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Topic: Hydroelectric energy

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	Why Hydroelectricity is the Best Energy Source
		Hydroelectric energy is a renewable energy source which relies on the natural water cycle, which includes evaporation, precipitation, and the flow of water due to gravity.
		Hydroelectricity is created in hydroelectric power plants through the usage of dams, turbines, generators, and transmission lines.
		Another reason hydropower energy is beneficial is due to the fact it is convenient because it is able to react instantly to the instability of demand.
	www.personal.psu.edu /students/j/a/jab5021/hydroelectricity.htm (1046 words)

	Water use: Hydroelectric power
		Although most energy in the United States is produced by fossil-fuel and nuclear power plants, hydroelectricity is still important to the Nation, as about 10 percent of total power is produced by hydroelectric plants.
		Hydroelectric energy is produced by the force of falling water.
		The capacity to produce this energy is dependent on both the available flow and the height from which it falls.
	ga.water.usgs.gov /edu/wuhy.html (701 words)

	Energy development - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Energy sources are substances or processes with concentrations of energy at a high enough potential to be feasibly encouraged to convert to lower energy forms under human control for human benefit.
		Fossil fuels, in terms of energy, involve the burning of coal or hydrocarbon fuels, which are the remains of the decomposition of plants and animals.
		A method of energy storage may be chosen based on stability, ease of transport, ease of energy release, or ease of converting free energy from the natural form to the stable form.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Energy_development (4602 words)

	Energy Consumption
		Estimated energy reserves: In 1998 it was estimated that Brazil had 4.8 billion barrels of proven oil reserves (or 27.8 QBtu), 5.6 trillion cubic feet of natural gas reserves (or 5.80 QBtu), 3.1 billion short tons of coal reserves (or 8.25 QBtu), and a hydroelectric generation capacity of.926 QBtu ad infinitum.
		Hydroelectric energy accounts for 313,159 gigawatt hours, followed by 11 gigawatt hours of wind energy and.5 gigawatt hours of solar energy as of the year 1988.
		Hydroelectric and other renewables, such as geothermal energy, solar power, wind, and biofuel are important sources of energy for Central America, for they account for 29% of the regional energy consumption.
	www.facstaff.bucknell.edu /jbowen/phys148/EnergyCon.html (8385 words)

	EPA - Clean Energy - Electricity from Hydropower
		Hydropower is considered a renewable energy resource because it uses the Earth's water cycle to generate electricity.
		A hydroelectric power plant converts this energy into electricity by forcing water, often held at a dam, through a hydraulic turbine that is connected to a generator.
		Hydroelectric dams can cause erosion along the riverbed upstream and downstream, which can further disturb wildlife ecosystems and fish populations.
	www.epa.gov /cleanenergy/hydro.htm (719 words)

	Hydroelectric Power
		Final energy demand in Greece in 2000 totalled 18.9 Mtoe, of which 24% was used in industry, 39% for transportation and 37% by the residential and tertiary sector.
		The per capita final energy consumption has increased by 20% from 1990 to 2000 (1,45 and 1,74 toe/cap respectively), while the respective figure at EU-level is estimated at 9% (from 2.54 toe/cap in 1990 to 2.78 toe/cap in 2000).
		All three sectors have increased their energy use from 1990 to 2000, with residential and tertiary presenting the most significant increase by 44% in 2000 compared to 1990, followed by transportation with an increase of 24% and industry with 16%.
	www.argotrade.com /hydroelectric (2211 words)

	Dynamic Energy Transformations: Hydroelectric Power Plants
		‘Mechanical energy is the energy that is possessed by an object due to its motion or stored energy of position.’ This means that an object has mechanical energy if it’s in motion or has the potential to do work (the movement of matter from one location to another,) based on its position.
		The turning of this shaft is known as rotational kinetic energy because the energy of the moving water is used to rotate the generator shaft.
		This energy powers the generators, which are very important parts of the hydroelectric power plant; they convert the energy of water into electricity.
	www.angelfire.com /magic/sciencewiz (1022 words)

	Energy for Validation
		In the economic preprocessor, energy trade may be constrained by value of total trade and by other trade specifications; hence ENX and ENM may need to be reduced in the initialization of the model.
		Energy exports and imports (ENX and ENM), not specific to energy type, are re-calculated in initialization to be consistent with economic values.
		We used the same source for commercial energy consumption from 1970 to 1995 and traditional energy consumption from 1980 to 1995.
	www.du.edu /~bhughes/WebHelpIFs/datadesc/energy_for_validation.htm (1137 words)

	Renewable Energy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Tidal energy - Most countries which have investigated the potential exploitation of tidal energy have concentrated on the use of barrages that can be used to control the natural tidal flow, which is directed to drive turbines.
		Wave energy - Wave energy is generated by the movement of devices, either stationary or floating on the surface of the ocean and moved by waves, as opposed to a large volume of tidal water, which is used to drive motors.
		Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) - OTEC is a means of converting into useful energy the temperature difference between surface water of the oceans in tropical and sub-tropical areas, and water at a depth of approximately 1,000 meters which comes from the Polar Regions.
	www.energy2installco.com /id17.html (4437 words)

	Hawaii's Energy Supply (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Energy is generally used in three forms: electricity (such as from the electric utility company), transportation fuels (such as from gasoline stations), and fuel gases (such as from the gas utility company).
		A wide variety of energy sources are used in Hawaii for Electricity Generation and for use as Alternative Transportation Fuels.
		Energy for transportation -- gasoline for cars, diesel for large trucks and buses, jet fuel for airplanes, marine diesel and bunker fuel for ocean vessels -- is a significant share of the state's energy demand.
	www.wci.wcsd.k12.ca.us /itech/Alternate_energy/sites/two_cat.htm (1295 words)

	The electrolysis/fuel cell possibility has many good qualities
		The factor that limits the energy storage capability of a flywheel, is the tensile strength of the material and it's density.
		Flywheels are efficient energy storage devices due to the lack of touching parts and the vacuum in which the flywheel is spinning.
		One big advantage of hydroelectric energy storage is that extracting the power is current technology and has been used for the past 60 - 70 years.
	www.tsgc.utexas.edu /archive/design/sps_storage/full.html (5269 words)

	Hydroelectricity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Most hydroelectric power comes from the potential energy of dammed water driving a water turbine and generator, although less common variations use water's kinetic energy or dammed sources, such as tidal power.
		Hydroelectric plants are immune to price increases for fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas or coal, and do not require imported fuel.
		Some hydroelectric projects also utilize canals, typically to divert a river at a shallower gradient to increase the head of the scheme.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hydroelectric_energy (1751 words)

	Hydroelectric
		with the waterwheel and the technology of hydroelectricity was born.
		hydroelectric energy is produced by a small number of large dams.
		Hydraulic turbines are used to derive mechanical energy from the potential energy of water.
	www.electropowers.com /Hydroelectric.html (1945 words)

	Energy Smart Kids Good Energy Quiz
		Hydroelectric energy or hydropower is energy produced by the action of falling water turning a waterwheel, propeller or turbine.
		Almost all hydroelectric energy is used to produce electricity, although early pioneers built waterwheels to grind grain and operate other machinery.
		Wind energy is a clean renewable energy source produced by the daily cooling and heating patterns on the surface of the earth.
	www.mge.com /about/community/kids/good_energy.htm (391 words)

	Frequently Asked Questions - Duke Energy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Hydroelectric generation is a critical part of our flexible and reliable generation mix.
		Hydroelectricity is cheaper than electricity produced in coal-fired and nuclear power plants.
		This is because the fuel (i.e., water from rivers or lakes) is free.
	www.duke-energy.com /safety/education/generating/hydro/faq (601 words)

	ENERGY FACTS: HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER
		The energy in flowing water is ultimately derived from the sun, and is therefore constantly being renewed.
		Energy contained in sunlight evaporates water from the oceans and deposits it on land in the form of rain.
		Differences in land elevation result in rainfall runoff, and allow some of the original solar energy to be captured as hydro-electric power (Figure 1).
	www.ecology.com /archived-links/hydroelectric-energy (2068 words)

	The Energy Story - Chapter 12: Hydro Power
		Energy, you'll remember is the ability to do work.
		For hundreds of years, moving water was used to turn wooden wheels that were attached to grinding wheels to grind (or mill) flour or corn.
		Hydroelectric power uses the kinetic energy of moving water to make electricity.
	www.energyquest.ca.gov /story/chapter12.html (595 words)

	Energy Resources: Hydro-electric
		We have used running water as an energy source for thousands of years, mainly to grind corn.
		The first house in the world to be lit by hydroelectricity was Cragside House, in Northumberland, England, in 1878.
		Because of the great height of the water, it will arrive at the turbines at high pressure, which means that we can extract a great deal of energy from it.
	www.darvill.clara.net /altenerg/hydro.htm (507 words)

	Wiess Energy
		Rapid advancements have been made by the energy industry over the past decade, and the additions to Wiess Energy Hall not only reflect this fascinating new technology, but also utilize the latest in the technology of display.
		Hydroelectric turbines in massive dams take advantage of the power in water to provide clean electrical energy, supplying one-fifth of the world's electricity, second only to fossil fuels.
		Forests of wind turbines are springing up around the world to take advantage of this powerful energy source, and they represent one of the fastest-growing sectors of renewable energy.
	www.hmns.org /generic/wiess_photo_captions.asp (545 words)

	TVA: Hydroelectric Power (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Water is needed to run a hydroelectric generating unit.
		It’s held in a reservoir or lake behind the dam, and the force of the water being released from the reservoir through the dam spins the blades of a turbine.
		During periods of low demand for electricity, such as nights and weekends, energy is stored by reversing the turbines and pumping water from the lower to the upper reservoir.
	www.tva.gov /power/hydro.htm (234 words)

	Texas Renewable Energy Resources
		In the mid-1990's, the State Energy Conservation Office (SECO), contracted for a study to evaluate Texas's renewable energy resource base, including solar, wind, biomass, water, geothermal and building climatology.
		Historically, U.S. hydroelectric generation expanded until about 1975, but its share of the national electrical energy mix steadily declined from a peak of about 40% in the 1930's to approximately 10% today.
		Hydroelectric, ocean, and saline water resource areas are identified.
	www.infinitepower.org /reswater.htm (830 words)

	Water as an Energy Source: Wave, Tide and Hydroelectric Energy
		Water energy resources include hydroelectric power from lakes and rivers, ocean energy in its various forms, and energy technologies that take advantage of saline water.
		Typically, water dammed in a lake or reservoir is released through turbines and generators to produce electricity, Hydropower has been a staple of electricity since the beginnings of the electric age.
		The ability of the pond to store solar thermal energy is unique and overcomes the resource variability that is a drawback of traditional solar development.
	www.gdrc.org /uem/energy/water-energy.html (424 words)

	EERE: A Guide to Tribal Energy Development: Hydroelectric Power (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Smaller hydroelectric power plants may use a low dam or weir to raise the water level a little; others just use a small canal or penstock to channel the river water through a turbine.
		Although output varies from year to year depending on the amount of precipitation received in upstream watersheds, hydropower is currently the largest source of electricity from renewable resources, generating roughly 10% of the electricity used in the United States.
		Some run-of-river hydropower projects, such as this one in Kankakee, Illinois, use a small dam to raise the head so that the energy in the flowing water can more easily be captured.
	www.eere.energy.gov /tribalenergy/guide/hydroelectric_power.html (235 words)

	3 Energy Sources other than Petroleum
		This provides no new energy, but allows one to store energy when it is produced, and then use that energy at a later time.
		Wind energy is growing fast (perhaps 30% per year), but is still at low levels (less than 0.1% of world energy production).
		Photovoltaic energy is growing fast (perhaps 30% per year), but is still at low levels (less than 0.01% of world energy production).
	www.ccs.neu.edu /home/gene/peakoil/node3.html (2614 words)

	FPL Energy - Clean Energy from Renewable Resources: Wind, Solar & Hydroelectric
		FPL Energy* is a leading clean energy provider with natural gas, wind, solar, hydroelectric and nuclear power plants in operation in 24 states.
		In addition we are the leading producer of wind power in the world and we operate the two largest solar fields in the world.
		For convenience and simplicity, FPL Energy, FPL Group, FPL and FPL Group Capital, as well as terms like Corporation, Company, our, we and its, are sometimes used as abbreviated references to specific subsidiaries, affiliates or groups of subsidiaries or affiliates.
	www.fplenergy.com (165 words)

	LCRA: Energy: Hydroelectric Dams
		However, hydroelectric generation now is primarily a byproduct of other river operations activities.
		In the 1930s, hydroelectric power generated by LCRA's first dam, Buchanan Dam, brought electricity to the Texas Hill Country.
		LCRA is in the midst of a multi-year rehabilitation program to increase the useful life, generating capacity and production efficiency of the dams.
	www.lcra.org /energy/hydroelectric.html (260 words)

	Sustainable Energy - Hydroelectric Energy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Most hydroelectricity projects require the building of large dams on rivers, which can be very expensive.
		When large dams are built the flow of the dammed river is changed radically and large areas of land are flooded, including wildlife habitats and farming land.
		There is a pumped storage hydroelectric power station at Wivenhoe Dam, west of Brisbane.
	www.sustainableenergy.qld.edu.au /sources/hydro.html (250 words)

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