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Topic: Hydroelectric dams

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	EPA - Clean Energy - Electricity from Hydropower
		A hydroelectric power plant converts this energy into electricity by forcing water, often held at a dam, through a hydraulic turbine that is connected to a generator.
		However, if a large amount of vegetation is growing along the riverbed when a dam is built, it can decay in the lake that is created, causing the buildup and release of methane, a potent greenhouse gas.
		Hydroelectric dams can cause erosion along the riverbed upstream and downstream, which can further disturb wildlife ecosystems and fish populations.
	www.epa.gov /cleanenergy/hydro.htm (719 words)

	Hydroelectricity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hydroelectricity, is a form of hydropower used to produce electricity.
		Hydroelectric plants are immune to price increases for fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas or coal, and do not require imported fuel.
		Hydroelectric plants generally have small to negligible emissions of carbon dioxide and methane due to reservoir emissions, and emit no sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, dust, or other pollutants associated with combustion.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hydroelectric (1514 words)

	Hydroelectric Power (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The larger hydro plants on dams in California (such as Shasta, Folsom, Oroville, etc.) are operated by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation and the state's Department of Water Resources.
		Hydroelectric power, a renewable resource, is generated when hydraulic turbines are turned by the force of moving water as it flows through a turbine.
		Dams raise the water level of a stream or river to an elevation needed to create water pressure or "head." Dams can be constructed of earth, concrete, steel or a combination of such materials.
	www.consumerenergycenter.org /renewable/basics/hydro.html (659 words)

	Hydroelectricity -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Most hydroelectric power is currently generated from water flowing downhill, but a few (Click link for more info and facts about tidal harnesses) tidal harnesses exist that draw power from the tide.
		Concerns have been raised by (Someone who works to protect the environment from destruction or pollution) environmentalists that large hydroelectric projects might be disruptive to surrounding aquatic (A system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment) ecosystems.
		The reservoirs of hydroelectric power plants may produce substantial amounts of (A colorless odorless gas used as a fuel) methane and (A heavy odorless colorless gas formed during respiration and by the decomposition of organic substances; absorbed from the air by plants in photosynthesis) carbon dioxide.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/h/hy/hydroelectricity.htm (1341 words)

	Hydroelectric Power (Dams)
		A dam is a man-made structure built across a river.
		Hydroelectric power is produced as water passes through a dam, and into a river below.
		The highest dam in the world is Nurek Dam on the Vakhsh River in Tadzikistan, a country in central Asia.
	mbgnet.mobot.org /fresh/rivers/dams.htm (314 words)

	Mekong River Dam
		As the 1990s appear to be the decade for Thai economic growth and rising energy needs, the utility of hydroelectric dams as component of economic growth must be reconsidered in relation to the environment.
		Yet, hydroelectric dams can be very detrimental to the local environment and may indirectly harm the prospects for other types of exports by degrading the natural resource base in this the freshwater supply.
		Despite the almost universal problems associated with hydroelectric dams, especially in both developed and developed countries, there has yet to be any sort of international guidelines on their construction.
	www.american.edu /projects/mandala/TED/mekong.htm (3267 words)

	The Energy Planet :: Hydroelectric Power :: English
		Within the dam are 17 main turbines used to generate electricity for the nearby cities and two turbines used to generate electricity for the power plant.
		The second main downside of hydroelectric power plants is the fact that the dam, which is essential to the plant, destroys many habitats.
		However, there are things that can be done to minimize the impact of dams -- for example, we have learned that each year, we need to let different amounts of "flood water" out of the dams to mimic the patterns of floods and drought that are found in nature.
	library.thinkquest.org /C004471/tep/en/traditional_energy/hydroelectric_power.html (728 words)

	BC Hydro - Safety - Safety Around Hydroelectric Facilities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Dams, generating stations, and reservoirs are used for the generation of electricity.
		Hydroelectric generating facilities can be interesting places to visit; however, these areas may be dangerous to the unwary.
		In winter, avoid snowmobiling, cross-country skiing, skating, walking or ice fishing on rivers or reservoirs near dams and generating stations where the ice may be thin due to the current or where changing water levels have created gaps under the ice.
	www.bchydro.bc.ca /safety/hydro/hydro19534.html (332 words)

	Hydroelectricity - dKosopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Hoover Dam, located between Arizona and Nevada, is probably the world's most famous hydroelectic generator.
		Hydroelectric power is a form of renewable energy which generates little or no greenhouse gases or other forms of waste when it is operated.
		This is a major benefit of hydroelectric power compared to fossil fuels and nuclear power.
	www.dkosopedia.com /index.php?title=Hydroelectricity&printable=yes (280 words)

	Find Examples Of Hydroelectric Dams Hoover Dam
		Hydroelectric Dams Although hydroelectric power represents a relatively small portion of the world's energy resources, it is still an important commodity with great potential.
		Dams represent one of the strongest manifestations of the urge to dominate nature, regulate it, and turn it towards the uses of humanity.
		The dam breaching movement has been and continues to be a campaign of misinformation and manipulation.
	cleaning.4happyhomes.com /cleaning/examples-of--hydroelectric-dams-hoover-dam.html (501 words)

	Halfbakery: Hydroelectric Aqueduct
		Hydroelectric dams are large and require flooding a vast area of usually fertile land.
		Hydroelectric aqueducts can be installed wherever white water or a swift current are present.
		Dams are usually not kept half empty so do not really provide much protection against floods.
	www.halfbakery.com /idea/Hydroelectric_20Aqueduct (851 words)

	Public Service Board - Safety of Hydroelectric Dams
		The height of a dam and its storage shall both be established with respect to its maximum storage potential, measured from the natural bed of the water course to the maximum water storage elevation.
		The hazard potential classification of a dam pertains to potential loss of human life or property damage in the area downstream of the dam in the event of failure of the dam.
		A dam which is less than six feet tall or which has a maximum storage potential of less than fifteen acre- feet shall be classified in the 'Minimal' hazard class, unless reclassified pursuant to paragraph (D).
	www.state.vt.us /psb/rules/4500boun.htm (1697 words)

	10/7/2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		To any businessperson the proposed initiative to buy these hydroelectric dams at fair market value would seem to be a wash for both the current owners and the citizens of Montana.
		Neither would loose nor gain. If, as the law requires, an accurate estimate of the market value of the hydroelectric dams is the basis for the transfer of the dams from these out-of-state owners to the citizens of the state, then the current corporate owners would lose nothing.
		In addition, once the dams were purchased, the price of electricity from the dams would be fixed, tied to the cost of paying off the purchase price and operating the dams.
	www.umt.edu /econ/Power/kufm/2002/100702.htm (802 words)

	Hydroelectric Plant Retirement
		The Hydroelectric Plant Retirement Study (Study) is a study to determine the scope and estimate the cost to decommission (retire) the Company’s 11 hydroelectric dams on the Au Sable River (Foote, Cooke, Five Channels, Loud, Alcona, and Mio dams), Manistee River (Tippy and Hodenpyl dams) and Muskegon River (Croton, Hardy and Rogers dams).
		Decommissioning or retirement of the dams could mean complete or partial removal of the hydroelectric plants and their impoundments or simply discontinuing the operation of the hydroelectric plant’s generating equipment while maintaining the plant structures and their impoundments.
		The Hydroelectric Plant Retirement Study is a requirement of the licenses that were issued by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), on July 15, 1994, for the continued operation of the Company’s hydroelectric dams on the Au Sable, Manistee and Muskegon rivers.
	www.consumersenergy.com /ocompany/index.asp?asid=602 (812 words)

	The Environmental Literacy Council - Hydroelectric Power (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		At the beginning of this century, hydroelectric power from dams supplied approximately 30 percent of the generating capacity in the U.S. Although hydroelectric power is a relatively clean source of energy and a renewable source, it is currently used to supply only about ten percent of our energy supply, according to the Department of Energy.
		This is, according to their home page, "one of the best dam archives in the world." The Center does not have publications online; however, it provides an extensive list of links to information about dams and water-related topics.
		Within hours the leak became a flood, the dam was breached, and a wall of water flooded the farmland and towns downstream.
	www.enviroliteracy.org /article.php/59.html (1039 words)

	TVA: Hydroelectric Power
		In addition, four Alcoa dams on the Little Tennessee River and eight U.S. Army Corps of Engineers dams on the Cumberland River contribute to the TVA power system.
		Water is needed to run a hydroelectric generating unit.
		It’s held in a reservoir or lake behind the dam, and the force of the water being released from the reservoir through the dam spins the blades of a turbine.
	www.tva.gov /power/hydro.htm (248 words)

	Columbia River article
		Before massive dam building the 20th century, the river plunged over basalt cliffs and rapids in the Gorge, but today the engineered Columbia provides a nearly sea-level pathway through the mountain range to eastern regions of Oregon and Washington.
		Dams on the Columbia have contributed significantly to steep declines in historically strong anadromous fish runs.
		Since the 1950s, the combined consequences of dams, increased ocean fishing, deterioration of stream and river habitats, and changing river conditions have made the Columbia less and less habitable for anadromous fish.
	www.ccrh.org /river/history.htm (1914 words)

	LATIN AMERICA: Wave of Opposition Hits Hydroelectric Dams
		Brazil, one of the world's leaders in the number of hydroelectric dams (around 600), is far from conflict free when it comes to this matter.
		Until the 1970s, the construction of dams did not face major challenges, but now even the World Bank, one of the main funders of hydroenergy, recognises that the quality of life of most of the displaced population does not improve with relocation.
		The dams would be built beginning in 2008 on the Baker River, the heaviest flowing river in Chile, and Pascua River, flooding 10,000 hectares and destroying marshland and habitat of endangered species, says the coalition.
	www.ipsnews.net /news.asp?idnews=33150 (1234 words)

	Hydrolelectic water use in the United States in 1990 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Water used for hydroelectric power generation is classified as an instream use and refers to the water used in the generation of electricity at plants where the turbine generators are driven by falling water.
		Although the quantity of water evaporated in the actual generation of hydroelectric power (consumptive use) is very small, considerable depletion of the available water supply for hydroelectric power generation occurs as an indirect result of evaporation from reservoirs and repeated reuse of water within a pumped-storage power facility.
		It is possible for the hydroelectric power water use to exceed average annual runoff because some water is used several times as it passes through several hydroelectric dams on a river.
	water.usgs.gov /watuse/wuhy.html (483 words)

	Duane Morris - U.S. Supreme Court Upholds State Certification of Quality of Water Released from Hydroelectric Dams
		In what has been called the biggest case in hydropower law in a decade, the case pitted hydroelectric dam owners and operators against state environmental protection agencies in a battle over the meaning of the term "discharge" as used in the CWA.
		The U.S. Supreme Court held that because a dam raises the potential for a "discharge" within the plain meaning of the term, under Section 401 of the CWA a federal hydroelectric license requires state certification that water protection laws will not be violated.
		In sum, hydroelectric facilities will still be required to meet state water quality requirements and, consequently, there will not be a discernible change in hydroelectric regulation or operation in certain states with stringent water quality regulators.
	www.duanemorris.com /alerts/alert2190.html (515 words)

	Hydroelectric dams are no solution to climate change
		Given the widespread concern over climate change related to greenhouse gas emissions, dam promoters are now stressing that hydroelectricity is a clean source of energy, thus being the best candidate to substitute fossil fuel-based energy sources.
		When those ecosystems are flooded by the dams' reservoirs, the pattern of fluxes of CO and methane with the atmosphere is totally altered.
		In sum, large hydroelectric dams are not only no solution to climate change but, on the contrary, are part of the problem.
	www.wrm.org.uy /bulletin/42/climate.html (372 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Hydroelectric turbines are large metal wheels equipped with numerous metal blades.
		While the design of hydroelectric turbines allows them to efficiently generate electricity from moving water, their rapidly spinning blades, often spaced less than one foot apart, ensures that all or most fish forced past the turbine blades will be severely injured or killed.
		Think of a hydroelectric dam turbine as a 5-8 foot diameter industrial exhaust fan with numerous steel blades spinning at a high rate of speed.
	home.gwi.net /~fks/eeldiagram.html (211 words)

	Hydroelectric Energy!
		The largest hydroelectric dam in the world is Rogun in Tajikistan.
		Hydroelectric energy is one of many energy sources used in the world.
		Hydroelectric dams can harm many species that live on the area, the land around the dam can be destroyed, and the furious turbines will kill the fish.
	www.webmutations.com /energy/reports/present/rephydro.html (396 words)

	Dams on the rocks: the flawed economics of large hydroelectric dams
		Dams on the rocks: the flawed economics of large hydroelectric dams
		Where dams have been financed from the public purse, the economic losses incurred have been picked up by tax-payers — or, more frequently, borne by poorer people through cuts in public expenditure.
		Political opposition and the social problems associated with large dams (in particular, resettlement) only add to the difficulties dam developers face in putting together a project that is attractive to investors
	www.eldis.org /static/DOC8376.htm (410 words)

	Hydroelectric Power (Dams) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Hydroelectric power is produced as water passes through a dam, and into a river below.
		In the Northwest, sockeye salmon and trout populations have dropped from 16 million to 2.5 million since hydroelectric plants were built on the Columbia River.
		The highest dam in the world is Nurek Dam on the Vakhsh River in Tadzikistan, a country in central Asia.
	www.mbgnet.net /fresh/rivers/dams.htm (314 words)

	Hydroelectric dams stoke global warming
		FAR from being "green", many hydroelectric power schemes release more greenhouse gases into the atmosphere than large coal-fired power stations, because of the rotting vegetation they contain.
		So says the World Commission on Dams, a group of scientists, engineers and environmentalists supported by the World Bank, the world's biggest funder of large dams.
		They warn, however, that emissions from reservoirs seem erratic and unpredictable: one study of nine reservoirs in Brazil found that their emissions per unit of electricity vary by a factor of 500.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2000-05/NS-Hdsg-3005100.php (537 words)

	Dams in Canada
		In British Columbia, the Bennett Dam on the Peace River, and the multiple dams of the Columbia River project; in Manitoba, dams on the Churchill and Nelson Rivers; in Quebec, the Manicougan and James Bay projects, among others; in Labrador, the Churchill Falls project.
		In the 1950s, dams were widely seen as modern, efficient, clean, entirely beneficial sources of electricity.
		The recent history of dams in Canada also provides opportunities to examine the role of environmental regulation, and environmental expertise, in decisions concerning dams.
	www.idsnet.org /Resources/Dams/Canadian/DamsinCan.html (326 words)

	Water Power Presents: Hydroelectric Dams
		On the upper side of the dam, a water gate is opened to let water surge through a tunnel leading to turbines.
		The main reasons that hydroelectric dams are not popping up everywhere are that they are costly and require large bodies of water relatively close to civilization.
		According to the World Bank, "developing countries will need to raise an estimated $100 billion by the year 2000 for hydroelectric plants currently in the planning stage." Large bodies of water are needed for these kinds of dams because large scale dams can pay off construction costs quicker than smaller dams.
	waterpower.hypermart.net /hdams.html (459 words)

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