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Topic: Hydrogen bromide

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	High yield co-production of anhydrous hydrogen bromide and sodium bisulfate - Patent 7045111
		The improvement according to claim 24, wherein the hydrogen bromide that is removed from the crude bisulfate salt is combined with the crude hydrogen bromide from the reaction vessel, prior to or concurrently with the distillation process.
		Typically, the bromide that is removed is recombined with the crude hydrogen bromide from the reactor.
		In a batch process for producing anhydrous hydrogen bromide from a bromide salt and sulfuric acid, another aspect of the invention is the improvement comprising adding hydrogen bromide to a batch reactor prior to or concurrently with reaction of the bromide salt and sulfuric acid.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /7045111.html (5402 words)

	Table Of Elements
		Hydrogen is the lightest element, and is by far the most abundant in the universe.
		Hydrogen, in the form of water, is essential to life and is present in all organic compounds.
		Water, or hydrogen oxide, weighs in at 18.015, and a similar compound, hydrogen peroxide, is 34.015.
	library.thinkquest.org /C0113863/Hydrogen.shtml (320 words)

	Hydrogen Bromide
		Hydrogen bromide is a colorless, corrosive, nonflammable gas with a sharp, unpleasant, pungent odor.
		Effects on Humans: Hydrogen bromide is a strong primary irritant of the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract.
		Before a worker is placed in a job with a potential for exposure to hydrogen bromide, a licensed health care professional should evaluate and document the worker's baseline health status with thorough medical, environmental, and occupational histories, a physical examination, and physiologic and laboratory tests appropriate for the anticipated occupational risks.
	www.osha.gov /SLTC/healthguidelines/hydrogenbromide/recognition.html (3494 words)

	Electrochemical preparation of aluminum bromide - Patent 3954577
		Aluminum bromide is prepared by an electrochemical process in a cell with an aluminum anode, employing as the electrolyte, a solution of hydrogen bromide in an aprotic solvent capable of dissolving both hydrogen bromide and aluminum bromide.
		According to one embodiment of this invention a saturated solution of hydrogen bromide in a conducting solvent, is introduced into an electrochemical cell having metallic aluminum as the anode and a suitable cathode.
		The aluminum bromide solution is then charged with 1.5 weight percent hydrogen bromide to form the catalyst and fed to a Stratco contactor with a propylene monomer feed (50% w/w propylene) at the propylene/aluminum bromide weight ratio of 189.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /3954577.html (2130 words)

	hydrogen
		Hydrogen is the most abundant of all elements in the universe, and it is thought that the heavier elements were, and still are, being built from hydrogen and helium.
		On earth, hydrogen occurs chiefly in combination with oxygen in water, but it is also present in organic matter such as living plants, petroleum, coal, etc. It is present as the free element in the atmosphere, but only to the extent of less than 1 ppm by volume.
		Quite apart from isotopes, it has been shown that hydrogen gas under ordinary conditions is a mixture of two kinds of molecules, known as ortho- and para-hydrogen, which differ from one another by the spins of their electrons and nuclei.
	www.speclab.com /elements/hydrogen.htm (901 words)

	Chemistry : Periodic Table : hydrogen : compound data [hydrogen (I) bromide]
		Hydrogen bromide gas can be made in the laboratory by the bromination of tetralin (1,2,3,4-tetrahydronapthalene).
		Hydrogen bromide gas may also be made in the laboratory by the reaction of concentrated sulphuric acid upon sodium bromide.
		Hydrogen bromide may be made in the laboratory by the reaction between purified hydrogen gas and bromine.
	www.webelements.com /webelements/compounds/text/H/Br1H1-10035106.html (432 words)

	HYDROGEN
		Hydrogen is the simplest element and has an atomic number of one.
		At room temperature, hydrogen is a colorless and tasteless gas and occurs as diatomic nonpolar molecules.
		Hydrogen is also found combined with oxygen in compounds such as water and hydrogen peroxide.
	www.uncp.edu /home/mcclurem/ptable/h.htm (542 words)

	What are hydrogen bonds
		The most ubiquitous, and perhaps simplest, example of a hydrogen bond is found between water molecules.
		Hydrogen bonding also plays an important role in determining the three-dimensional structures adopted by proteins and nucleic acids.
		Because two hydrogen atoms are involved, this is termed a dihydrogen bond.
	www.edinformatics.com /interactive_molecules/hydrogen_bonds.htm (992 words)

	Toxicologic Review of Selected Chemicals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Hydrogen bromide (HBr) is a colorless, corrosive, nonflammable gas with an acrid odor.
		The chief toxic effect of hydrogen bromide in humans is primary irritation of the nose and throat.
		Therefore, OSHA is establishing a 3-ppm ceiling limit for this substance in the final rule to limit short-term exposures to hydrogen bromide and reduce this risk.
	www.bu.edu /ehs/ih/tox/10035-10.htm (336 words)

	Hydrogen bromide - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hydrogen bromide and hydrobromic acid are, therefore, not the same, but they are related.
		Anhydrous hydrogen bromide can also be produced on a small scale (10 mmol-1 mol) through the thermolysis of triphenylphosphonium bromide in refluxing xylene.
		Unlike hydrogen chloride and hydrochloric acid, which are major industrial chemicals, hydrogen bromide (along with hydrobromic acid) is produced on a much smaller scale.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hydrogen_bromide (517 words)

	Explaining electrophilic addition involving hydrogen halides
		Hydrogen bromide is chosen as a typical hydrogen halide.
		The slightly positive hydrogen atom in the hydrogen bromide acts as an electrophile, and is strongly attracted to the electrons in the pi bond.
		In the second stage of the mechanism, the lone pair of electrons on the bromide ion is strongly attracted to the positive carbon and moves towards it until a bond is formed.
	www.chemguide.co.uk /mechanisms/eladd/symhbrtt.html (1044 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Hydrogen halides (hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide and the rest) usually react with alkenes using an electrophilic addition mechanism.
		However, in the presence of organic peroxides, hydrogen bromide adds by a different mechanism.
		You won't get any lingering taste of vinegar or hydrogen peroxide, and neither is toxic to you if a small amount remains on the produce.
	www.lycos.com /info/hydrogen--hydrogen-peroxide.html (477 words)

	hydrogen bromide and alkenes - the peroxide effect
		The reason that hydrogen bromide adds in an anti-Markovnikov fashion in the presence of organic peroxides is simply a question of reaction rates.
		With hydrogen chloride, the second half of the propagation stage is very slow.
		In the case of hydrogen bromide, both steps of the propagation stage are exothermic.
	www.chemguide.co.uk /mechanisms/freerad/alkenehbr.html (774 words)

	Fuel Cell Works Supplemental News Page
		Hydrogen has been getting plenty of hype as a potential replacement transportation fuel, for cutting carbon dioxide emissions and reducing dependence on fossil fuels.
		The bromine from the hydrogen bromide can be recovered by reaction with air, and reused.
		If the carbon dioxide comes from air and the hydrogen from water, this method of making methanol would be like fast photosynthesis: "We don't have to wait for plant life to slowly convert excess carbon dioxide into hydrocarbons," Olah says.
	www.fuelcellsworks.com /Supppage4854.html (1130 words)

	Thermochemical Hydrogen Production (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		However, at such high temperatures, it is difficult to prevent the oxygen and hydrogen from recombining to form water.
		However, instead of using iodine to separate hydrogen and oxygen, hydrogen is generated by the electrolysis of sulfur dioxide and water:
		As a result, electrolysis is needed to separate hydrogen bromide into hydrogen and bromine.
	www.princeton.edu /~chm333/2004/Hydrogen/thermochemical.htm (400 words)

	ScienceDaily: Research Reveals How An Acid Dissolves, Molecule By Molecule
		Hydrogen bromide is one of the compounds whose dissolution in the upper atmosphere contributes to the formation of the ozone hole, and Castleman's research sheds light on issues related to why such reactions occur at a rate much faster than expected.
		Among the factors that the researchers studied is the reorganization of protons while the molecules of hydrogen bromide are becoming rearranged in response to their interactions with water molecules.
		Hydrogen chloride -- Hydrogen chloride, also known under the name HCl, is a highly corrosive and toxic colorless gas that forms white fumes on contact with...
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2002/10/021004064745.htm (2295 words)

	HHMI Lab Safety: LCSS: CYANOGEN BROMIDE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Because of its high acute toxicity, cyanogen bromide should be handled using the "basic prudent practices" of Chapter 5.C, supplemented by the additional precautions for work with compounds of high toxicity (Chapter 5.D).
		Containers of cyanogen bromide should be kept tightly sealed and stored under nitrogen in a secondary container in a refrigerator.
		Excess cyanogen bromide and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines.
	www.hhmi.org /about/labsafe/lcss/lcss26.html (423 words)

	Resistoflex: Anhydrous Hydrogen Bromide
		Anhydrous hydrogen bromide is an irritating, colorless, corrosive gas at standard temperature and pressure.
		Commercial anhydrous hydrogen bromide is available in cylinders as a compressed liquefied gas.
		Anhydrous HBr is used in the preparation of organic bromides and as a catalyst in the controlled oxidation of organic materials and the alkylation and cracking of petroleum products.
	www.resistoflex.com /hydrobromide.htm (181 words)

	Innovative Air Pollution Control Solutions for Chemical Industry: PTA Plant
		The pollution control system had to be designed to withstand the corrosiveness of the hydrogen bromide and varied organic loadings which alter the temperature of the system.
		The catalyst oxidizes the methyl bromide to hydrogen bromide (HBr).
		To avoid the potential condensation of hydrogen bromide and subsequent corrosion to the system, Anguil incorporated a steam preheater on the incoming process stream before the catalytic oxidizer.
	www.environmental-expert.com /articles/article119/pta.htm (676 words)

	Recapturing Methyl Bromide Emissions
		One way to help solve an important part of the methyl bromide emissions problem is to recapture, in an environmentally acceptable way, the chemical that escapes into the air from commodity and quarantine fumigations.
		The flushing removes the methyl bromide, which is thermally, or catalytically, converted to hydrogen bromide (HBr), carbon dioxide, and water.
		Methyl bromide flushed during regeneration of activated carbon is typical of waste that is already being treated.
	www.ars.usda.gov /is/np/mba/april96/leesch.htm (886 words)

	EnergyPulse Article
		Producing hydrogen from water electrolysis requires roughly twice as much electrical energy as that which is produced when hydrogen is recombined with oxygen to produce electricity in a fuel cell.
		With 4% sulfur coal and hydrogen selling for $.50 per pound, which is the price of hydrogen from steam-methane reforming, the SRT process provides a healthy ROI instead of an ongoing loss in controlling emissions and disposing waste.
		Turning coal-combustion emissions into hydrogen as an alternative fuel for transportation, and storing inexpensive off-peak energy for discharging during on-peak periods, is a sound approach to weaning ourselves off foreign oil dependency and methane-fired peaking turbines.
	www.energypulse.net /centers/article/article_print.cfm?a_id=378 (5565 words)

	Bromide - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A bromide ion is a bromine atom with charge of −1.
		Compounds with bromine in formal oxidation state −1 are called bromides.
		This can include ionic compounds such as caesium bromide or covalent compounds such as sulfur dibromide.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bromide (99 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		When the hydrogen halides react with alkenes, the hydrogen-halogen bond has to be broken.
		The bond strength falls as you go from HF to HI, and the hydrogen-fluorine bond is particularly strong.
		Because it is difficult to break the bond between the hydrogen and the fluorine, the addition of HF is bound to be slow.
	www.lycos.com /info/hydrogen--addition.html (162 words)

	Hydrogen Bromide - HBr - is used both as a reagent and a catalyst in a variety of organic reactions. It is also used ...
		Hydrogen Bromide - HBr - is used both as a reagent and a catalyst in a variety of organic reactions.
		It is also used for the preparation of numerous inorganic bromides.
		Uses: Hydrogen Bromide - HBr - is used both as a reagent and a catalyst in a variety of organic reactions.
	www.c-f-c.com /specgas_products/hydrogen-bromide.htm (95 words)

	Documentation for Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLHs) - 10035106
		Basis for original (SCP) IDLH: Hydrogen bromide is an extremely irritating and corrosive gas.
		Because hydrogen bromide is considered less irritating than bromine, an IDLH of 50 ppm is chosen.
		This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for workers exposed to concentrations of hydrogen bromide between 6 and 1,300 ppm.
	www.cdc.gov /niosh/idlh/10035106.html (317 words)

	Hydrogen chloride
		B) Aggressive hydration and increasing urinary bromide excretion is the mainstay of therapy.
		A) Serum bromide levels greater than 50 to 100 milligrams/deciliter are usually associated with signs and symptoms of toxicity.
		Bromide levels higher than 200 milligrams/deciliter are uniformly associated with signs of toxicity.
	www.gasdetection.com /TECH/hbr.html (5815 words)

	Technology Review: Methanol: The New Hydrogen
		Hydrogen has been gettingÂ plenty of hype as a potential replacement transportation fuel, for cutting carbon dioxide emissions and reducing dependence on fossil fuels.
		In the presence of special catalysts and at less than 250 degrees Celsius, methane reacts with bromine to form methyl bromide (CH Br) and hydrogen bromide (HBr).
		Methanol is poisonous by Guest (David Weiseth) 3/29/2006 12:00 AM We would need to contain it well to prevent blindness.
	www.technologyreview.com /BizTech-Energy/wtr_16629,296,p1.html (1065 words)

	Naming Acids and Salts
		Hydrogen Halides dissolve in water and are ionized to form Hydronium ion.
		Hydrogen Bromide, HBr, Hydrogen Iodide, HI, and Hydrogen Flouride, HF follow the same pattern.
		The electron pulling ability of Oxygens shifts bonding electrons within the acid molecule away from the hydrogen and weakens the bond between the Hydrogen and the Oxygen atom it is attached to.
	members.aol.com /profchm/acidname.html (1445 words)

	HYDROGEN BROMIDE
		In case of fire in the surroundings: use water spray to knock down toxic vapour.
		Risk of fire and explosion on contact with metals as a result of hydrogen formation.
		In case of fire: cool cylinder by spraying with water but avoid contact of the substance with water.
	www.itcilo.it /english/actrav/telearn/osh/ic/10035106.htm (425 words)

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