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Topic: Hydrocyanic acid

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	Acid - LoveToKnow 1911
		Other acids became known during the alchemistic period; and the first attempt at a generalized conception of these substances was made by Paracelsus, who supposed them to contain a principle which conferred the properties of sourness and solubility.
		A polybasic acid contains more than one atom of hydrogen which is replaceable by metals; moreover, in such an acid the replacement may be entire with the formation of normal salts, partial with the formation of acid salts, or by two or more different metals with the formation of compound salts (see Salts).
		An important oxidation synthesis of aromatic acids is from hydrocarbons with aliphatic side chains; thus toluene, or methylbenzene, yields benzoic acid, the xylenes, or dimethyl-benzene, yield methyl-benzoic acids and phthalic acids.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Acid (1562 words)

	Prussic Acid - LoveToKnow 1911
		The free acid is a colourless liquid with a smell resembling bitter almonds; it boils at 26.1° C., and may be solidified, in which condition it melts at -14° C. It burns with a blue flame,.
		It is a tetrabasic acid, of markedly acid character, and readily decomposes carbonates and acetates.
		Hydrocyanic acid is a protoplasmic poison, directly lethal to all living tissues, whether in a plant or an animal.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Prussic_Acid (3634 words)

	Agrochemical agents and their use - Patent 4251255
		Thus, polymeric hydrocyanic acid is obtained, for example, by heating monomeric hydrocyanic acid to the reaction temperature in dilute aqueous solution in the presence of a basic catalyst, such as ammonia, sodium cyanide, sodium cyanate, potassium cyanate or an alkaline earth, and, after the reaction has started, taking care that a reaction temperature of 120.degree.
		By acid addition salts of azulmic acid which are stabilised by condensation with carbonyl compounds there are to be understood those salts which are formed by addition of a proton of an inorganic or organic acid onto an amino group or another suitable group in a stabilised azulmic acid.
		Hydrocyanic acid polymers which are almost free from structural defects, so-called azulmic acids, are used as starting materials in the preparation of the modified azulmic acids, optionally containing additives, by process (A), variants (a) to (g).
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4251255.html (14172 words)

	Chapter 11.68 TRANSPORT OF HYDROCYANIC ACID
		No vehicle, while being used for the hauling, carrying or transporting of liquid hydrocyanic acid shall be operated upon any such highway or way unless such vehicle is in charge of some adult person who shall be accompanied by at least one other person of the age of 16 years or more.
		Each trailer, while being used for hauling, carrying or transporting any liquid hydrocyanic acid, shall be coupled to the vehicle to which it is attached by means of a substantial bracket attached to such trailer, at least two points, in such a manner as to effectually prevent the swaying or side whipping of such trailer.
		No hydrocyanic acid gas nor liquid hydrocyanic acid, nor any vehicle or trailer containing the same, shall be allowed to stand within a distance of 15 feet of the traveled portion of any public highway or way.
	ordlink.com /cgi-bin/hilite.pl/codes/lacounty/_DATA/TITLE11/Chapter_11_68_TRANSPORT_OF_HYD.html (248 words)

	Prussic Acid (Zyklon) for Disinfestation
		Prussic acid may not be brought into contact with an open flame, glowing wires, etc., because then it burns up slowly and loses all its effectiveness (carbonic acid, water, and nitrogen are formed).
		ZYKLON is the absorption of a mixture of prussic acid and an irritant by a carrier.
		The toxicity of the prussic acid remains unchanged by the addition of the irritant; the danger connected with it is however considerably decreased.
	www.codoh.com /incon/inconzyklon.html (2097 words)

	hydrogen cyanide - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		Its water solution is a weak acid (see acids and bases) commonly known as hydrocyanic acid or prussic acid.
		It may also be prepared by reacting a cyanide salt, e.g., calcium cyanide, with a strong acid, e.g., sulfuric acid, or by thermal decomposition of formamide.
		The principal use of hydrogen cyanide is in the manufacture of organic chemicals, e.g., acrylonitrile, methyl methacrylate, and adiponitrile, that are used in producing synthetic fibers and plastics.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/h1/hydrogn-cy.asp (330 words)

	Hydrocyanic Acid Solution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		It is incompatible or reactive with amines, oxidizers, acids, sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, water, caustics, and ammonia.
		Synonyms for hydrogen cyanide are formonitrile, hydrocyanic acid, prussic acid, aero liquid HCN, and zaclondiscoids.
		In 1998, 48,559,655 pounds of hydrocyanic acid waste were managed; 110,701 pounds were recycled on-site; 0 pounds were recycled off-site; 24,442,117 pounds were used for energy recovery on-site; 0 pounds were used for energy recovery off-site; 21,235,064 pounds were treated on-site; 465 pounds were treated off-site; and 2,771,308 pounds were released on-and off-site.
	www.nsc.org /ehc/chemical/hydrocy0.htm (1232 words)

	General Description Of War Gases \| Chapter 4 \| Medical Front WWI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The vapour of hydrocyanic acid is somewhat lighter than air and diffuses rapidly when released.
		Attention may be drawn to a danger in the use of hydrocyanic acid gas when it is employed for the destruction of vermin, such as rats in ships, or in the disinfection of rooms.
		High concentrations of the gas produce unconsciousness with the same dramatic suddenness as with hydrocyanic acid, due in both cases to paralysis of the respiratory centre in the brain.
	www.vlib.us /medical/HMSO/chapter4.htm (1109 words)

	Prussic Acid Poisoning
		Prussic acid, cyanide, or hydrocyanic acid are all terms relating to the same toxic substance.
		Once plants containing prussic acid have been consumed, the toxin rapidly enters the blood stream and is transported throughout the body of the animal.
		Prussic acid content appears to be higher in plants grown in soils high in nitrogen and low in phosphorus.
	www.ag.ndsu.edu /pubs/ansci/livestoc/v1150w.htm (1447 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Hydrocyanic Acid Solution Chemical Backgrounder Description: Cyanides are a group of compounds based on a common structure formed when elemental nitrogen and carbon are combined.
		In 1998, 48,559,655 pounds of hydrocyanic acid waste were managed; 110,701 pounds were recycled on-site; 0 pounds were recycled off-site; 24,442,117 pounds were used for energy recovery on-site; 0 pounds were used for energy recovery off-site; 21,235,064 pounds were treated on-site; 465 pounds were treated off- site; and 2,771,308 pounds were released on-and off-site.
		The 10 states in which the largest amounts of hydrocyanic acid were released In 1998 were: TX (1,606,247 pounds); NV (362,725 pounds); CA (174,192 pounds); MT (134,000 pounds); TN (121,728 pounds); SC (61,905 pounds); OH (59,249 pounds); AL (46,116 pounds); LA (42,728 pounds); and SD (38,079 pounds).
	www.e11th-hour.org /resources/backgrounders/chemical.ind/hydrocy0.txt (1233 words)

	Chapter 17. Fixing Solutions
		This acid is obtained from the cyanides or the ferrocyanides by the superior affinity of the mineral acids for their bases in a manner similar to that by which the other hydracids are obtained.
		Sulphocyanide of ammonium may be formed by distilling the vapor of hydrocyanic acid into a solution of sulphide of ammonium and evaporating the solution at a very gentle heat; or still better by neutralizing hydrosulphocyanic acid by means of potassa.
		H. This acid is analogous with the hydracids; it is obtained as a colorless liquid by decomposing sulphocyanide of lead by means of dilute sulphuric acid; and sulphocyanide of lead results from the decomposition of sulphocyanide of potassium with acetate of lead.
	albumen.stanford.edu /library/monographs/sunbeam/chap17.html (1139 words)

	FS-427 - Causes and Prevention: Prussic Acid Poisoning of Livestock (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Thus, prussic acid content of sudangrass, sorghum, and sorghum-sudangrass hybrids is highest in the earlier stages of growth.
		The prussic acid content of sudangrass or sorghum-sudangrass hay decreases by as much as 75 percent while curing and rarely is hazardous when fed to livestock.
		Prussic acid is present in appreciable amounts only in the rapidly growing part of the plant, which is a very small portion of a sudangrass plant 18 to 20 inches or more in height and a sorghum-sudangrass plant 24 to 30 inches or more in height.
	www.agnr.umd.edu /MCE/Publications/Publication.cfm?ID=8 (2711 words)

	Weak acid K (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		When an uncharged weak acid is added to water, a heterogeneous equilibrium forms in which aqueous acid molecules, HA(aq), react with liquid water to form aqueous hydronium ions and aqueous anions, A
		For example, acetic acid is a weak acid, because when it is added to water, it reacts with the water in a reversible fashion to form hydronium and acetate ions.
		Assume that the initial concentration of weak acid is approximately equal to the equilibrium concentration.
	www.mpcfaculty.net /mark_bishop/weak_acid_equilibrium.htm (579 words)

	Occurrence
		In nature, hydrocyanic acid is not normally found in its free form.
		In many edible plants, the hydrocyanic acid is freed by an enzymatic process from its original form (cyanic lipids, cyanic glycosides).
		Hydrocyanic acid in its free form is found in tobacco smoke, exhaust fumes and interstellar space
	www.lonza.com /hcnderivatives/en/whatis/hcnderivatives.html (243 words)

	Excerpts from the U.S. Public Health Reports
		The hold may be dosed by a fumigator standing on deck, and the residue of diatomite, which is left after the hydrocyanic acid has evolved, may be left on the floor of the hold (3).
		This applies to straight liquid hydrocyanic acid 96 to 98 per cent pure and should equally apply to Zyklon-B. Experiments at this station on ships show that it is not safe to rely in practice upon less than the standard dose of 60 grams per 1,000 cubic feet.
		It is thus seen that Zyklon-B and liquid hydrocyanic acid with 5 per cent chloropicrin probably have equal lethal effect and are effective in killing roaches in the proportion of 60 gm.
	www.codoh.com /incon/inconusphr.html (2252 words)

	Incompatible Chemical Combinations
		Chromic acid, nitric acid, hydroxyl-containing compounds, ethylene glycol, perchloric acid, peroxides and permanganates.
		Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, chromic acid, sodium peroxide, fuming nitric acid.
		Acetylene, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, fulminic acid, ammonium compouunds.
	www.ehs.cornell.edu /Geneva/chp/13.incomp.chem.htm (391 words)

	Prussic Acid Poisoning
		Johnsongrass, shattercane and sorghum almum could contain dangerous levels of prussic acid, and may be hazardous in pure stands or as contaminants in sudangrass or sorghum-sudan cross pastures.
		The prussic acid content of sorghum hay decreases as much as 75 percent while curing and is rarely hazardous when fed to livestock.
		Poisoning caused by prussic acid is somewhat similar to nitrate poisoning.
	www.agry.purdue.edu /ext/forages/publications/ay196.htm (1261 words)

	Naming Inorganic Acids
		The naming of inorganic acids does not follow the rules of the ionic compounds or covalent compounds.
		The names of the inorganic acids are closely related to the names of the anions in the acid.
		The distinction in naming the anhydrides and the acids is not critical for oxoacids, because all their anhydrides are different molecules.
	www.chemistry.wustl.edu /~courses/genchem/Tutorials/Naming/Acids.htm (486 words)

	[No title]
		Hydrocyanic acid (hydrogen cyanide) is a liquid at temperatures below 26.5 oC, and its boiling point is so close to room temperature that evaporation of liquid HCN evolves to vapor.
		Hydrocyanic acid is miscible with alcohol and slightly soluble in ether.
		Synonyms for cyanide: carbon nitride ion (CN1-); cyanide anion; isocyanide Synonyms for hydrocyanic acid: hydrogen cyanide; anammonide; formonitrile; cyclon; prussic acid
	www.scorecard.org /chemical-profiles/html/cyanide_compounds.html (1174 words)

	Zyklon for Pest Control
		As long as 80 years ago it was recognized that hydrocyanic acid could be useful in pest control but it took half this time to popularize the method.
		First this had been done in such a way that hydrocyanic acid was no more developed on the spot by mixing cyanides and acid, but this process already took place in the factory: The so-called "pot method" was replaced by liquid hydrocyanic acid.
		Hydrocyanic acid in the form of ZYKLON can be safely stored for considerable periods and under all climatic conditions, any quantity of gas can be easily measured, quickly and cleanly released.
	www.giwersworld.org /holo/degesh1.html (724 words)

	Strength of Acids and Bases
		After studying this section, you will be familiar with the concept of the strength of acids and bases.
		Acids like HCl are said to be strongly ionized in water, and are known as strong acids, while acids like HCN (called hydrocyanic acid) are known as a weak acids, since they are only weakly ionized in water.
		For strong acids it is so high that the values are not normally measurable.
	www.physchem.co.za /Acids/Strength.htm (224 words)

	JHR Archive -- The German Delousing Chambers
		Instead of blowing the hydrocyanic acid vapors to atmosphere through the vent pipe at the end of a typical fumigation cycle, the same gas could have been blown through another pipe into the "shower room" located approximately in the middle of the same building about 60 feet away.
		One result of these measures and the favorable judgments about hydrocyanic acid chamber delousing is that there is a steady increase in demand for hydrocyanic acid installations so that in just the last year alone as many installations went into operation as in the first three years of the war put together.
		The increasingly widespread, harmless application of hydrocyanic acid, in itself highly toxic, in delousing chambers equipped with DEGESCH circulatory systems is a good indication of the dependability of this method, which is generally regarded as one of the most effective delousing methods.
	www.historiography-project.com /jhrchives/v07/v07p-73_Berg.html (7973 words)

	Poisonous Plant Research Products and Services
		When growth is stunted from lack of moisture or frost, plants quickly produce and accumulate hydrocyanic acid.
		About three grams of hydrocyanic acid (0.4 to 1.5 kg of stunted arrowgrass) may kill a 300-pound animal.
		The action of hydrocyanic acid is so rapid that it is usually too late to treat affected animals after the signs of poisoning are recognized.
	www.ars.usda.gov /Services/docs.htm?docid=9781 (424 words)

	LIVESTOCK AND PRUSSIC ACID POISONING
		The danger of prussic acid poisoning is greatest when livestock graze forage sorghum varieties and crosses, less when they graze sorghum-sudangrass crosses, and least when they graze sudangrasses.
		However, given the volatile nature of prussic acid, even if the lab analysis indicates a potential for prussic acid poisoning the actual forage may be safe to eat after the stems have become dried, cracked and have allowed the toxic gas to escape.
		Because sudangrass and sudangrass hybrids pose the lowest prussic acid poisoning potential, they should be planted for pasture use, instead of sorghum and sorghum sudangrass hybrids.
	beef.osu.edu /library/prussic.html (727 words)

	Burkmann Basics Online: Prussic Acid Poisoning
		Plants of the sorghum group and leaves of wild cherry trees have a potential for producing prussic acid poisoning in livestock.
		Prussic acid is actually hydrocyanic acid or a cyanid producing compound.
		Johnson grass, sudan grass, sorghum hybrids, wild cherry and flax all produce this cyanogenetic glucoside which is converted to prussic acid in the rumen.
	www.burkmann.com /prussicacid.html (330 words)

	current (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Prussic acid when ingested by cattle, is quickly absorbed into the blood stream, and blocks the animal's cells from utilizing oxygen.
		Lush young regrowth of sorghum plants are prone to accumulate prussic acid especially when the plants are stressed such as drought or freeze damage.
		As the plants die and the cell walls rupture, the hydrocyanic acid is released as a gas, and the amount is greatly reduced in the plants.
	www.ansi.okstate.edu /exten/cc-corner/prussicacidafterfrost.htm (288 words)

	Mandelic acid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mandelic acid was discovered while heating an extract of bitter almonds with diluted hydrochloric acid.
		Derivatives of mandelic acid are formed as a result of metabolism of adrenaline and noradrenaline by monoamine oxidase and catechol-o-methyl transferase.
		It may be prepared by the action of hydrochloric acid on the addition compound of benzaldehyde and hydrocyanic acid, by boiling phenylchloracetic acid with alkalis, by heating benzoyl formaldehyde with alkalis or by the action of dilute alkalis on ω-dibromacetophenone.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mandelic_acid (260 words)

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