

	Cassini
		Huygens, with a separate suite of six science instruments, will separate from Cassini to fly on a ballistic trajectory toward Titan, the only celestial body besides Earth to have an atmosphere rich in nitrogen.
		Huygens will provide the first direct sampling of Titan's atmospheric chemistry and the first detailed photographs of its surface.
		At the lower left, the European Space Agency's Huygens probe descends to the surface of Saturn's moon Titan (in foreground).
	www.solarviews.com /eng/cassini.htm (739 words)

	Huygens to begin its final journey to Titan
		At 1.25 billion km from Earth, after a 7-year journey through the Solar system, ESA’s Huygens probe is about to separate from the Cassini orbiter to enter a ballistic trajectory toward Titan, the largest and most mysterious moon of Saturn, in order to dive into its atmosphere on 14 January.
		Huygens is planned to complete its descent in about two hours and 15 minutes, beaming back its science data to the Cassini orbiter for replay to Earth later in the afternoon.
		If Huygens, which is designed as an atmospheric probe rather than a lander, survives touchdown on the surface, it could deliver up to 2 hours of bonus data before the link with Cassini is lost.
	www.physorg.com /news2259.html (953 words)

	Touchdown on Titan: Huygens Probe Hits its Mark
		Leonid Gurvitz, mission manager for Huygens' communications with the ground telescope network, said 18 telescopes including Green Bank had been trained to pick up a signal and that it is the network itself, more than any single telescope, that received the Huygens signal.
		A more-complete assessment of whether Huygens' parachutes have deployed and its heat shield jettisoned to permit the start of observations is expected to be received by science teams from Cassini around 11:20 a.m.
		While all Huygens data will be recorded by Cassini for later playback to Earth, astronomers are hoping that the powerful 100 by 110-meter Green Bank radio telescope in West Virginia will pick up a simple tone from the probe.
	www.space.com /missionlaunches/huygens_descent_comm_050114.html (2352 words)

	ESA Science & Technology: Huygens lands on Titan!
		Huygens is mankind’s first successful attempt to land a probe on another a world in the outer Solar System.
		Following its release from Cassini on 25 December 2004, Huygens reached Titan’s outer atmosphere after 20 days and a 4 million km cruise.
		The certainty that Huygens was alive came at 10:25 UTC, when the Green Bank radio telescope in West Virginia, USA, picked up a faint but unmistakable radio signal from the probe.
	huygens.esa.int /science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=36368 (320 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Huygens sends first Titan images
		The Huygens space craft has sent back the first images of Saturn's moon Titan, showing what appears to be a shoreline of an oily ocean.
		He added this was probably down to good design keeping Huygens' instruments warmer than expected despite the temperatures of -179C outside.
		Scientists are now piecing together the images, measurements and sounds that are being beamed back to Earth from the Cassini spacecraft, which had carried Huygens for the past seven years.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/science/nature/4175099.stm (730 words)

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