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Topic: Hydration reaction

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	Hydration reaction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In organic chemistry, a hydration reaction is a chemical reaction in which a hydroxyl group (OH) and a hydrogen cation (an acidic proton) are added to the two carbon atoms bonded together in the carbon-carbon double bond which makes up an alkene functional group.
		Hydration differs from hydrolysis in that hydrolysis cleaves the non-water component in two.
		When carried out in the laboratory, this reaction tends to yield many undesirable side products and in its simple form described here is not considered very useful for the production of alcohol.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hydration_reaction (203 words)

	Introduction-Suspended hydration and loss of freezable water in cement pastes exposed to 90 % relative humidity
		Based on the results reported by Powers, the rate of RH reduction due to reaction was greater than the reduction in equilibrium RH environment due to pore size reduction, and the reaction terminated because the pores were unable to remain saturated.
		The degree of hydration (DOH) was measured after 14 d and 90 d exposure to various relative humidities, and the values were compared to the DOH of continuously saturated specimens.
		Therefore, the rate of hydration for a specimen exposed to an unsaturated environment should depend, in part, upon the duration of the initial period of hydration under saturated conditions.
	ciks.cbt.nist.gov /~garbocz/curing/paper/node1.html (1348 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The reaction zone may thus comprise a packed bed of catalyst particles capable of catalyzing the conversion or hydration of the nitrile to its corresponding amide.
		a copper-chromium or a copper oxide hydration catalyst.
		The second reactant must thus be capable of hydrating the nitrile at the conditions prevailing in the treatment zone and in the presence of the catalyst.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=00/26178.000511&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (2928 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Reaction of propylene hydration to IPA and IPA etherification to DIPE over the catalyst in the middle section proceed simultaneously with distillation in the rectifying and enriching sections of the column.
		In a CD column, the reaction zone temperature is determined by the boiling point of the liquid mixture in the catalyst bed, which in turn is determined by the composition of the liquid and the operating pressure.
		However, because separation and reaction occur simultaneously in the column, the composition of the liquid phase is a function of temperature and ratio of feed rates.
	www.ualberta.ca /dept/chemeng/personalweb/yanx/Introduction6.doc (4595 words)

	Mr. Hole's Online Chemistry Glossary: H (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		hydrate: a crystalline compound in which the ions are hydrated; a crystallized substance that contains water of hydration.
		hydration reaction: a reaction in which water is added to an alkene.
		hydrogenation, hydrogenation reaction: a chemical reaction in which hydrogen is added to a carbon-carbon double bond to give an alkane; a process used to make solid shortenings and margarine by adding hydrogen to an oil at high temperature and pressure in the presence of a catalyst.
	home.earthlink.net /~mrhole/chem/glossary/h.html (992 words)

	[No title]
		In the second class of reactions, the first step in the reaction is removal of the proton from the carbon adjacent to the carbonyl group to form an enolate anion (Equation 2).
		HCN is usually generated during the reaction by adding acid to sodium or potassium cyanide, as this reduces the risks involved in using a toxic gas.
		As for hydration, the additon of alcohol to a carbonyl compound is reversible, and the conditions under which the reaction is run will determine whether the carbonyl compound or the acetal compound is favored.
	www.chem.wisc.edu /~newtrad/CurrRef/AIDStopic/AIDS.AldKetRxns.html (2217 words)

	Amino acid metabolism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The first dehydrogenation and the hydration reaction are interspersed by a carboxylation reaction catalyzed by a biotin-containing enzyme,.
		Reaction 5 is the oxidative decarboxylation of an α-keto acid by a multi enzyme complex similar to PDHC and OGDHC.
		Reactions 6, 8, and 9 are standard reactions of β-oxidation of FAs: dehydrogenation by FAD, hydration, and dehydrogenation by NAD
	www.molbiology.com /cb/amino_acids/p3.html (617 words)

	[No title]
		Polymerisation reactions involving anthocyanins are largely influenced by temperature (Somers & Evans 1986) and oxygen contact (Timberlake & Bridle 1976, Ribéreau-Gayon }{\i et al.}{ 1983), and as a wine matures and ages the polymeric pigments become increasingly responsible for red wine colour.
		The reaction is exothermic, and therefore favoured at lower temperatures, while increasing temperature destroys the effect, approaching an asymptote of no copigmentation effect at the boiling point of the solution.
		The reaction is extremely fast and the rate limiting step is the hydration reaction of equation (2) rather than the complexation reaction (Brouillard }{\i et al.}{ 1989).
	www.thewinefly.com /theses/copigs.doc (6226 words)

	Calcium Aluminate Cements — Hydration of Calcium Aluminate Cements
		This initial stage in the hydration reaction is exothermic and associated heat evolution can be detected easily by calorimetric methods.
		Mass precipitation of species of this nature in the hydration reaction is accompanied by a considerably large exotherm (which can be detected to determine the end point of the hardening reaction).
		The hydration of the CA phase is temperature dependent.
	www.azom.com /details.asp?ArticleID=1646 (685 words)

	Concrete: Scientific Principles
		Hydration is a chemical reaction in which the major compounds in cement form chemical bonds with water molecules and become hydrates or hydration products.
		The reaction of water with the cement in concrete is extremely important to its properties and reactions may continue for many years.
		The speed of the reaction is now controlled by the rate at which water molecules diffuse through the calcium silicate hydrate coating.
	matse1.mse.uiuc.edu /~tw/concrete/prin.html (2889 words)

	Stanley Hand Tools
		The basic idea behind proper curing is to allow this reaction to continue as long as practical by maintaining a suitable curing temperature, usually 50°F to 90°F, and by keeping the concrete wet.
		In fact, the amount of water required to completely hydrate the cement is only about one half to two thirds of what is usually added at the batch plant or on the job site.
		Placing concrete in hot weather is complicated by the fact that the hydration reaction generates heat, adding to the problem of excessive evaporation.
	www.stanleytools.com /?TYPE=STATICLEFT&PAGE=pros.htm&LEFT=left_pros.htm (2173 words)

	Citric Acid Cycle Reactions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The reactions for the citric acid cycle are shown in the graphic on the left.
		This is the second oxidation reaction in which an alcohol is converted to a ketone.
		This is a simple hydration reaction of an alkene to form an alcohol.
	www.elmhurst.edu /~chm/vchembook/611citricrx.html (946 words)

	Prediction of Adiabatic Temperature Rise in Conventional and High-Performance Concretes Using a 3-D Microstructural ...
		To modify the NIST hydration model to operate under adiabatic conditions, the cumulative heat generated by the hydration reactions is tabulated and the heat capacity of the concrete mixture adjusted for the effects of hydration.
		The activation energy of the pozzolanic reaction, relative to that for the hydration of the cement, is used to change the probability of a reaction occuring when a diffusing CH species encounters a solid silica fume surface.
		This probability is adjusted with increasing temperature based on the ratio of the relative increase in the pozzolanic reaction rate to the relative increase in the hydration reaction rate, both calculated based on equation 4.
	ciks.cbt.nist.gov /~bentz/ccrahs/node4.html (1386 words)

	Information about the research project FRVS 1749/2002
		Considering the fact the clinker minerals hydration is an intensive exothermic reaction, it is possible to control this process by means of intensity measurement of hydration heat development.
		An effective possibility to influence the hydration process of the concrete mixture seems to be the determination of hydration heat development in izoperibolic calorimeters.
		This means that from the view of reaction kinetics the additive can react only with a definite component of Portland cement and this means the setting of the mixture but the hydration of the greatest portion of clinker minerals can take place later.
	www.fce.vutbr.cz /thd/concrete/concrete.html (2129 words)

	Hydration - Psychology Central (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		An example of a hydration reaction is acid-catalyzed hydration of the carbon-carbon double bond in an alkene.
		An example of hydrate synthesis is hydration of a carbonyl group.
		Hydration also is used to mean getting water into an organism, usually human.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Hydration (245 words)

	RMC Pacific - Education (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		This reaction forms a gel which, as it hardens, binds the stones and sand into a solid mass that becomes stronger and stronger.
		The initial reaction must be slow enough to permit workers to place and finish the concrete in its plastic state.
		The reaction of hydration itself releases heat -- a boon in winter construction.
	www.rmcpacific.com /education/works.shtml (513 words)

	Concrete Basics \| Portland Cement Association (PCA)
		Through a chemical reaction called hydration, the paste hardens and gains strength to form the rock-like mass known as concrete.
		During this reaction, called hydration, a node forms on the surface of each cement particle.
		Most of the hydration and strength gain take place within the first month of concrete's life cycle, but hydration continues at a slower rate for many years.
	www.cement.org /basics/concretebasics_concretebasics.asp (1107 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Examples of such reactions include, but are not limited to sulfur removal, xylene dimerization, alkyne dimerization, hydrogenation, NO removal, methanol synthesis, ester hydrogenolysis, amination, dehydroamination, oxidation, alkyl amine synthesis, disproportionation, cyclopropanation of olefins, and many others well known in the art.
		The reduction reaction may be monitored and controlled by methods well known in the art, such as, measuring the quantity of reducing agent reacted, the amount of by-product formed, or the weight loss incurred by the supported copper oxide composition.
		The reaction chamber is maintained at the desired reaction temperature and the flow rate of reactants over the catalyst is controlled to give the desired conversion degree of nitrile to amide.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=01/17673.010315&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (9721 words)

	Chapman/Whitney Comparison (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The setting of cement is essentially a hydration reaction to form calcium silicate hydrates.
		The hydrate forms a colloidal "mineral glue" which is called "tobermite", because it is practically identical with a rare, naturally occuring mineral of that name.
		The di_ and tricalcium silicate is hydrated to a gel, releasing calcium hydroxide which slowly crysallizes from the solution.
	www.poolhelp.com /chap_dow.html (1213 words)

	The 8 Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle
		481 of your text regarding the stereospecificity of the aconitase reaction.
		This is the first of two oxidative decarboxylations that occur in the TCA cycle.
		Note: The oxalosuccinate intermediate in the isocitrate dehydrogenase reaction is a b-keto acid.
	www.unc.edu /~hoganb/8_tca_rxns.htm (647 words)

	TecEco - Newsletter 46 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The pozzolanic reaction is similar to the hydration reaction for di and tri calcium silicate; the difference is that the components all come together to form compounds that are hydrated silicates with less calcium and bound water.
		The lime that reacts in the pozzolanic reaction is generally supplied entirely from the hydration reactions of belite and alite in Portland cement.
		As magnesia does not hydrate all that quickly in at least the first half hour or so this water consumption is a potentially a very useful property.
	www.tececo.com /files/Newsletters/Newsletter46.htm (1414 words)

	Hydration (from cement) -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
		During the initial stage of hydration, the parent compounds dissolve, and the dissolution of their chemical bonds generates a significant amount of heat.
		Setting and hardening result from hydration, which is a chemical combination of the cement compounds with water that yields...
		Portland cement is a powder that hydrates (combines chemically with water), to form a paste that binds sand, gravel, and stone into a rocklike mass called...
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-76649?tocId=76649 (977 words)

	Chapter 2: Introduction: Carbonic Anhydrase in Marine Algae and the Sea-surface Microlayer
		The hypothesis was also investigated by Williams (1983), who compared the rate of the CO hydration reaction in distilled water, with that in natural lake-water samples and one seawater sample, measuring the reaction rate using the stopped-flow pH indicator technique (see also section 2.6.1).
		It was the study of CO transport in the blood and across the surface of the human lungs which led to the discovery of carbonic anhydrase.
		Maren et al (1976) showed that CO hydration /dehydration by human CA types "A" and "B" (or "I") was strongly inhibited by chloride ions in the blood (see also section 2.7.3), and these must therefore have some other function than that of a carbonic anhydrase.
	www.chooseclimate.org /benphd/chap2.html (9197 words)

	[No title]
		The effect of the slow homogeneous chemical reaction Of CO2 hydration is incorporated into the model by including an extra source term in the transport equation for carbonic acid.
		The electrochemical reactions considered are iron dissolution and the reduction of H2CO3, H+ and H 2O.
		Generation of H 2CO3 by CO2 hydration enhances the H2CO 3 mass transport and reduces the H2CO3 mass transfer entrance length.
	library.usask.ca /theses/available/etd-10212004-002022 (377 words)

	C2131 Nucleophilic Addition Reactions
		In this reaction, the first step is the protonation of the carbonyl oxygen to give the oxonium ion.
		a very similar reaction to the hydration reaction is hemi-acetal formation, which involves addition of one mole of alcohol to a carbonyl.
		An example of this is the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme acetoacetic acid decarboxylase.
	www.mta.ca /~acockshu/c2131nucleoadd.html (1253 words)

	Cooling Concrete - My Industry - Applications & Equipment > Construction \| Linde Gas LLC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Concrete cures by a process known as hydration, where the cement in the concrete mix reacts with water to form a strong bond.
		Heat is a by-product of the hydration reaction, and the temperatures of curing concrete often reach 200F.
		High curing temperatures can have a detrimental affect on the strength of concrete because the expansion of concrete during the curing process is greater with an increasing temperature.
	www.us.lindegas.com /international/web/lg/us/likelgus.nsf/docbyalias/ind_conc (298 words)

	[No title]
		of the hydration reaction was measured at pH 5.7 and 25
		Many enzyme reactions are inhibited by the products of their reactions.
		for the reaction An I = 6 mM was used in inhibited reactions.
	dwb.unl.edu /Teacher/NSF/C10/C10Links/www.fordham.edu/Biochem_3521/lect10/energyKineticsProb.html (337 words)

	Articles - Alcohol (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Alkenes engage in a acid catalysed hydration reaction using concentrated sulfuric acid as a catalyst which gives usually secondary or tertiary alcohols.
		In the Barton-McCombie deoxygenation an alcohol is deoxygenated to an alkane with tributyltin hydride or a trimethylborane-water complex in a radical substitution reaction.
		Other types of ester are prepared similarly- for example tosyl (tosylate) esters are made by reaction of the alcohol with p-toluenesulfonyl chloride in pyridine.
	www.ranau.net /articles/Alcohol (2664 words)

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