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Topic: Hydrogen atom

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Magnetic quantum number

Quantum states

Schrodinger wave equation

Azimuthal quantum number

Quantum mechanics

Atom

Bohr model

Lamb shift

Hydrogen

Quantum entanglement

Wave model

Electron configuration

Nuclear magnetic resonance

Spectral line

Meromorphic function

	Hydrogen atom - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A hydrogen atom is an atom of the element hydrogen.
		The hydrogen atom has special significance in quantum mechanics as a simple physical system for which the solution to the Schrödinger equation is analythical, from which the positions of energy levels (thus, the frequencies of the hydrogen spectral lines) can be calculated.
		The solution of the Schrödinger equation for the hydrogen atom uses the fact that the Coulomb potential produced by the nucleus is isotropic (it only depends on the distance to the nucleus).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hydrogen_atom (1350 words)

	Hydrogen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hydrogen (Latin: hydrogenium, from Greek: hydro: water, genes: forming) is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol H and atomic number 1.
		Hydrogen is the lightest chemical element; its most common isotope comprises just one negatively charged electron, distributed around a positively charged proton (the nucleus of the hydrogen atom - all other atoms have more complex nuclei involving either more protons or neutrons, or, most commonly, both).
		Deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen (hydrogen-2), is used in nuclear fission applications as a moderator to slow neutrons, and in nuclear fusion reactions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hydrogen (2926 words)

	MSN Encarta - Hydrogen
		Hydrogen is the first element in the periodic table of the elements and is represented by the symbol H (see Periodic Law).
		Most scientists believe that hydrogen atoms were the first atoms to form in the early universe and that the atoms of the other elements formed later from the hydrogen atoms.
		Hydrogen is usually listed in the periodic table in the first column, with the elements called alkali metals (the elements lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium).
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761552913/Hydrogen.html (2358 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Atom
		From the composition by volume of water its molecule is taken as composed of two atoms of hydrogen and one of oxygen, on the assumption that in a given volume of any gas there is the same number of molecules.
		It follows that the ratio of one atom of hydrogen to one atom of oxygen is 1:16.
		That of hydrogen is 1.008 -- that of uranium 238.5.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/02051c.htm (2544 words)

	Hydrogen bonds in water
		Hydrogen bonding occurs when an atom of hydrogen is attracted by rather strong forces to two atoms instead of only one, so that it may be considered to be acting as a bond between them [99].
		An interesting way of describing the cooperative/anticooperative nature of the water dimer hydrogen bond is to use the nomenclature d'a'DAd''a'' where DA represents the donor-acceptor nature of the hydrogen bond, the d'a' represents the remaining donor-acceptor status of the donating water molecule and d''a'' represents the remaining donor-acceptor status of the accepting water molecule [852].
		Hydrogen bond lifetimes are 1 - 20 ps [255] whereas broken bond lifetimes are about 0.1 ps with the proportion of 'dangling' hydrogen bonds persisting for longer than a picosecond being insignificant [849].
	www.lsbu.ac.uk /water/hbond.html (3800 words)

	Hydrogen
		Hydrogen molecules do not seem to have been observed in the interstellar medium, but hydrogen atoms are generally taken as indicating the existence of a wide variety of other molecules.
		The hydrogen atoms at high altitudes may be the result of the solar wind, as well as the hydrogen that has diffused from below, and all this hydrogen is gradually lost, since the Earth's gravity is not sufficient to retain it.
		Hydrogen gas is present in small amounts in volcanic gases where it is produced by chemical reactions, but more of it appears combined as hydrogen sulphide and nascent water.
	www.du.edu /~jcalvert/phys/hydrogen.htm (7617 words)

	Learn more about Hydrogen atom in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Hydrogen atom is composed of a single negatively charged electron, moving around the positively charged proton which is the nucleus of the hydrogen atom.
		This explains also why the choice of z-axis for the quantization of angular momentum is immaterial: An orbital of given l and m' obtained for another preferred axis z' can always be represented as a suitable superposition of the various states of different m (but same l) that have been obtained for z.
		This has been demonstrated in the famous Lamb-Retherford experiment and was the starting point for the development of the theory of Quantum electrodynamics (which is able to deal with these vacuum fluctuations and employs the famous Feynman diagrams for approximations using perturbation theory).
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /h/hy/hydrogen_atom.html (1199 words)

	Hydrogen Bond
		In a water molecule the electron shell round a hydrogen atom is rather thin, and the positive charge on its nucleus shows through to the outside world, giving the hydrogen atom a small positive charge.
		The hydrogen atoms of one water molecule stick to the oxygen atoms of nearby water molecules, freezing them together into solid ice.
		Hydrogen bonding can only happen in molecules that have a permenent dipole (as water does) and that also contain the highly electronegative elements fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen.
	www.historyoftheuniverse.com /hydrbond.html (361 words)

	"Pure POWER"
		A hydrogen atom has a nucleus containing a single proton that is circled by a single electron.
		The hydrogen fuel is fed into one end of the cell, where it comes in contact with a platinum plate.
		Hydrogen can also come in liquid and solid forms that require less space and do not leak as readily, but each has drawbacks in the ease of handling and cost of refueling.
	sln.fi.edu /inquirer/hydrocar.html (1307 words)

	The Hydrogen atom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Hydrogen is the simplest atom (one proton and one electron), but it provides a rich topic for study.
		The radius of the ground state of hydrogen is called the Bohr radius; it is named for Niels Bohr, who derived it by a famous but incorrect argument.
		For a hot hydrogen source, where the atoms are excited thermally and then deexcite via the emission of photons, the Balmer series is in the visible range.
	www.pa.msu.edu /courses/2000spring/PHY232/lectures/atomic/hydrogen.html (281 words)

	Emission Spectrum of Hydrogen
		He based this assumption on the fact that there are only a limited number of lines in the spectrum of the hydrogen atom and his belief that these lines were the result of light being emitted or absorbed as an electron moved from one orbit to another in the atom.
		Thus, once he introduced his basic assumptions, Bohr was able to derive an equation that matched the relationship obtained from the analysis of the spectrum of the hydrogen atom.
		We still talk about the Bohr model of the atom even if the only thing this model can do is explain the spectrum of the hydrogen atom because it was the last model of the atom for which a simple physical picture can be constructed.
	chemed.chem.purdue.edu /genchem/topicreview/bp/ch6/bohr.html (1995 words)

	Chemistry : Periodic Table : hydrogen : key information
		Hydrogen gas was used in lighter-than-air balloons for transport but is far too dangerous because of the fire risk (Hindenburg).
		In the laboratory, small amounts of hydrogen gas may be made by the reaction of calcium hydride with water.
		O (1000°C) In both these cases, further hydrogen may be made by passing the CO and steam over hot (400°C) iron oxide or cobalt oxide.
	www.webelements.com /webelements/elements/text/H/key.html (394 words)

	Hydrogen Atom
		Hydrogen is a type of atom which was created shortly after the big bang.
		Hydrogen atoms can join with other atoms using covalent bonds to create hydrogen molecules, water molecules as well as most of the molecules of life.
		The shell model of the atom explains why hydrogen atoms can make 1 covalent bond.
	www.historyoftheuniverse.com /hydrogen.html (138 words)

	Chemistry Tutorial
		Thus there are 4 pairs of electrons surrounding the oxygen atom, two pairs involved in covalent bonds with hydrogen, and two unshared pairs on the opposite side of the oxygen atom.
		An electrostatic attraction between the partial positive charge near the hydrogen atoms and the partial negative charge near the oxygen results in the formation of a hydrogen bond as shown in the illustration.
		For example, ice floats because hydrogen bonds hold water molecules further apart in a solid than in a liquid, where there is one less hydrogen bond per molecule.
	www.biology.arizona.edu /biochemistry/tutorials/chemistry/page3.html (323 words)

	Hydrogen Schrodinger Equation
		The solution of the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is a formidable mathematical problem, but is of such fundamental importance that it will be treated in outline here.
		The electron in the hydrogen atom sees a spherically symmetric potential, so it is logical to use spherical polar coordinates to develop the Schrodinger equation.
		The hydrogen atom solution requires finding solutions to the separated equations which obey the constraints on the wavefunction.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/quantum/hydsch.html (262 words)

	The Hydrogen Atom
		The proton is in the center of the atom.
		The Hydrogen atom is number one on the Periodic Table because it has one proton and one electron.
		Atoms are made of three particles, protons, neutrons and electrons.
	hometown.aol.com /theauthore/HydrogenAtom/The-Hydrogen-Atom.html (232 words)

	The Element Hydrogen -- Hydrogen Atom
		Deuterium, an isotope (hydrogen-2) of hydrogen, is used in nuclear fission applications as a moderator to slow down
		It is important in preparation and storage of liquid hydrogen since the ortho-para conversion produces more heat than the heat of its evaporation and a lot of hydrogen can be lost by evaporation in this way during several days after liquifying.
		catalysts of the ortho-para conversion process are used during hydrogen cooling.
	www.worldofmolecules.com /elements/hydrogen.htm (995 words)

	The Hydrogen Atom
		Thus the existence of stable atoms was inexplicable in the context of classical physics, as was the characteristic set of discrete energy levels that atoms may attain.
		Nevertheless, Bohr's model of the atom is not completely satisfactory, partly because of the ad hoc nature of its premises, and also because it's representation of electrons as tiny particles with definite trajectories is not viable in a wider context.
		The superiority of the wave mechanical model of the hydrogen atom over Bohr's model is immense, because it not only duplicates and (in a sense) "explains" the quantized energy levels, it actually gives the complete probability density functions for the various possible stationary states.
	www.mathpages.com /home/kmath538/kmath538.htm (2322 words)

	Beyond Hydrogen
		And hydrogen's spectral lines are created when the electron jumps from one level to another--I remember talking about all that stuff.
		However, when an atom is electrically neutral, as we've represented them here, it has just as many electrons as protons.
		First, each electron is being attracted to the nucleus by twice as much positive charge as in hydrogen, and that changes the set of energies that are "allowed." Meanwhile, the two negatively charged electrons are repelling each other, and that also has some effect on the allowed states.
	www.colorado.edu /physics/2000/elements_as_atoms/heavyatoms.html (513 words)

	Example: One Hydrogen Atom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		the eigenstates of the isolated hydrogen atom are shown as dash-dotted lines.
		of the isolated hydrogen atom in the limit of a large box size.
		The example reveals a ground state that is identical within statistical and grid errors to the 1s ground state of the isolated hydrogen atom.
	militzer.gl.ciw.edu /diss/node60.html (719 words)

	Hydrogen Atomic States -- A Simplified Ray-tracing Experiment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The (n = 2, l = 1, m = 0) state of the hydrogen atom, viewed from 20 Bohr radii from atomic center.
		The (n = 3, l = 0, m = 0) state of the hydrogen atom, viewed at 20 Bohr radii from atomic center.
		The (n = 3, l = 1, m = 0) state of the hydrogen atom, viewed at 20 Bohr radii from atomic center.
	home.comcast.net /~andy_dunn/hydrogen.html (490 words)

	Intermolecular Forces (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A close neighboring atom would be influenced by this apparent dipole - the electrons of the neighboring atom would move away from the negative region of the dipole
		A hydrogen atom in a polar bond (e.g.
		Because the hydrogen atom in a polar bond is electron-deficient on one side (i.e.
	wine1.sb.fsu.edu /chm1045/notes/Forces/intermol/Forces02.htm (935 words)

	Lecture 8: The Hydrogen Atom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Hydrogen has one electron, so it is the simplest of the elements in terms of its spectrum.
		In 1890 Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized Balmer's formula to cover other hydrogen spectral lines (and also introduced the concept of the wave number, which is the reciprical of the wavelength).
		The various hydrogen spectral "series" are defined by their ending (bottom) level, e.g.
	instruct1.cit.cornell.edu /courses/astro101/lec08.htm (991 words)

	Atomic Spectra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Atoms like to emit and absorb photons of particular frequencies.
		The example shown is for hydrogen, but each kind of atom or molecule has its own energy level structure.
		An atom in its ground state or in one of its excited states can absorb a passing photon of the right energy and be raised to a higher energy state:
	zebu.uoregon.edu /~soper/Light/atomspectra.html (499 words)

	Atomic Structure
		If we were to draw the hydrogen atom above to scale, so that the proton were the size depicted above, the electron would actually be spinning approximately 0.5 km (or about a quarter of a mile) away from the nucleus.
		Since the number of protons equals the number of electrons in the neutral atom, Z also tells you the number of electrons in the atom.
		Therefore, the atomic mass, A, of hydrogen is 1.
	web.jjay.cuny.edu /~acarpi/NSC/3-atoms.htm (1113 words)

	The Bohr Model (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Bohr Model is probably familar as the "planetary model" of the atom illustrated in the adjacent figure that, for example, is used as a symbol for atomic energy (a bit of a misnomer, since the energy in "atomic energy" is actually the energy of the nucleus, rather than the entire atom).
		In the Bohr Model the neutrons and protons (symbolized by red and blue balls in the adjacent image) occupy a dense central region called the nucleus, and the electrons orbit the nucleus much like planets orbiting the Sun (but the orbits are not confined to a plane as is approximately true in the Solar System).
		This similarity between a planetary model and the Bohr Model of the atom ultimately arises because the attractive gravitational force in a solar system and the attractive Coulomb (electrical) force between the positively charged nucleus and the negatively charged electrons in an atom are mathematically of the same form.
	csep10.phys.utk.edu /astr162/lect/light/bohr.html (711 words)

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