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Topic: Hybrid rocket

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	Rocket - MSN Encarta
		Hybrid rockets are still experimental and have not been widely used, but several rocket manufactures are testing hybrid systems.
		Hybrid propellants have specific impulses of around 2,900 N/kg/s (300 lb/lb/s), which is comparable to that of cryogenic liquid propellants.
		Rockets are used for many different applications, but they share some aspects of their flight profiles (the actions and the order of the actions that they perform during flight).
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761577900_4/Rocket.html (1342 words)

	Hybrid Rocket Engines - Tecnologia Aeroespacial Mexicana
		A hybrid rocket is one that uses a solid fuel, usually some type of rubber or plastic, and a liquid oxidizer, such as liquid oxygen or hydrogen peroxide.
		Hybrid rockets are more reliable than their liquid counterparts (partially due a significant reduction in the number of moving parts) and they can't experience a "hard" or explosive start like is the case of the bi-propellant rockets in case the fuel and oxidizer are not ignited on time.
		Almost all the hydrogen peroxide monopropellant rockets can be converted to a hybrid rocket by the addition of a solid fuel charge in the combustion chamber, this increases the ISP a lot and is significantly less costly that liquid bi-propellant rockets.
	www.tecaeromex.com /ingles/hybrid.html (275 words)

	NASA - Rocket
		Rockets 50 to 100 feet (15 to 30 meters) long serve as long-range missiles that can be used to bomb distant targets during wartime.
		Hybrid rockets are safer than solid-propellant rockets because the propellants are not premixed and so will not ignite accidentally.
		A key disadvantage of hybrid rockets is that their fuel burns slowly, limiting the amount of thrust they can produce.
	www.nasa.gov /worldbook/rocket_worldbook.html (5182 words)

	AspireSpace: Hybrid Rocket Motors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Hybrid Motors in general, use non toxic propellants and have fairly benign exhaust products, which are cleaner than those of solid fuelled rockets, and similar to those of most liquid fuelled engines.
		The exception to this is when maximum performance is required from a hybrid rocket motor, and every last drop of propellant is squeezed out of the motor, in which case the exhaust is less environmentally friendly.
		Hybrid motor propellant is normally composed of a solid fuel and a liquid oxidiser.
	www.gbnet.net /~richard/test/hybrid.html (1088 words)

	ukrocketman.com - hybrid rocket motor science
		Hybrid motors differ from solid and liquid rockets in that they combine a solid fuel with a liquid oxidiser - hence, they are said to be a "hybrid" of a solid and a liquid rocket.
		In a hybrid rocket motor, liquid oxidiser is fed into the combustion chamber from the oxidiser tank, where it is ignited by an ignition source such as a pyrotechnic igniter.
		In a liquid rocket, the injectors generally inject both the fuel and the oxidiser at one end of the combustion chamber thus there is no axial dependency.
	www.ukrocketman.com /rocketry/hybridscience.shtml (1084 words)

	CNN.com - Futuristic rocket soars in test flight - Dec. 27, 2002
		A hybrid rocket works by burning an inert solid fuel in the presence of a gaseous or liquid oxidizer.
		The fast-flying hybrid rocket contained three test designs, which could be used for the next generation of high-speed aircraft and planetary-entry technology, NASA said.
		The 60-foot (18 meters) rocket used liquid oxygen and solid fuel to reach an altitude of 43.5 miles (70 km), not far from the edge of space.
	archives.cnn.com /2002/TECH/space/12/26/test.rocket (399 words)

	Hybrid Rocket - AIAA Student Branch of UCLA
		Some of the latest concepts in rocket propulsion are being applied to the design of a hybrid powered rocket.
		A hybrid rocket involved the combustion of two different phases of matter - it is a rather unproven technology that offers a wealth of potentional in terms of performance and safety.
		The second, and perhaps most important, benefit of a hybrid motor is the inherient safety of the propellant chemicals - laughing gas alone is practically harmless (ie it does not ignite or readily support combusiton) and the other organic portion like a rubber or plastic is also harmless.
	aiaa.seas.ucla.edu /projects/rocket (222 words)

	Hybrid rocket
		A hybrid propulsion system is composed of solid fuel and liquid or gas oxidizer[?], typically.
		These systems are superior to solid propulsion systems because of safety, throttling, restartability, stability, and environmental cleanliness.
		Hybrid systems are more complex than solids, though, and more expensive.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/hy/Hybrid_rocket.html (43 words)

	Manual for Rocket System
		In the solid rocket motor a so-called ‘grain’ made of this fuel is burned slowly to produce hot gasses under high pressure.
		Hybrid rockets are essentially designed to combine the best from both forms of rocket propulsion.
		In conventional rockets these explosions occur when the design fails to control the rate by which propellants are burned and turned into hot high pressure gasses.
	www.n55.dk /MANUALS/N55ROCKETSYSTEM/N55ROCKETSYSTEM.html (2185 words)

	Introduction to Hybrid Rockets
		Furthermore, note that hybrid rocket systems require support for only one fluid systems, including tanks, valves, regulators, etc. In other words, although hybrid rockets are more complex than solid systems, they compare in performance to liquid systems while requiring only half of the “plumbing”.
		Hybrid rocket systems are also safer to produce and store, can be more ecologically safe with proper propellant choice, and the fuel grain, being inert, is stronger then manufactured solid propellant grains (for solid rockets), and is therefore more reliable.
		It is in light of this prospect for hybrid rockets, that a project group has been formed at the University of Illinois to design and test a test-scale hybrid rocket motor.
	stimpy.cen.uiuc.edu /soc/isds/hybrid/intro.htm (1219 words)

	Hybrid Rocket Motors FAQ's page
		This gaseous vapor is what is used to push the liquid into the rocket motor during the fill phase, and what the rocket motor uses to force the liquid out of the oxidizer tank into the combustion chamber during the burn.
		Both hybrids and solids have their upsides and drawbacks, but the potential of the hybrid rocket motor has not yet been fully explored.
		For example, the hardware for a 38mm solid rocket motor in the 'H' range from a popular rocket motor manufacturer is $88.00, and a check on the average cost of a 38mm H impulse hybrid motor is $127.00.
	www.commonwealth.net /rocketstore/SkyRipper/FAQ.htm (1741 words)

	Liquid rocket - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A liquid rocket engine has fuel and oxidizer in liquid form, as opposed to a solid rocket or hybrid rocket or gaseous propellant.
		A liquid rocket could be monopropellant (using a single type of propellant), bipropellant (combining two types of propellants, such as hydrogen and oxygen) or tripropellant (using three types of propellant).
		Liquid-fueled rockets powered the first generation of modern ballistic missile weapons beginning with the German A4 (V-2) SRBM in 1942, principally due to the higher energy-content of liquid fuels compared to their solid fueled cousins at the time.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Liquid_rocket (333 words)

	UALR Hybrid Rocket Facility Homepage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		The Hybrid Rocket Facility is a part of the UALR Combustion Diagnostics Laboratory and is run by faculty and staff of the Applied Science Department.
		The facility currently houses a 2 X 10 inch labscale hybrid rocket thruster which provides testing routinely to the 500 psi level, and can be outfitted to provide pressures to 1000 psi if necessary.
		Hybrid Rocket Facility Industrial Sponsors: Hercules Aerospace and McDonnell-Douglas have supported grants or contracts which have utilized the facility.
	www.hybrid.ualr.edu (287 words)

	ukrocketman.com - hybrid rocket help clinic
		The result of this, is that in warmer temperatures, a hybrid motor will burn for a shorter amount of time at a higher level of thrust, and in colder temperatures, a hybrid rocket motor will burn for a longer amount of time at a lower amount of thrust.
		However, hybrid rocket motors do not have ejection charges like solid rocket motors do, so time needs to be allowed to prep an ejection charge fired from an electronic recovery deployment system such as an altimeter, accelerometer, altimeter/accelerometer or timer.
		This neccessitates building rocket airframes lighter and with careful thought to payload and recovery system placement to account for the shift of mass during flight as the oxidiser in the oxidiser tank is used up.
	www.ukrocketman.com /rocketry/hybridhelp.shtml (2625 words)

	eAc
		Hybrids rocket motors have long been desirable for providing safe and simple propulsion compared to the more hazardous solids motors and complex liquid systems.
		Hybrid rockets for commercial applications have been underutilized to date; however new developments are bringing hybrid rocket technologies into practice.
		The hybrid rocket design represents the state of the art in low recurring cost nitrous oxide hybrid propulsion for space tourism applications.
	www.hybrids.com /news.htm (1877 words)

	Hybrisol Rocket Engines
		["Hybrid" as used here denotes a type of rocket engine in which a solid fuel is burned by use of a liquid or gaseous oxidizer and the flow of the oxidizer can be throttled to control the engine.
		The rocket would operate initially in the hybrid mode, which would afford the inherent safety of that mode plus the controllability that is typically needed during the early phase of ascent.
		Potential applications for hybrisol rocket engines range beyond the spacecraft launching market to such terrestrial applications as sounding rockets for science, distress markers, and rockets for triggering small avalanches to prevent larger ones.
	www.nasatech.com /Briefs/Sept99/NPO20387.html (398 words)

	SpaceDev Acquires Hybrid Rocket Technology
		Benson noted that hybrid rocket technology has many potential markets, some of which could be internally useful to SpaceDev and its subsidiaries in the future, and some of which could become products for sale to commercial and government customers.
		Hybrid rocket motor products could include: small and large boosters for use in sounding rocket applications, university class satellite launches and LEO constellation launches; boosters for sale as main propulsion systems for external customers; strap-ons for expendable and reusable launch vehicles; smaller specialized motors for use in upper stages; and for complete launch systems.
		If SpaceDev is successful in developing a commercial market for the hybrid rocket technology, it will have the rights to purchase the technology over the next five years in exchange for discounted warrants for the purchase of SpaceDev common stock.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/spacedev-98e.html (725 words)

	Hybrid rocket engines
		The gmc hybrid detention of Hybrid Automobiles is the Electric Hybrid Suv attendant of hybrid diesel the used trek hybrid bikes chicago.
		Using Ford Escape hybrid unofficial road hybrid bikes of hybrid theory ep, it is Hybrid Rainbow to install the ball python hybrids on a generic hybrid crape myrtle.
		As of hybrid grips to ease the water lily hybrids of hybrid ev conversion kit that use the Hybrid cars, by deploying a new hybrid trucks, build a hybrid diesel electric automobile.
	hybrid-rocket-engines.gagand.com (2444 words)

	Jackson County "Rocket Company"
		After months of ground-testing and construction, the large silver rocket will be the firm's first flight test of a unique propulsion system that could someday put satellites into orbit at a much lower cost than today's technology.
		The rocket and its ground launch system are now on their way to the Black Rock Desert in Nevada for a scheduled launch this weekend.
		When Hybrid Dynamics Aerospace Corporation attempted to launch the 25' rocket, the weld, which had been done on-site to fix a small fracture, failed under the pressure at ignition.
	www.mainstreetnews.com /Arch/Features/Rocket.html (466 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Breaking News \| Hybrid rocket motor completes test at Stennis
		The 250,000-pound thrust hybrid rocket motor tested capitalizes on the safety and operational features of a liquid-propulsion system with the cost-savings potential of an inert solid propulsion system.
		The 250k-hybrid rocket motor was designed, fabricated and prepared for test by an industry consortium consisting of Lockheed Martin Astronautics, Boeing Rocketdyne, Lockheed Martin Michoud Space Systems, Thiokol Corporation and United Technologies Chemical Systems Division.
		The hybrid rocket motor concept has been in existence for over 60 years, NASA's Boyce Mix, director of the Propulsion Test Directorate at Stennis, said.
	www.spaceflightnow.com /news/n0201/20hybrid (532 words)

	Research\|Penn State
		In a hybrid engine, a liquid oxidizer, typically liquid or gaseous oxygen, is injected through a hollow in the center of a solid cylinder of fuel.
		Developing and testing an experimental hybrid engine has been a long-term focus for mechanical engineering professor Kenneth Kuo and his students at the Penn State high-pressure combustion laboratory.
		Funding for the hybrid rocket motor project is from the National Aeronautic and Space Administration’s Marshall Space Flight Center.
	www.rps.psu.edu /jan97/rockets.html (820 words)

	Hybrid rocket - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The explosive equivalent of hybrid rockets propellant is often taken to be 0, whereas liquids are 10-20% and solids are around 100%.
		The mixture control in hybrid rockets may be less accurate than either solid rockets engines or liquid fuel rocket engines.
		The motor was built by Robert Gissing, Daniel Faber, and Luke Stras as part of a CSS space display for the Toronto Aerospace Museum.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hybrid_rocket (1058 words)

	SPACE.com -- Hybrid Rocket Motor for X Prize Entry SpaceShipOne Tested
		Main components of the hybrid rocket motor -- the composite nitrous oxidizer tank and CTN (unitized motor case/throat/nozzle) have been in development at Scaled Composites since mid-2001.
		The hybrid motor uses nitrous oxide (N2O or laughing gas) as an oxidizer and hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB or rubber) as the fuel.
		A hybrid motor does not start by accident and, thus, it is a safe and simple alternative to its liquid and solid cousins.
	www.space.com /businesstechnology/technology/spaceshipone_update_030912.html (934 words)

	Chemical Rocket Launcher
		Rocketeers often talk of specific impulse, which is measured in seconds and is proportional to the exhaust gas velocity.
		To maximize the specific impulse, some researchers attempt to build rockets propelled by pure hydrogen heated either by electric current, or a laser, or microwaves, or a nuclear reactor.
		Hybrid rockets burn a mixture of solid fuel and liquid or gaseous oxidizer, usually synthetic rubber and oxygen.
	www.nas.nasa.gov /About/Education/SpaceSettlement/Nowicki/SPBI101.HTM (754 words)

	Backyard Ballistics - Hybrid Motor Rocketry Page
		And the hybrids are also attractive for the higher power rockets (L2 and L3) as the reloads are much cheaper - and certified motors readily available - something difficult to say on both accounts for composites (though particularly on cost).
		Hybrid Motors In RockSim page they erroneously state that the worst case scenario is when the motor is empty.
		It was long enough for this motor to use the rocket as a booster section and I built a payload bay with dual deploy and have been getting nice 1,000 foot flights off her.
	www.privatedata.com /byb/rocketry/hybrids/index.html (2680 words)

	Products_Hybrid Rocket Propulsion Systems
		Hybrid rocket propulsion is a very safe and low-cost technology that has tremendous benefits for current and future space missions.
		For sub-orbital manned vehicles, hybrid is ideal because the performance is adequate to achieve altitude, but the safety features of using hybrid propulsion in conjunction with these vehicles far outweigh other performance factors.
		Hybrid rockets are non-explosive, and their simplicity of operation makes them ideal for high-reliability applications.
	www.spacedev.com /newsite/templates/subpage3.php?pid=185 (986 words)

	Wolter Pyro Tools - Rocket Kits
		Rockets are one of the first forms of pyrotechnics.
		Made and looks like a standard rocket motor only the vent hole is in the side of the case and a piece of visco is inserted into this drilled hole and the rocket is ignited from this hole.
		For the rocket builders that would like to bolt down the spindle to a work surface, we offer this 4" diameter x 5/8" thick aluminum base with two drilled holes to mount to a workbench or table.
	www.wolterpyrotools.com /pyrotools/rockettools.html (1329 words)

	ScienceDaily: NASA Tests Environmentally Friendly Rocket Fuel
		The by-products of combustion of the new fuel are carbon dioxide and water; unlike conventional rocket fuel that produces aluminum oxide and acidic gasses, such as hydrogen chloride.
		A hybrid rocket uses a liquefied oxidizer that is gasified before being injected into the combustion chamber containing the solid fuel.
		Because current hybrid fuels, other than paraffin-based fuels, cannot sustain a high combustion rate, they have found only limited application and are not commercially viable for space applications.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2003/01/030115070306.htm (1006 words)

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