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Topic: Hybrid vigor

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	hybrid. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The mule, the hybrid steer, and hybrid corn are examples of hybrids produced by breeders, but some animal species may cross-breed in the wild, as the gray wolf and coyote sometimes do.
		Hybridization between cultivars or varieties is often used in agriculture to obtain greater vigor or growth (heterosis).
		Hybrid vigor is achieved by crossing two inbred strains (see breeding).
	www.bartleby.com /65/hy/hybrid.html (182 words)

	Heterosis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Heterosis is increased strength of different characteristics in hybrids; the possibility to obtain a "better" individual by combining the virtues of its parents.
		Rather, when a hybrid is seen to be superior to its parents, this is known as hybrid vigor.
		One study suggests that hybrid vigor may be associated with increased intelligence in humans.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hybrid_vigor (976 words)

	[No title]
		Hybrid vigor, or heterosis, describes the increased vigor of plants or other organisms when compared with parents that were unlike in one or more inherited characters.
		Hybrid vigor cannot be maintained at its maximum because it starts reducing with the first generation in which self-pollination may occur.
		Hybrid alfalfa is produced on a limited scale now, and the discovery of cytoplasmic male sterility may greatly enhance the use of hybrid vigor in this important crop.
	gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov /book/hybrid.html (2791 words)

	AG Hybrid Vigor By Joe Ailts - Dec 2000
		Hybrid vigor occurs when two genetically different sources of DNA combine to form progeny that exhibit non-typical results.
		Typical characteristics of hybrid vigor as it may apply to pumpkins include: consistent, marked increase in size of fruit and plant mass, increased growth rate, and lack of seeds or sterile seeds.
		A number of investigators have found significant evidence for hybrid vigor." Atlantic Giants were not mentioned specifically in the book, the preceding text was in reference to all species of Cucurbita, which certainly includes the big pumpkins.
	www.bigpumpkins.com /ViewArticle.asp?id=97 (902 words)

	AG Hybrid Theory 2 By Joe Ailts - Dec 2002
		This is the basic “vigor cross”, where one grandparent is the 935 or 876.5, and the other grandparent is any other seed that does not have Lloyd genetics in its background.
		In order to conclusively prove or disprove hybrid vigor, we would need to have all types of growers plant “vigor crosses” and non-vigor crosses side by side, treat them exactly the same, and record the results.
		The take home message is this: when pondering your seed selections for next year, don’t overlook the potential of the “vigor cross”, if hybrid vigor indeed is present in these crosses, that 12% might mean the difference between a personal best or just another big pumpkin.
	www.bigpumpkins.com /ViewArticle.asp?id=98 (977 words)

	Hybrid Mice - The Jackson Laboratory
		Hybrid (F1) mice are produced by crossing mice of two different inbred strains.
		F1 hybrids are also more viable than their parent strains for many studies, including those involving some deleterious mutations, radiation, behavior, and bioassays for nutrients, drugs, pathogens, and hormones.
		Note: The B6129F1 hybrids are usually less appropriate controls than are B6129F2 mice because the parental alleles of F1 mice are not segregating as are those on a mixed B6;129 background.
	jaxmice.jax.org /info/hybrid.html (338 words)

	Hybrid Vigor - Heterosis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Hybrid Vigor or Heterosis: An increase in the performance of hybrids over that of purebreds, most noticeably in traits like fertility and sterility (Crossbreeding definition).
		Hybrid Vigor or Heterosis: An increase in the performance of hybrids over that of purebreds from linebred families, most noticeably in traits like fertility and sterility (linebreeding definition).
		Paternal Hybrid Vigor: Hybrid vigor for the paternal component of the trait.
	web.nmsu.edu /~milthoma/HybrdVwb.html (167 words)

	Hybrid Vigor
		Inbreeding depression according to Robinson (l988) is the term used to describe the decline in vigor or general weakness in purebred stock.
		In general, heterosis or hybrid vigor can be realized within a given breed of cats, if cats can be classified into unrelated genetic lines.
		According to Dr. D Bullock, 1995 the greatest effect of hybrid vigor is evidenced when two highly inbred lines are crossed.
	www.furkats.net /hybrid.htm (1137 words)

	Dragon Science: Food for Thought
		Though hybrids have an advantage because offspring do better than parent plants, hybrids produced as a result of selective breeding tend not to "breed true." They lose the hybrid vigor of the original hybrids through the process of genetic recombination in the following generations.
		It is hypothesized that a hybrid of these two plants should be able to combine the favorable characteristics of each, thus giving the hybrid a better chance of surviving drought conditions.
		Plot the population of hybrids (number of mixed pairs) on the y-axis and the generation number on the x-axis and connect with a smooth curve.
	www.pbs.org /safarchive/4_class/45_pguides/pguide_602/4562_food.html (1430 words)

	The Hybrid Delemma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Hybridization is a tool essential to the science and art of plant breeding, that part of agriculture that makes possible the myriad variety of plants available for our gardens, and plays a crucial role in keeping Humanity a step or two (though sometimes it seems like less) ahead of mass starvation.
		Hybrid vigor is especially useful for those trying to grow plants in marginal conditions, since the F1s frequently out-perform non-hybrid varieties in tough times.
		Because the vigor of F1 hybrids tends to get them established evenly and quickly in a garden or a farmer's field, they are popular with people for whom predictability means absolutely everything.
	www.gardenguides.com /articles/hybrid.htm (2434 words)

	Designer Dogs, Hybrid Dogs, Designer Dog, Hybrid Dog
		Hybrid dogs can still have genetic problems because you are still crossing two first generation dogs, however the percentage of hybrid dogs with genetic problems is much lower than purebred dogs because the gene pool is mixed.
		Vigor means, "Physical or mental strength, energy, or force." Unlike purebred dogs, when you adopt a hybrid, you do not know exactly what the temperament, size of the dog, or exact look of the dog will be.
		While a simple F1 generation cross is said to produce the most hybrid vigor in the dog and the further down the multi-generation chain, the more vigor is lost in the hybrid; there are some benefits to multi-generation crossing.
	www.dogbreedinfo.com /designerdogs.htm (1176 words)

	Salmon Hybrid Project, ADF&G â” Sport Fish Division (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The hybrid salmon we are raising in the hatchery is a cross between a chinook (king) salmon female and a pink salmon male.
		The first is something called "hybrid vigor." This is an expression used to describe the enhanced growth of hybrids over that of the parent species.
		The chinook/pink hybrid survival rates in the hatchery are almost the same as the straight chinook salmon survival.
	www.sf.adfg.state.ak.us /statewide/Hatchery/hybrid.cfm (1243 words)

	News Service: Iowa State University
		Researchers have uncovered a key to understanding the complex molecular mechanisms of hybrid vigor, also known as heterosis, which affects most aspects of plant growth and development.
		This is the first study that has looked at hybrid vigor in any crop on such a large scale.
		They found that some genes are more active in the hybrid than in both of the parental inbred lines (overdominant), some genes are less active than both inbred lines (underdominant) and most genes --78 percent -- have activity levels in between the level of the inbreds (additive).
	www.iastate.edu /~nscentral/news/2006/may/vigor.shtml (895 words)

	Hybrid Vigor News
		Two new groundbreaking issues of The Hybrid Vigor Journal -- exploring the role of clouds in climate change, and redesigning machine vision systems that are consistent with human vision -- have been published by the Hybrid Vigor Institute, a nonprofit research institute dedicated to solving complex problems by synthesizing and integrating expert knowledge.
		An ideal Hybrid Vigor topic, such as those described above, is currently studied by several disciplines and has the greatest potential for shifts in traditional thinking, and/or future technological developments or breakthroughs by integrating disciplinary knowledge.
		The first issue of the Hybrid Vigor Journal, a co-production of the Institute's Earth Systems and Health Determinants program areas, was "Risk as Continuum: A Redefinition of Risk for Governing the Post-Genome World", written by Hybrid Vigor's founder Denise Caruso.
	www.hybridvigor.org /publications.pl?s=news&d=2002.04.15 (1063 words)

	hybridvigor.net: new/s
		Two new groundbreaking issues of The Hybrid Vigor Journal -- exploring the role of clouds in climate change, and redesigning machine vision systems that are consistent with human vision -- have been published by the Hybrid Vigor Institute, a nonprofit research institute dedicated to solving complex problems by synthesizing and integrating expert knowledge.
		An ideal Hybrid Vigor topic, such as those described above, is currently studied by several disciplines and has the greatest potential for shifts in traditional thinking, and/or future technological developments or breakthroughs by integrating disciplinary knowledge.
		The first issue of the Hybrid Vigor Journal, a co-production of the Institute's Earth Systems and Health Determinants program areas, was "Risk as Continuum: A Redefinition of Risk for Governing the Post-Genome World", written by Hybrid Vigor's founder Denise Caruso.
	www.hybridvigor.net /publications.pl?s=news&d=2002.04.15 (1070 words)

	Hybrid Vigor Institute
		The Hybrid Vigor Institute is an independent, not-for-profit research organization and consultancy that is dedicated to interdisciplinary and collaborative problem solving.
		The projects and problems that we find most interesting to pursue—such as curing and preventing infectious and epidemic diseases, analyzing the risks of science and technology breakthroughs, and designing enforceable global health and environmental policies—are those that have clearly overwhelmed the capabilities of any one area of expertise or field of study.
		The Hybrid Vigor Institute, founded in 2000, is a tax-exempt, 501C3 public charitable organization supported by donations.
	www.hybridvigor.org (209 words)

	Hybrid Vigor Approach
		An ideal Hybrid Vigor topic is one that is studied by several disciplines, preferably in both the social and natural sciences, and has the greatest need or potential for a shift in traditional thinking by way of collaboration or integrating disciplinary knowledge.
		Hybrid Vigor both develops and uses sophisticated tools and technologies to help researchers collaborate across both disciplinary and/or geographic boundaries.
		These tools, as they are developed and deployed by Hybrid Vigor and others, will be made available in the Resources section of hybridvigor.net.
	www.hybridvigor.org /approach.html (293 words)

	Hybrid Vigor - time to educate yourselves.......
		Hybrid vigor is the theory that offspring of two parents with very different gene pools will be hardier.
		Saying that hybrid vigor exists does not mean that one is saying any hybrid animal is going to always be healthier.
		To have hybrid vigor, the offspring must outperform both of its parents, but the offspring doesn't have to be perfectly healthy.
	www.terrificpets.com /forum/13900_2.asp (1568 words)

	Kate's Family Pets - breeders of Labradoodles
		Hybrid vigour is not a theory, it is the name given to describe something that happens repeatably throughout all species in the animal and plant kingdom.
		This example can also be used to show why hybrid vigour only works in the first generation and why "mongrels" or "mutts" come in all shapes and sizes.
		Remember that the second generation is likely to be more variable and have less hybrid vigour than the F1 so breeding F1 to F1 is unwise unless the breeder is trying to create a new breed and doesn't mind breeding a lot of funny looking, and possibly unsatisfactory, dogs on the way.
	www.family-pets.com /genetics.html (1935 words)

	Hybrid Vigor Principals
		Along with several schools of public health and corporate sponsors, Hybrid Vigor co-hosted the Pandefense 1.0 meeting in November 2005, which was convened by epidemiologist Larry Brilliant, M.D. (now executive director of the Google Foundation) and the Global Business Network, with the goal of reducing the probability and effects of an influenza pandemic.
		She is an affiliated researcher at the Center for Risk Perception and Communication at Carnegie Mellon University, a member of the Global Business Network, a member of the Board of Trustees of the Molecular Sciences Institute and the Independent Media Institute, and is a director emerita of the Electronic Frontier Foundation.
		Rhoten was appointed a Hybrid Vigor Fellow in June 2003 after serving as the Institute's research director since 2002.
	www.hybridvigor.org /people.html (1141 words)

	vigor - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Hybrids are often more vigorous than either parent.
		This phenomenon is called hybrid vigor and has been widely used by plant breeders to increase...
		1959: Genetics In 1959 : Animal Husbandry — Hybrid Vigor in Cattle.
	encarta.msn.com /vigor.html (172 words)

	Hybrid Vigor
		The concept of hybrid vigor assumes that a crossbred animal (and this term is most often used in discussing dogs) will be healthier than a purebred.
		In order to be a hybrid, an animal must be the product of two different species: donkey and a horse, offspring is a mule; lion (m) and a tiger (f), offspring is a liger; tiger (m) and lion (f), offspring is a tigon; wolf and domestic dog, offspring is called a wolf hybrid.
		So, the next time you hear about hybrid vigor and how mutts are healthier, remember this: hybrid vigor as related to dogs is a myth.
	mywebpages.comcast.net /NoPuppyMillsVA/Poo-dogs___Designer_Mutts/Hybrid_Vigor/hybrid_vigor.html (1159 words)

	Whole Earth: Hybrid Vigor
		The biological term for which Stewart named the Hybrid Vigor Institute describes the good juju that happens at the edges of a field when pollen from wild plants mingles with the cultivated ones, thereby increasing the strength and yield of the crops.
		Despite the fact that our intention is, in part, to produce some vigorous mutts from today's blueblood academic stock, I want to make it clear that we are not trying to abolish disciplines such as biology or physics, sociology, or whichever your favorite may be.
		We decided to use Hybrid Vigor to explore both the process and the content of interdisciplinary research.
	www.wholeearthmag.com /ArticleBin/443.html (1542 words)

	ISU Bioethics Outreach--Hybrid Corn
		Duvick describes the rise of hybrid corn in the article "Biotechnology in the 1930s: the development of hybrid maize" in the January 2001 issue of Nature Reviews/Genetics.
		He states in the article that the technology was introduced even though corn breeders and other scientists did not (and still don't) understand the genetic principles of hybrid vigor, one of the major reasons for increased yield of hybrid corn.
		It was virulent to most hybrid cultivars at the time because of the genetic uniformity of the cytoplasm in those hybrids, due to use of a particular kind of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (CMS) as an aid in production of the hybrids.
	www.bioethics.iastate.edu /classroom/hybridcorn.html (1746 words)

	ShrinkWrapped: Hybrid Vigor
		The opposite of inbreeding often results in offspring which are more robust than their parents, a tendency referred to as Hybrid vigor.
		Your hybrids do visa-via nuclear and biochemical weapons, IEDs and homicide vests, but we may be aiding and abetting their vision of the noble savages that can emerge from the ashes by not looking at humanity as a whole.
		A distinct dynamic of the emerging hybrid phenomena is their low kill rate to date - it can't hold a candle to what has occured in the world wars in which garden variety meglomania and unadulterated racism held sway and heaped the dead upon each other by the millions.
	shrinkwrapped.blogs.com /blog/2006/08/hybrid_vigor.html (1980 words)

	Politick: Hybrid Vigor
		This may be bad for hybrids but it is good for hybrid buyers, as prices have softened on all but the few high-mileage models (such as the Toyota Prius), to the extent that the hybrid model can actually be cheaper to buy than the corresponding gasoline model, not even including the gas savings.
		Hybrids can be designed either for better mileage or for better performance - more pep with a smaller gas engine.
		Hybrids can be designed with a continuous transmission, rather than a normal automatic with 4 or 5 gears.
	yelnick.typepad.com /politick/2006/04/hybrid_vigor_.html (435 words)

	Labradoodle hybrid vigor / heterosis
		The F1 (ie first generation) of Labradoodle puppies have more hybrid vigor than the second or so generation, and are less likely to be more variable.
		The term 'hybrid vigor' is used in various fields, such as breeding livestock, rabbits, aquaculture, plants, cats, dogs, etc.
		So, below are some relevant extracts re hybrid vigor, and links to their sources (as at 3/11/05).
	users.tpg.com.au /truebred/labradoodles/labradoodle-hybrid-vigor.html (368 words)

	Hybrid Vigor - Military Information Technology
		The report concluded that among all possible energy sources, hybrid systems combining fuel cells and batteries provide the most versatile solutions because of their ability to provide power over varying levels of energy use.
		Hybrid systems combining batteries and fuel cells are now in development, with products set for release in 2005.
		Unlike the battery, which eventually goes dead if not recharged, the fuel cell never dies as long as there is a flow of fuel from external cartridges into the cell.
	www.military-information-technology.com /print_article.cfm?DocID=990 (1675 words)

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