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Topic: Hybridisation in gulls

	US Bazaar.com : Encyclopedia Pages : Seagull
		Gulls — the larger species in particular — are resourceful and highly-intelligent birds, demonstrating complex methods of communication and a highly-developed social structure.
		Hybridisation between species of gull occurs quite frequently, although to varying degrees depending on the species involved (see Hybridisation in gulls).
		The Swallow-tailed Gull, endemic inhabitant of the Galápagos Islands.
	encyclopedia.us-bazaar.com /?title=Seagull (621 words)

	Identification of Caspian Gull
		The distinguishing features separating Caspian Gull from commoner gulls are somewhat subtle, and there are pitfalls due to the variability of gulls in size, plumage and bare part colouration, but when good views are obtained it is a distinctive gull and is not exceptionally difficult to identify.
		Gulls are extremely variable in appearance, given the progression of plumages as birds age, plus racial and sexual differences in size and colouration.
		Gulls are best viewed in profile and a slight breeze will cause resting gulls to orient themselves to face into the wind, both on land and on water, allowing the majority of birds to be viewed at the same angle and reducing the amount of light-dependent variation.
	www.berksbirds.co.uk /articles/caspiangullid.asp (5302 words)

	European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
		Gull populations have increased in many European towns during the past years.
		The proximity of these birds, which are able to nest on roofs and feed of urban waste, to human activities, together with their high power of dispersal, have risen the problem of their potential role in the dissemination of resistance genes.
		As many resistance determinants are inserted into integrons, we decided to investigate the frequency of integron carriage among Enterobacteria isolated from gulls and to compare their cassette content with that of integrons from human clinical isolates.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /eccmid14/abstract.asp?id=14763 (381 words)

	B-Mail(sm): ID-FRONTIERS for December 1-9, 2006
		Pair formation in gulls is a lot more complicated than that and I am far from convinced that the cases that we know off in Europe were all a 100% natural affair.
		All cases of hybridization between fuscus and argenteus took place in colonies with a lot of disturbance from egg-collectors and I am not at all sure therefore that hybridization in these instances was spontaneous.
		Hybridisation is at its highest > level when a rare species enters the range of another - they are > desperate.< Their findings reflect the whole evolutionary history of these gulls of say the last hundred thousand years and of course hybridization played an important rôle.
	www.virtualbirder.com /bmail/idfrontiers/200612/w1/index.html (8548 words)

	Article Library
		Hybridisation happens between kaki and New Zealand’s other stilt species, the fl and white pied stilt, or poaka (Himantopus himantopus leucocephalus). Both probably originated in Australia.
		While hybridisation is a problem, breeding failure is considered to be the main cause of the kaki’s demise. A number of reasons exist - predation, loss of habitat, introduced weeds — and they can all be sheeted home to the arrival of Europeans in New Zealand.
		The kaki’s continued survival is also threatened by changes in habitat. The birds particularly like banks of shingle or gravel in wide weed-free braided river channels. There they feed in the shallows, catching insects, molluscs and small fish, unusually large prey for a stilt.
	www.onhm.net /article-library?article=28 (608 words)

	Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena - Hybridisation in Antarctic Skuas (project conducted by Markus Ritz)
		The project is designed to investigate the hybridisation between two long-lived antarctic seabird species, the South Polar Skua (Catharacta maccormicki) and the Brown Skua (Catharacta antarctica lonnbergi).
		Reproductive output of pure and mixed-species skua pairs will be measured and together with historic data enables us to decide which of the existing hypotheses best explains the hybrid zone between both skua species.
		The project offers the opportunity to compare speciation in arctic gulls and antarctic Skuas and will reveal the importance of glaciation on population genetic structure and past speciation events.
	www.uni-jena.de /content_lang_en_page_21937.html (358 words)

	Status of Yellow-legged Gull in West Midlands
		Yellow-legged Gull is a member of the southern group among the 'Herring Gull assemblage', and breeds in the Mediterranean basin, west to the Atlantic seaboard, and east to the southern Black Sea.
		As some Herring Gulls may also show a relatively dark grey mantle, identification of Yellow-legged Gulls in the period from late December onwards requires this proviso to be kept very clearly in mind.
		Between 1986 and 2000, the number of Yellow-legged Gulls visiting the region was probably between 700 (based on monthly 'increments') and 1200 (based on summated 'monthly maxima') but, allowing for 'rapid turnover' (see 'Methods and Limitations') and over-looked non-adult gulls (see 'Age Distribution') the true figure could be significantly higher.
	www.deanar.btinternet.co.uk /wmgulls/YlG/ylgstatus.htm (5008 words)

	White-Winged Silvery Gull \| Audubon Prints For Sale
		At the approach of summer, before the pairing of the Herring Gull, Larus argentatus, the White-winged Gulls collect in flocks, and set out for the distant north, where they breed.
		The flight of this species so much resembles that of the Herring Gull, that were it not for its smaller size, and the different colour of its wings, it could not be distinguished from the other.
		While at Portland in Maine, I observed a good number of these Gulls flying over the inner harbour close to the shores, descending towards the water, and picking up garbage in the manner of the Herring Gulls, with which they associated.
	www.audubonprintsforsale.com /node/30 (516 words)

	Ciconiiformes
		Following the development of microbiological research techniques in the late 20th century, in particular methods for studying DNA-DNA hybridisation, a great deal of new information has surfaced, much of it suggesting that many birds, although looking very different to one another, are in fact more closely related than was previously thought.
		Podicipediformes (grebes), Procellariiformes (tubenosed seabirds, Charadriiformes, (waders, gulls, terns and auks), Pelecaniformes (pelicans, cormorants, gannets and allies), and the Falconiformes (diurnal birds of prey).
		Some official bodies, notably the American Ornithogical Union[?], have adopted the proposed Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy almost entirely, however a more common approach worldwide has been to retain the traditional groupings, and modify rather than replace them in the light of new evidence as it comes to hand.
	www.fastload.org /ci/Ciconiiformes.html (696 words)

	BIOL1051 - Biodiversity 1 - Lecture 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		American herring gulls breed with those of Alaska, and Alaskan ones breed with those of Siberia.
		As you travel this circle, you find a series of gull populations, each of which interbreeds with the populations to each side.
		In the case of ring species, like the gulls, the intermediates are still alive which is not normally the case.
	scitec.uwichill.edu.bb /bcs/courses/Biology/BL14A/bl14al02.htm (1374 words)

	Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals - 2003
		The in-situ hybridisation assay of routine histological sections of acute- and transition-phase lesions in the cuticular epithelium, other tissues, and of lymphoid organ spheroids (LOS) in transition and chronic phase with a specific DIG-labelled cDNA probe to TSV, provides a definitive diagnosis of TSV infection.
		Not reacting to the probe are the prominent karyorrhectic nuclear fragments and pyknotic nuclei that contribute to the pathognomonic 'buckshot riddled' appearance of TS lesions (9, 15, 16, 24).
		Thus, during the peak of severe epizootics, hundreds of sea birds (gulls, terns, cormorants, etc.) may be observed feeding on affected shrimp (3-5, 8, 16, 20.).
	www.oie.int /fr/normes/fmanual/A_00047.htm (4758 words)

	Rare Birds in Spain: Identification (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Due to the fact that finding a hybridisation is unusual, the recognising of these hybrids are very curious observations, because of all this specimens show intermediate characteristics, which reveal the authentical parents.
		The purple colour of the head shows the hybridisation between the green and the red-brown of the parents.
		A male presumed hybrid Anas strepera x Anas platyrhynchos was seen on the 8.12.2000 at la Mata del Fang reserve area in the Albufera de València natural park.
	www.rarebirdspain.net /arbsi017.htm (697 words)

	Hybrid Security : Sirchin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		hybrid security,often referred to as "hybrids", is a security that combines elements of debt and of equity.
		In the latest attempt to reach a compromise, UN officials are proposing a hybrid security force consisting of both African Union and UN troops.
		Based upon Fitch's hybrid rating criteria the notes have a high equity component.
	sirchin.com /?topic:hybrid-security (338 words)

	Gaps in the Mind, by Richard Dawkins
		The best-known case is herring gull versus lesser fl-backed gull.
		The 'herring gulls' gradually become less and less like herring gulls and more and more like lesser fl-backed gulls until it turns out that our European lesser fl-backed gulls actually are the other end of a ring that started out as herring gulls.
		At this point the herring gull and the lesser fl-backed gull never interbreed, although they are linked by a continuous series of interbreeding colleagues all the way round the world.
	www.animal-rights-library.com /texts-m/dawkins01.htm (2460 words)

	Hybridisation in gulls - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The most common hybrid found among gulls in Europe is between Black-headed Gull and Mediterranean Gull.
		Tarrant, Mike (2002) An apparent hybrid gull in Lincolnshire Birding World Vol.
		Gillon, Keith (2006) An apparent hybrid gull at Belhaven Bay, Lothian Birding Scotland Vol.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hybridisation_in_gulls (291 words)

	B-Mail(sm): ID-FRONTIERS for December 10-16, 2006
		Hybridisation is at its highest >> level when a rare species enters the range of another - they are >> desperate.< > > Their findings reflect the whole evolutionary history of these gulls of say > the last hundred thousand years and of course hybridization played an > important rôle.
		I am glad I am able to distinguish a number of adult omissus from other gulls but that is as far as it goes for me. The east-west migration path this gull took however is well in agreement with what omissus does as shown by previous recoveries.
		I've never seen a Lesser Black-backed Gull in the western USA and I'm wondering which field marks are the best for distinguishing a first-cycle Lesser Black-backed Gull from a first-cycle California Gull.
	www.virtualbirder.com /bmail/idfrontiers/200612/w2/index.html (14137 words)

	Seagull
		Most gulls, particularly Larus species, are ground nesting omnivores, which will take live food or scavenge opportunistically.
		Large white-headed gulls for the Herring Gull and similar species (these are indicated by LWHG in the list below
		Hybridisation between species of gull occurs quite frequently, although to varying degrees depending on the species involved - see Hybridisation in gulls.
	www.governpub.com /Bee-S/Seagull.php (375 words)

	Acadiana Park Nature Station
		Scanning the large flocks of gulls that tag along behind shrimp trawlers is a good strategy for locating this bird, as jaegers tend to engage in conspicuous aerial chases hoping to force other birds to drop whatever food they've managed to scavenge.
		Jaegers can be a nightmare to identify, but if you happen to see an adult with its full set of tail feathers, or even better, find one on the beach that allows close approach (as this one did on a Texas beach), it should be much easier to put a name to the bird.
		Identification of this species has been made a little less straightforward by the appearance in Louisiana of birds believed to be Kelp Gulls, and by the assumed hybridisation of Kelp and Herring Gulls on the Chandeleur Islands.
	www.naturestation.org /lachklistbirds.asp (5921 words)

	Genetics and the origin of bird species -- Grant and Grant 94 (15): 7768 -- Proceedings of the National Academy of ...
		This paper was presented at a colloquium entitled "Genetics and the Origin of Species," organized by Francisco J. Ayala (Co-chair) and Walter M. Fitch (Co-chair), held January 30-February 1, 1997, at the National Academy of Sciences Beckman Center in Irvine, CA.
		birds hybridize, and at least a quarter backcross frequently (84).
		Introgressive hybridization is underestimated by observation because it is not easy to detect (87).
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/94/15/7768 (6847 words)

	Zoology Undergraduate Research - Weber State University
		The prevalence and effects of avian pox on body condition and plumage coloration in northern Utah populations of House Finches (Carpodacus mexicanus).
		Gliding flight in the California gull, Larus californicus: A paradox of fast fibers and posture.
		Gliding flight in gulls: The paradox of fast muscle fibers and posture.
	colleges.weber.edu /science/ZoologyUndergraduateResearch.htm (1090 words)

	Influenza Report 2006 \| Avian Influenza
		While all bird species are thought to be susceptible, some domestic poultry species - chickens, turkey, guinea fowl, quail and pheasants - are known to be especially vulnerable to the sequelae of infection.
		However, it should not be kept secret that each PCR or hybridisation reaction, in contrast to virus isolation in eggs, harbours an intrinsic uncertainty related to the presence of speciﬁc mutations in a given isolate at the binding sites of primers and/or probes which might render the assay false negative.
		Several species of gulls as well as cormorants were affected as well at this location.
	www.influenzareport.com /ir/ai.htm (12435 words)

	Rare Birds in Spain: Photos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Of more interest to birders is that it has been proven in the last years that there is some exchange of birds between colonies of borealis (at least proven from Selvagem islands, between Madeira and Canary Islands) and the Mediterreanean colonies (e.g.
		So it may well be that there is a (has to be small if figures are right) number of birds over there showing intermediate characters from those I set from the say two extremes of the cline: Azores and Mediterranean.
		However, it is yet to be fixed which this proportion might be because hybridisation does not seem to be a widespread behaviour(or at least that is what we know for the moment).
	www.rarebirdspain.net /arbsi027.htm (985 words)

	Tiergarten Heidelberg (Heidelberg Zoo)
		Turning right on entry, the first exhibit is a walk-through aviary for wading birds and gulls.
		A dull-coloured gull is not a bird likely to attract the attention of the average visitor, but in fact this is a very interesting species.
		The risk of hybridisation when keeping related flamingo taxa together has been demonstrated here: two Rosy x Greater chicks had hatched shortly before my visit.
	www.goodzoos.com /Germany/Heidelberg.htm (2620 words)

	Bird phylogeny (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Chu 1998 A phylogeny of the gulls (Aves: Larinae) inferred from osteological and integume
		Chubb 2004 Nuclear corroboration of DNA-DNA hybridisation in deep phylogenies of hummingbir
		Crochet 2000 Molecular phylogeny and plumage evolution in gulls (Larini).
	darwin.zoology.gla.ac.uk /~kdavis/bib/bib_browse.php?letter=C (718 words)

	UNEP-WCMC Protected Areas Programme - Wrangel Island Reserve (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This is more than any other Arctic island, including Greenland, and represents relics of a warmer continental climate of the time of the Bering land bridge.
		horned puffin Fratercula corniculat and tufted puffin Lunda cirrhata, Common migratory gulls include Ross's gull Rhodostethia rosea and ivory gull Pagophila eburnea which migrate to the south of the island in autumn, the Ross's gulls being a large part of the world's population.
		Another common gull is Sabine's gull Xema sabini, an ancient Arctic species, which nests on the northern flood plains of the island and Arctic terns nest here at one end of their 42,000 km annual migration.
	www.unep-wcmc.org /sites/wh/wrange_island.htm (4612 words)

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