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	Huygens probe - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Huygens probe, supplied by the European Space Agency (ESA) and named after the Dutch 17th century astronomer Christiaan Huygens, is an atmospheric entry probe carried to Saturn's moon Titan as part of the Cassini-Huygens mission.
		Huygens separated from the Cassini orbiter on December 25, 2004, and landed on Titan on January 14, 2005 near the Xanadu region.
		Huygens probe separated from Cassini orbiter at 02:00 UTC on December 25, 2004 in SCET.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Huygens_probe (3203 words)

	Cassini-Huygens - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		On December 25, 2004 the probe separated from the orbiter at approximately 02:00 UTC, with deployment confirmed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
		The Huygens probe, supplied by the European Space Agency (ESA) and named after the Dutch 17th century astronomer Christiaan Huygens, scrutinized the clouds, atmosphere, and surface of Saturn's moon Titan in its descent on 15 January 2005.
		The PSE includes the electronics necessary to track the probe, to recover the data gathered during its descent, and to process and deliver the data to the orbiter, from which it was transmitted or "downlinked" to Earth.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cassini-Huygens (4670 words)

	HoodaThunk?: Huygens Probe Lands On Titan *Updated!*
		The European Space Agency probe Huygens that was hitching a ride out to Saturn with the NASA probe Cassini has, according to the ESA, successfully landed on the surface of Titan.
		Mission controllers were confident the Huygens probe made a soft landing because it was still transmitting steadily long after it should have landed, said David Southwood, the European Space Agency's science director.
		Huygens was supposed to take pictures during its 2.5 hour parachute ride and had experiments ready to go the moment it touched down.
	hoodathunk.blogspot.com /2005/01/huygens-probe-lands-on-titan.html (358 words)

	Cassini-Huygens: Operations-Huygens Mission
		Huygens separated from Cassini at 30 centimeters (about 12 inches) per second and a spin rate of seven revolutions per minute to ensure stability during the coast and entry phase.
		Huygens was equipped with six science instruments designed to study the content and dynamics of Titan's atmosphere and collect data and images on the surface.
		Huygens collected 2 hours, 27 minutes, 13 seconds of descent data, and 1 hour, 12 minutes, 9 seconds of surface data, which turned out to be far more surface data than was ever expected.
	saturn.jpl.nasa.gov /operations/huygens-mission.cfm (802 words)

	APOD: 2005 January 14 - Descent to Titan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Huygens probe was the most distant landing ever by a spacecraft from Earth.
		Huygens entered the atmosphere of Saturn's large mystery moon at an altitude of 180 kilometers.
		Huygens' anticipated landing point is marked by a yellow dot in this near-infrared image from the Cassini spacecraft...
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /apod/ap050114.html (167 words)

	Huygens Sends Images of Titan
		Huygens has since sent dozens of images back to Earth (see the first color image from Huygens alongside this article), revealing the first glimpses of the moon's surface.
		Huygens, which has spent the last seven years bolted to Cassini, was jettisoned by the spacecraft on Christmas Day.
		Huygens was designed to deploy a series of parachutes and open a communications link with Cassini to relay images and scientific data to Earth.
	news.nationalgeographic.com /news/2005/01/0114_050114_huygensdescent.html (699 words)

	ESA Science & Technology: Huygens Probe Separation and Coast Phase
		As the probe descended through the atmosphere the Cassini probe passed by Titan at a distance of 60 000 kilometres.
		The probe targeting manoeuvre was executed on 17 December 2004 and placed Cassini-Huygens on a direct impact trajectory with Titan.
		The probe relay critical sequence, for communications between the Huygens Probe and Cassini Orbiter during the approach to Titan and descent in the atmosphere, was uplinked separately from the background sequence S07 on 18 and 19 December.
	sci.esa.int /science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=34956 (1042 words)

	The Huygens Probe: Science, Payload and Mission Overview
		Huygens is designed to study the atmosphere and surface of Titan, Saturn's largest moon, by conducting detailed in-situ measurements of the physical properties, chemical composition and dynamics of the atmosphere and local characterisation of the surface.
		Huygens separates from the Orbiter at 30 cm/s and a spin rate of 7 rpm for stability during the coast and entry phases.
		Huygens transmits its data at a constant 8 kbit/s to the overflying Orbiter; which points its HGA to a pre-defined location on Titan for a full 3 h to allow for data reception after landing for 43 min for a nominal descent time of 137 min.
	esapub.esrin.esa.it /bulletin/bullet92/b92lebre.htm (6297 words)

	Huygens cassini news
		At 1.25 billion kilometres from Earth, and after a 7-year journey, ESA’s Huygens probe separated from the Cassini orbiter to fall towards Titan, the largest moon of Saturn, to enter its atmosphere on 14 January 2005, 1013 GMT, and landing on the surface at 1234 GMT.
		Huygens is planned to complete its descent in about two hours and 15 minutes, beaming back its science data to the Cassini orbiter for replay to Earth later in the afternoon.
		The drogue parachute is 3 metres in diameter.
	www.geocities.com /amigarana/huygens.html (5326 words)

	RedOrbit - Space - Huygens Probe Successfully Lands on Titan
		Mission controllers were confident the Huygens probe made a soft landing by parachute because it was transmitting steadily long after it was to have landed, said David Southwood, the European Space Agency's science director.
		Huygens was spun off from Cassini on Dec. 24 to begin its free-fall toward Titan, the first moon other than the Earth's to be explored by spacecraft.
		Huygens is shaped like a wok and covered with a heat shield to survive the intense heat of entry.
	www.redorbit.com /news/display?id=118978 (1135 words)

	The Cassini Mission
		Thanks to better optics, Huygens was able to pronounce in 1659 that the companions or arms decorating Saturn were in fact a set of rings.
		The Cassini orbiter weighs a total of 2,150 kilograms (4,750 pounds); after attaching the 350-kilogram Huygens probe and loading propellants, the spacecraft weight at launch is 5,630 kilograms (12,410 pounds).
		The Huygens probe, supplied by the European Space Agency, carries a well-equipped robotic laboratory that it will use to scrutinize the clouds, atmosphere, and surface of Saturn's moon Titan.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/cassinfs.htm (2553 words)

	CNN.com - Images reveal Titan's secrets - Jan 14, 2005
		The images were taken by the Huygens probe, which reached the surface of Titan on Friday morning after being launched from the Cassini spacecraft now orbiting Saturn.
		The third image, taken as the Huygens probe neared the surface, showed a flat landscape scattered with rocks that may be large ice boulders, scientists said.
		The Huygens probe, about the size of a Volkswagen Beetle, spun silently toward Titan after it detached from the Cassini spacecraft on December 24.
	www.cnn.com /2005/TECH/space/01/14/huygens.titan (1252 words)

	Release Towards Titan Successful :: Astrobiology Magazine :: Search for Life in the Universe
		Huygens was cut loose from Cassini and coasted toward Titan for 20 days, to arrive at its destination on 14 January.
		The Huygens probe was bolted to Cassini and has been riding along during the nearly seven-year journey to Saturn largely in a "sleep" mode.
		Huygens will be the first human-made object to explore on-site the unique environment of Titan, whose chemistry is assumed to be very similar to that of early Earth before life formed.
	www.astrobio.net /news/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=1361&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0 (755 words)

	ESA Science & Technology: Instruments
		Huygens is an entry probe that will descend through Titan's atmosphere under a parachute system to the moon's surface.
		Huygens is dormant during the journey to the Saturnian system and for the first six months in orbit around Saturn, with the exception of six-monthly in-flight checkouts to verify the health of the payload and to perform periodic maintenance and calibration of the instruments.
		The scientific objectives of the Huygens mission are to perform detailed measurements of the physical properties, the chemical composition and the dynamics of Titan's atmosphere and to characterise the surface of the moon along the descent ground track and near the landing site.
	sci.esa.int /science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=31193&... (174 words)

	Christian Science Monitor Blog \| ScitechBlog Archive January, 2005
		The Huygens probe scheduled to land on Saturn's giant moon Titan, Jan. 14th, "is another advanced spacecraft system that is a crucial part of the overall Cassini mission," according to the official NASA Cassini-Huygens website.
		Huygens is one amazing probe functioning on so many levels that its difficult to know where to begin to describe what it has already accomplished, and what it yet hopes to accomplish.
		The probe's radio link will be activated early in the descent phase, and the orbiter will "listen" to the probe for the next three hours, which includes the descent plus 30 minutes after impact.
	blogs.csmonitor.com /scitechblog/2005/01 (1548 words)

	CNN.com - Huygens to plumb secrets of Saturn moon - Jan 13, 2005
		HUYGENS PROBE: Spacecraft is 8.9 feet in diameter and 703 pounds (317 kg).
		The Huygens probe, about the size of a Volkswagen-Beetle, has been spinning silently toward Titan since it detached from the Cassini spacecraft on December 24.
		Huygens is expected to hit the upper atmosphere 789 miles (1,270 km) above the moon at a speed of about 13,700 mph (22,000 km/h).
	www.cnn.com /2005/TECH/space/01/13/huygens.titan (934 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Huygens begins its Titan descent
		Huygens' systems should now be preparing to transmit data to the Cassini spacecraft.
		Huygens could land with a thud on ice and rock, squelch into tar-like gunge, or splash down in an oily sea.
		When the European-built probe entered Titan's atmosphere at an altitude of 1,270km (789 miles) from the surface, it was travelling at over Mach 20 which is 20 times the speed of sound.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/science/nature/4171945.stm (703 words)

	Boston.com / News / Nation / On a collision course with Titan
		After a seven-year journey, a saucer-shaped probe successfully detached itself from the Cassini spacecraft orbiting Saturn late last night, starting a 20-day dive toward one of the most mysterious bodies in the solar system: the giant moon Titan.
		If successful, the Huygens probe will be the first spacecraft to visit Titan, whose dense atmosphere and apparent soup of organic chemicals have led scientists to compare it to conditions on a young Earth, just before life began.
		Three parachutes will deploy, allowing the probe, which is designed primarily to study the atmosphere, to spend 2 hours measuring temperature, wind speed, pressure, and atmospheric composition, all while snapping more than 1,100 pictures.
	www.boston.com /news/nation/articles/2004/12/25/on_a_collision_course_with_titan (551 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Huygens probe unleashed on Titan
		Huygens is in a sleep mode and will take three weeks to reach the smog-shrouded satellite of Saturn.
		The probe was released at a gentle, relative speed of 30cm/s and at a spin rate of seven revolutions per minute, which will help stabilise the craft when it enters Titan's atmosphere.
		Although the short life of Huygens' batteries means nothing will be heard from the probe after 14 January, the mothership Cassini's mission around the Saturnian system will continue for at least another three-and-a-half years.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/science/nature/4121515.stm (862 words)

	ABC News: Methane Rain, River Beds Found on Titan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The European Space Agency's probe that landed on Titan's frozen surface a week ago put Europe's stamp on the distant reaches of the solar system with its discoveries of a mysterious, methane-rich globe.
		Black-and-white photos from the Huygens probe show a rugged terrain of ridges, peaks, dark vein-like channels and apparently dry lakebeds on the moon 744 million miles away.
		A sensor about the size of a police officer's nightstick on the front of Huygens probed beneath the moon's crust and found a material with the consistency of loose sand.
	abcnews.go.com /International/wireStory?id=432008 (724 words)

	Huygens probe set for final descent - Space News - MSNBC.com
		Huygens is expected to feel the first wisps of Titan's atmosphere at 790 miles (1270 km) above the moon's surface, a destination it is set to reach at 4:07 AM ET on Jan. 14.
		The probe is expected to take about 135 minutes, give or take 15, to make the descent to the surface, all the while streaming its observations (including more than a thousand images) skyward.
		If Huygens survives its landing on Titan, it could continue to send data from the surface for some time, but the batteries are charged only to last 156 minutes, with possibly about half an hour more power.
	msnbc.msn.com /id/6742671 (1355 words)

	TPS: Huygens' Mission to Saturn's Moon Titan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		ESA's Huygens probe ventured where no spacecraft has traveled before: into the atmosphere of Titan, where the probe found strong winds, numbingly cold temperatures, and a view of the never-before-seen surface of Saturn's largest moon.
		Its sole purpose is to pull off the probe's aft cover, which protected her from the frictional heat of her entry.
		In either case, Huygens' Surface Science Package is designed to capture every piece of information about the surface that can be determined in the three remaining minutes that Huygens is designed to survive after landing.
	planetary.org /saturn/huygens_mission.html (2062 words)

	Cassini
		Huygens, with a separate suite of six science instruments, will separate from Cassini to fly on a ballistic trajectory toward Titan, the only celestial body besides Earth to have an atmosphere rich in nitrogen.
		At the lower left, the European Space Agency's Huygens probe descends to the surface of Saturn's moon Titan (in foreground).
		This artist's rendering shows the European Space Agency's Huygens probe descending into the atmosphere of Saturn's moon Titan after being released by NASA's Cassini spacecraft.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/cassini.htm (739 words)

	ESA - Cassini-Huygens - Huygens spacecraft
		The Huygens probe measures 2.7 metres across and is built like a shellfish: a hard shell to protect a delicate interior from extreme temperatures experienced during the descent through the atmosphere.
		The Entry Assembly Module carries the equipment to control Huygens after the separation from Cassini, and has a shield that will act as a brake and as thermal protection.
		The probe will use three different parachutes in sequence during the descent.
	www.esa.int /SPECIALS/Cassini-Huygens/SEMTV82VQUD_0.html (102 words)

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