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Topic: Hydraulis

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	Water organ - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The water organ or hydraulic organ (early types are sometimes called hydraulis or hydraulos or hydraulus or hydraula) is a type of automatic pipe organ blown by air aspirated by water from a natural source (e.g.
		A hydraulis is an early type of pipe organ that operated by converting the dynamic energy of water (hýdōr in Greek) into air pressure to drive the pipes.
		Hence its name hydraulis, literally "water (driven) pipe (instrument)." It is attributed to the Hellenistic scientist Ctesibius of Alexandria, an engineer of the 3rd century BC.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hydraulis (1338 words)

	European cultural Centre of Delphi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The hydraulis was a simple but ingenious structure which demonstrates the high level of technological thought which had been developed in antiquity, and in the Hellenistic period in particular.
		Although the hydraulis has always stimulated the interest of students of ancient Greek music, it is characteristic that very few systematic attempts to describe its construction and operation, in detail, have been undertaken to date.
		Ancient references to the hydraulis and the many depictions of it on coins, vases and stone pillars which have come down to us reveal that the instrument was constructed in numerous types which varied in size and number of pipes.
	www.culture.gr /2/23/232/e232012.html (840 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The hydraulis is the first keyboard musical instrument in the history and the ancestor of the later church organ.
		The Hydraulis was a simple but ingenious structure, which demonstrates the high level of technological thought, developed in the ancient Greek world.
		In order to reconstruct the hydraulis, all the ancient sources mentioning the instrument were studied in detail, research was conducted into the ancient Greek musical scales, and the use and manufacture of various materials in antiquity (metal, wood, leather, welding, rivets, screw, etc) were investigated.
	www.culture.gr /2/23/232/epked/en/00_standard_menu/00a_ydraulis/00a.htm (673 words)

	Ctesibius or Ktesibios of Alexandria
		The hydraulis was the first keyboard musical instrument and the ancestor of the modern church organ.
		The wide mouth of a funnel-like extension from the wind chest was set in the top of the water; as air pressure in the wind chest fell, water rose in the funnel and compressed the air, thus keeping the air pressure constant.
		In 1992 Greek archaeologists recovered a fragmentary hydraulis with 19 bronze tubes dating from the 1st Century B.C. at the Greek city of Dion, at the foot of Mt. Olympus.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/Ctesibius1.htm (1584 words)

	Origin of the Pipe Organ
		Descriptions of the hydraulis and its action were sometimes given in detail, and historians have been able to build copies of the instrument with some reliability.
		The hydraulis, as indicated above, was very much a part of the musical life of ancient Rome, even though the precise nature of its use and its music is unknown.
		It appears to have been a hydraulis, not a bellows organ, even though the bellows organ is described in earlier sources.
	www.concertartist.info /organhistory/history/hist001.htm (1858 words)

	Tracker action - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This is in contrast to electrical or electro-pneumatic actions, which connect the key to the valve via an electrical link or an electrically-assisted pneumatic system respectively.
		Organs trace their history as far back as at least the 3rd Century B.C. with an organ like device known as the Hydraulis (also known as a water organ, and Roman orgàn).
		While the control of air pressure was controlled by water pressure (hence the name), the action was a rudimental form of modern action.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tracker_action (777 words)

	Greek and Roman Pipe Organs
		It could never cease for a moment; the blower could not, as now, fill his bellows and rest for a little while till the "tell-tale" lets him know that he must resume his labours.
		pictures of hydrauli the players seem to be spending half their energies in urging the weary blowers, whose backs are bent double, to fresh exertions.
		The instrument excited the keenest interest and admiration amongst the ancients on account of its ingenuity; while the bubbling of the hidden water (caused by over-blowing) is frequently alluded to, and was probably a great mystery to the uninitiated.
	users.ipa.net /~tanker/organs.htm (1287 words)

	hydraulis information,hydraulics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		hydraulis is a branch of science and engineering concerned with the use of liquids to perform mechanical tasks.
		The word "hydraulis" comes from the Greek wordὑδϱαυλικός (hydraulikos) which in turn comes fromὕδϱαυλος meaning water organ which in turn comes from ὕδωϱ (water) and αὐλός (pipe).
		One of the founders of modern hydraulis was BenedettoCastelli, a student of Galileo Galilei.
	www.vsearchmedia.com /hydraulis.html (256 words)

	reconstructed hydraulis (organ) -- what scale? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		To Whom -- In 1992 Greek archaeologists recovered a fragmentary hydraulis dating from the 1st Century B.C. at the Greek city of Dion, at the foot of Mt.
		In order to reconstruct the hydraulis, all the ancient sources mentioning the instrument were studied in detail.
		Research was conducted into the ancient Greek musical scales along with the use and manufacture of various materials in antiquity: http://www.culture.gr/2/23/232/epked/en/00_standard_menu/00a_ydraulis/00a.htm You may see and hear the hydraulis itself at: http://www.archaeologychannel.org/hydraulisint.html The keyboard seems to have 12 keys (how interesting).
	www.talkaboutthemusic.com /group/rec.music.theory/messages/65841.html (225 words)

	[No title]
		The hydraulis was a simple but ingenious structure which demonstrates the high level of technological thought which had been developed in antiquity.
		The Roman Hydraulis was constructed with ten bronze pipes, but the instrument had no military applications.
		The hydraulis spread very rapidly through the Hellenistic and later the Roman world, where it provided musical accompaniment for games in the forum and was the favorite instrument of Emperors such as Nero.
	www.aug.edu /~cshotwel/2001.Rome.htm (3020 words)

	Ancient Roman Worship Music
		Hydraulis: (250 - 300 CE) from Colonia Aquincum [Budapest]
		Mosaic with hydraulis- and cornu-players: Hadrian's reign [138-177 CE], Trier, Villa of Nennig
		Hydraulis: Sketch of the Colonia Aquincum Organ (250 - 300 CE)
	courseweb.stthomas.edu /jmjoncas/LiturgicalStudiesInternetLinks/RomanNonChristianWorship/RomanWorshipMusic/RWorMusic.html (293 words)

	Ctesibius - Search Results - ninemsn Encarta
		270 bc), versatile inventor of a number of mechanical devices, such as the force pump for air and water; a water organ (hydraulis),...
		Throughout history, time has been measured by the movement of the Earth relative to the Sun and stars.
		The earliest organ, the hydraulis, was developed by the Greek inventor Ctesibius (flourished 3rd century bc).
	au.encarta.msn.com /Ctesibius.html (74 words)

	[Fwd:Greek organ makes British debut after 2,300 years]
		The water-powered hydraulis was invented by the Ancient Greeks; its sound was adored by the Roman Emperor Nero and described by the Emperor Claudius as "countless voices and deafening sound".
		Using the remnants, ancient images and a description in the 2nd century BC from Heron of Alexandria, the Greek mathematician, engineer and historian, a modern copy was built.
		The hydraulis was invented by Ctesibius, who lived in Alexandria during the 3rd century BC and who is regarded as the most important engineer of the ancient world after Archimedes.
	www.xent.com /pipermail/fork/2001-June/001252.html (676 words)

	The Secret of the PIPES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		He invented a mechanical flute-playing instrument with wind pressure regulated by means of water pressure, called a hydraulis.
		The hydraulis spread throughout the Mediterranean region and is recorded as having been played at banquets, games and circuses.
		The hydraulis, as indicated above, was very much a part of the musical life of ancient Rome.
	www.issues-mag.com /mar6/organs.phtml (1936 words)

	The Archaeology Channel - About the Ancient Hydraulis
		Invented by Ctesibius of Alexandria in the 3rd Century B.C., the hydraulis was the first keyboard musical instrument and the ancestor of the modern church organ.
		The video, The Ancient Hydraulis, generously made available by the European Cultural Centre of Delphi, appeared on TAC in March
		This video tells the story of the ancient hydraulis and its modern reconstruction and includes a performance of this remarkable instrument.
	www.archaeologychannel.org /hydraulisint.html (464 words)

	[No title]
		Even so it impressed contemporaries: Athenaeus describes a feast at which the hydraulis was discussed: "The sound of the hydraulis was heard close by.
		It is reasonable to assume that the hydraulis used Pythagorean intonation; remember that the pitch changes as more keys are depressed.
		But in fact number, fitting all things into the soul through sense-perception makes them recognizable and comparable with one another." This is a fine statement of the Pythagorean conception of the universe as This is a fine statement of the Pythagorean conception of the universe as an expression of pure theoretical math.
	www.microtonal.freeservers.com /post169.html (3831 words)

	Musurgia - Fine, Rare & Peculiar Musical Instruments
		One instrument of particular interest to Kircher was the Hydraulis of Alexandria.
		He is said to have played the Hydraulis (perhaps while Rome burned?).
		We do, however, have some of the first electric guitars ever produced, one of a kind Baroque flutes, 19th century brass instruments, 78 rpm records, rare books about music, Victorian era prints and photos of musicians, and a few rattles made from insect cocoons by the indigenous peoples of the Sierra Madras.
	www.musurgia.com /kircher.asp (371 words)

	Greek News - A Concert of Greek Ancient Music
		Among these musical instruments from Ancient Greece, was presented for the first time in the US, the hydraulis – the first keyboard instrument in the history of world music and the ancestor of the later church organ.
		The hydraulis was invented by the famous engineer Ctesibius in the 3rd century, BC.
		The hydraulis is a simple, yet ingenious structure, which demonstrates the high level of technological thought, developed in the ancient Greek world.
	www.greeknewsonline.com /modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=3949 (482 words)

	HISTORY
		The Hydraulis was invented by Ktesibios sometime in the second century B.C. Ktesibios, the son of a Greek barber, was fascinated by pneumatics and wrote an early treatise on the use of hydraulic systems for powering mechanical devices.
		His most famous invention, the Hydraulis, used water to regulate the air pressure inside an organ.
		One application of soggetto cavato would involve be to take the vowels in Hercules as follows: e=re=D; u=ut=C (in the solfege system of do, re, mi, fa, etc., ut was the original do syllable); e=re=D. This pattern of vowel-mapping could continue for first and last names, as well as towns and cities.
	music.dartmouth.edu /~wowem/electronmedia/music/eamhistory.html (4763 words)

	rogueclassicism
		Plenty of stuff on the hydraulis on the web, but most interesting are a handful of pages at the Hellenic Ministry of Culture called The Ancient Hydraulis.
		A couple of years ago, the thing was to be played in public, and covered by the Times, and fortunately someone quoted the entire article to a listserv.
		Even better, though, the Archaeology Channel still has its page on the Ancient Hydraulis up, which includes a video (I couldn't get the Windows Media version to play; the RealPlayer version was fine, if a bit choppy) of the performance, and an audio interview with Dr. Richard Pettigrew on the thing.
	www.atrium-media.com /rogueclassicism/2003/09/08.html (852 words)

	Why The Organ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The invention of the organ (Hydraulis) dates back to early Greek antiquity and the time of Christ.
		As early as the 3rd century after Christ the water pressure of the hydraulis was replaced by pneumatic pressure provided by bellows.
		In the 7th and 8th centuries the construction of organs flourished at Constantinople, and several Byzantine emperors sent elaborate organs to the court of the Frankish kings (Pippin, Charlemagne) where they were highly admired and deemed the most appropriate instrument for singing.
	www.christsiouxfalls.org /article/choir/why_the_organ.htm (578 words)

	Pepys' Diary: Organ
		The 2nd organ on the top row of pictures was built a century after Pspys’ time, but change was not quite so rapid in those days.
		The Hydraulis, or "water organ," used air to sound the pipes, but steadied the wind from a pair of pumps shaped like large bicycle tire pumps, by means of an inverted funnel contained in a water tank.
		Air pressure in excess of that which sounded the pipes forced water out of the funnel, and then water pressure kept air flowing into the pipes when the pump was on its intake stroke.
	www.pepysdiary.com /p/1586.php (315 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Thusly, this paper is not meant to be inclusive, but an overview of important and interesting facts surrounding the development of electronic music.
		In the 2nd century BC Ktesibios invented the Hydraulis.
		Ktesibios was fascinated by pneumatics (The study of the mechanical properties of air and gases.) and wrote a dissertation on hydraulic systems and how they could be used for powering mechanical devices.
	www.cs.xu.edu /~pickard/Presentation/History_of_Electronic_Music.doc (977 words)

	Hydraulis: See what people are saying right now on Technorati (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Hydraulis: See what people are saying right now on Technorati
		This morning i gave my 1-day version of my lecture on "The History of the Piano", from the Pythagorean Monochord to the Yamaha Disklavier Pro 2000...
		hydraulis per day for the last 30 days.
	technorati.com /tag/hydraulis (182 words)

	Antikythera Mechanism (Woohoot! ! !) - Topic Powered by eve community (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		An hydraulic chamber controlled the wind that was constantly moving through the access pipe to the keys and thereby opening up a pipe/flute to air and sound.
		The Hydraulis of Dion was excavated in Dion in the last century.
		Some of the knowledge of hydraulics and controlled hydraulic chambers contributed to his invention of the hydraulis.
	nawcc-mb.infopop.cc /groupee/forums/a/tpc/f/3156077461/m/6531003641 (1872 words)

	Princeton University Department of Music - Internet Radio Series (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Hydraulis attempts to methodically create and subsequently deconstruct a thick, multilayered texture composed entirely of sounds relating in some way to the ancient Greek Hydraulis, or water-organ.
		At the center of the work is a processed quotation of the motet In Hydraulis by Antoine Busnois (d.
		The piece was composed entirely using and early version of James McCartney’s SuperCollider sound synthesis language on an Apple Macintosh computer and recently received the Degré Résidence at the 27e Concours International De Musique Et Díart Sonore Electroacoustiques Bourges 2000.
	www.music.princeton.edu /~mlrobert/radio/show6/show6.notes/leider.notes.html (256 words)

	The Water Organ and Other Related Sound-Producing Automata
		There are a number of early instruments that have been variously called water organ, hydraulic organ and hydraulis.
		The nomenclature is not always used consistently, though the term hydraulis nearly always refers to a pneumatic, bellows-powered instrument in which the wind pressure is stabilized by the use of a water chamber or pnigeus.
		The term hydraulic organ normally refers to an automatic instrument, and the term water organ has been used in various sources to describe both automatic and non-automatic instruments.
	cfaonline.asu.edu /haefer/classes/564/564.papers/curtisjwaterorgan.html (6257 words)

	[No title]
		The origins of an organ such as ours can be traced back to the hydraulis, a third century BC invention engineered to solve the problem of how a person could play more than one wind instrument at a time.
		Although widely used in Greece and Rome, the hydraulis was not so popular for early Christian worship due to its association with the deaths of Christians in the coliseum.
		During the 8th and 9th century the Christian Church began using the organ during worship.
	www.firstparishnorwell.org /organtalk.doc (1332 words)

	index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In connection with the first two problems, the text of Hero was used as a particular starting-point and regarding the pipes the archaeological find was of great importance.The reconstruction project was completed in July 1999 in George Paraschos workshop, who was the hydraulis constructor.
		and the presentation in Japan is the first public appearance of the hydraulis in modern times.
		The Hydraulis - intermediate model manufactured from George Paraschos
	www.paraschos.gr /pwsite/hydraulisreconstruction.htm (299 words)

	Streetsville United Church Phoenix Organ Installation Diary
		Since then components (keyboards, speaker cones, amplifiers) and parts such as the drawstop tabs have been ordered, the pedal board has been completed and the main console panels cut out and assembled.
		In 1992 Greek archaeologists recovered a fragmentary hydraulis dating from the 1st Century B.C. at the Greek city of Dion, at the foot of Mt. Olympus.
		Follow the links below to learn more and to view and hear the Hydraulis recently reconstructed at Delphi.
	www.streetsvilleunited.ca /2003_02_01_sucorgan_archive.html (328 words)

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