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Topic: Hydrogen cyanide

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	Hydrogen cyanide - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hydrogen cyanide is weakly acidic and partly ionizes to become the cyanide ion CN in aqueous solution, resulting in a colorless volatile liquid with the typical hydrogen cyanide odor.
		The salts of hydrogen cyanide are known as cyanides.
		Hydrogen cyanide is contained in the exhaust of vehicles, in tobacco smoke, and in the smoke of burning nitrogen-containing plastics.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide (657 words)

	Eco-USA: Cyanide
		Hydrogen cyanide is a colorless gas or liquid with a faint, bitter almond odor.
		Sodium cyanide and potassium cyanide are both colorless solids that have a slight odor of bitter almonds in damp air.
		Cyanides may also be released from public waste incinerators, from waste disposed of in landfills, and during the use of cyanide-containing pesticides.
	www.eco-usa.net /toxics/cyanide.shtml (1369 words)

	hydrogen cyanide. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Hydrogen cyanide may be synthesized directly from ammonia and carbon monoxide or from ammonia, oxygen (or air), and natural gas.
		The principal use of hydrogen cyanide is in the manufacture of organic chemicals, e.g., acrylonitrile, methyl methacrylate, and adiponitrile, that are used in producing synthetic fibers and plastics.
		Hydrogen cyanide is found in nature in some vegetable substances, e.g., bitter almond, peach stones, cherry and cherry laurel leaves, and sorghum; it is usually combined in glycoside molecules (see sugar) and is released when they are broken down by enzymes during metabolism.
	www.bartleby.com /65/hy/hydrogn-cy.html (290 words)

	ATSDR - MMG: Hydrogen Cyanide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Hydrogen cyanide is manufactured by oxidation of ammonia- methane mixtures under controlled conditions and by the catalytic decomposition of formamide.
		Hydrogen cyanide is used in fumigating; electroplating; mining; and in producing synthetic fibers, plastics, dyes, and pesticides.
		Hydrogen cyanide is highly toxic by all routes of exposure and may cause abrupt onset of profound CNS, cardiovascular, and respiratory effects, leading to death within minutes.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /MHMI/mmg8.html (4896 words)

	ATSDR - ToxFAQs™: Cyanide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Hydrogen cyanide is a colorless gas with a faint, bitter, almond-like odor.
		Sodium cyanide and potassium cyanide are both white solids with a bitter, almond-like odor in damp air.
		Cyanide and hydrogen cyanide are used in electroplating, metallurgy, organic chemicals production, photographic developing, manufacture of plastics, fumigation of ships, and some mining processes.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /tfacts8.html (1286 words)

	Hydrogen Cyanide
		Hydrogen cyanide is a colorless gas or bluish-white liquid with a bitter almond odor.
		Liquid hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen cyanide in aqueous solution [hydrocyanic acid], and the concentrated vapor are all absorbed rapidly through the intact skin and may cause systemic poisoning with little or no irritant effect on the skin itself.
		Containers of hydrogen cyanide should be protected from physical damage and should be stored separately from amines; oxidizers such as perchlorates, peroxides, permanganates, chlorates, and nitrates; strong acids such as hydrochloric, sulfuric and nitric; sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, water, ammonia, acetaldehyde, and caustics.
	www.osha.gov /SLTC/healthguidelines/hydrogencyanide/recognition.html (4086 words)

	Hydrogen Cyanide and Cyanides: Human Health Aspects (Cicads 61, 2004)
		Cyanides comprise a wide range of compounds of varying degrees of chemical complexity, all of which contain a CN moiety, to which humans are exposed in gas, liquid, and solid form from a broad range of natural and anthropogenic sources.
		Cyanides are weakly irritating to the skin and eye; data on sensitizing properties or carcinogenicity of hydrogen cyanide or its alkali salts have not been identified.
		The major route of metabolism for hydrogen cyanide and cyanides is detoxification in the liver by the mitochondrial enzyme rhodanese, which catalyses the transfer of the sulfane sulfur of thiosulfate to the cyanide ion to form thiocyanate (Figure 3) (Williams, 1959; Ansell and Lewis, 1970).
	www.inchem.org /documents/cicads/cicads/cicad61.htm (17152 words)

	CYANIDE
		The small quantity of cyanide always present in human tissues is metabolized at the approximate rate of 17 Fg/kg"min, primarily by the hepatic enzyme rhodanese, which catalyzes the irreversible reaction of cyanide and a sulfane to produce thiocyanate, a relatively nontoxic compound excreted in the urine.
		Detoxification (metabolism) of cyanide is accomplished by the administration of a sulfur-containing compound that combines with cyanide to produce thiocyanate, a relatively non-toxic substance which is rapidly excreted via the kidneys.
		The hepatic enzyme rhodanese catalyzes the one-way reaction of cyanide and a sulfane to thiocyanate.
	www.fas.org /nuke/guide/usa/doctrine/army/mmcch/Cyanide.htm (2378 words)

	Shofar FTP Archives: camps/auschwitz/cyanide/cyanide.001
		Cyanide binds cytochromes more tightly than oxygen, and as a result is lethal at very low concentrations, at about 300 ppm.
		Unlike carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide is a protoplasmic poison, killing insects and other lower [sic] forms of animal life.
		Clinical cases of cyanide poisoning after dermal exposure are rare and most often have involved burns with molten cyanide salts or immersion in cyanide solutions." Cyanide poisoning through the skin is therefore not a significant mode of poisoning unless you have very high concentrations over a very long period of time.
	www.nizkor.org /ftp.cgi/camps/auschwitz/cyanide/cyanide.001 (6584 words)

	Hydrogen cyanide (CASRN 74-90-8), IRIS, Environmental Protection Agency
		Cyanide is metabolized extensively in the liver, indicating that the only relevant route of administration for quantitative risk assessment in the derivation of an oral RfD is the oral route of administration.
		Cyanide exposure was from a plating bath that contained 3% copper cyanide, 3% sodium cyanide, and 1% sodium carbonate.
		Extensive involvement of the CNS in cyanide toxicity was demonstrated by Valade (1952) who exposed groups of four dogs to 50 mg/cu.m hydrogen cyanide in a varying number of 30-minute inhalation periods conducted at 2-day intervals.
	www.epa.gov /iris/subst/0060.htm (3366 words)

	The MSDS HyperGlossary: Cyanide
		Cyanide is often used a shorthand term for hydrogen cyanide, HCN, also called hydrocyanic acid, a highly toxic gas and the simplest example of a cyanide compound.
		Cyanides which exist as simple salts (i.e they dissolve in water to form cyanide ions) usually contain the word "cyanide" as the last word in their name; for example, sodium cyanide (NaCN).
		Cyanide salts are also generally incompatible with alkaloids, chloral hydrate, iodine, metallic salts, permanganates, chlorates and peroxides.
	www.ilpi.com /msds/ref/cyanide.html (1046 words)

	Cyanide poisoning
		Organic cyanides are usually called nitriles; in these, the CN group is linked by a covalent bond to a carbon-containing group, such as methyl (CH3) in methyl cyanide (acetonitrile).
		Hydrogen cyanide is highly toxic because it inhibits the oxidative processes of the cells.
		Acute poisoning from hydrogen cyanide or the cyanides is manifested by dizziness, nausea, staggering, and loss of consciousness.
	www.gaiaguys.net /Cyanide_poisoning.htm (847 words)

	Hydrogen Cyanide
		Hydrogen cyanide is usually included among the CW agents causing general poisoning.
		The treatment against cyanide poisoning given to civilians is based on encouraging and speeding-up the body's own ability to excrete cyanide and to bind cyanide in the blood.
		In cases of poisoning with hydrogen cyanide it is of the utmost importance that countermeasures are immediately introduced.
	www.opcw.org /resp/html/hcn.html (526 words)

	Cyanide: Gold’s Killing Companion \| The Gold Album: Action Pack \| Project Underground Report (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Cyanide is the most popular chemical used by mining corporations to extract gold from ore, despite the fact that leaks or spills of this chemical are extremely toxic to fish, plant life and human beings.
		Cyanide blocks the absorption of oxygen by cells, causing the victim to effectively “suffocate.” Human exposure to high levels of cyanide for a short period harms the central nervous system, respiratory system, and cardiovascular system.
		Cyanide and heavy metal leaks from the Summitville gold mine killed all aquatic life along a 27 kilometer stretch of the Alamosa river in the San Juan mountains of southwestern Colorado by the time the mine was shut down in December 1992.
	www.moles.org /ProjectUnderground/reports/goldpack/goldpack_i.html (1494 words)

	Hydrogen Cyanide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Hydrogen cyanide and its derivatives (acrylonitrile, cyanamide, cyanogen chloride, cyanides, and nitroprusside) are used to fumigate ships and warehouses, and in ore-extracting processes.
		Hydrogen cyanide is miscible with water and alcohol, and slightly soluble in ether.
		Hydrogen cyanide is acutely poisonous; both the vapor and liquid are extremely poisonous if absorbed through lungs, skin, or eyes.
	www.nsc.org /ehc/chemical/Hydrocya.htm (968 words)

	Explaining the nucleophilic addition of hydrogen cyanide to carbonyl compounds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		It's essential to realise that in the cyanide ion the active lone pair and the charge are on the carbon atom and not the nitrogen.
		Although the reaction overall adds hydrogen cyanide across the double bond, using hydrogen cyanide as the reagent isn't successful because hydrogen cyanide is such a weak acid.
		As the cyanide ion approaches the slightly positive carbon atom, the lone pair of electrons is attracted towards the carbon and forms a bond with it.
	www.chemguide.co.uk /mechanisms/nucadd/hcntt.html (1474 words)

	nucleophilic addition - carbonyl compounds and hydrogen cyanide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Aldehydes and ketones behave identically in their reaction with hydrogen cyanide, and so will be considered together - although equations and mechanisms will be given for both types of compounds for the sake of completeness.
		Hydrogen cyanide adds across the carbon-oxygen double bond in aldehydes and ketones to produce compounds known as hydroxynitriles.
		It is completed by the addition of a hydrogen ion from, for example, a hydrogen cyanide molecule.
	www.chemguide.co.uk /mechanisms/nucadd/hcn.html (927 words)

	CDC \| Hydrogen Cyanide Emergency Response Card (NIOSH) - ERC74-90-8 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Reacts violently with oxidants, hydrogen chloride in alcoholic mixtures, causing fire and explosion hazard.
		Cyanides poison the vital organs of the body (for example the lungs and heart) including areas of the brain that regulate proper functioning of those organs.
		Another UN number: 1614, hydrogen cyanide stabilized, absorbed in a porous inert material.
	www.bt.cdc.gov /agent/cyanide/erc74-90-8pr.asp (652 words)

	eMedicine - CBRNE - Cyanides, Hydrogen : Article by Andre Pennardt, MD, FACEP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Cyanide combines with ferric iron in cytochrome a3 (a component of the cytochrome oxidase complex in mitochondria) and inhibits this enzyme.
		Typical cyanide exposures are the result of liberation of the chemical during house and/or industrial fires or accidents.
		The lethal oral dose of AC and cyanide salts is estimated to be 50 mg and 100-200 mg, respectively.
	www.emedicine.com /EMERG/topic909.htm (2748 words)

	cyanide in apple seeds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The hydrolysis of amygdalin can give rise to hydrogen cyanide.
		Normally, the presence of amygdalin alone in these seeds and kernels is not dangerous, however, cyanide can be formed when the seed is crushed and moistened.
		Acute intoxication and death have been reported in children following the ingestion of apricot seeds, which are capable of releasing 217 mg of cyanide per 100 g of moist seed.
	www.geocities.com /perfectapple/cyanide.html (101 words)

	hydrogen cyanide
		hydrogen cyanide, HCN, colorless, volatile, and extremely poisonous chemical compound whose vapors have a bitter almond odor.
		Hydrogen cyanide is found in nature in some vegetable substances, e.g., bitter almond, peach stones, cherry and cherry laurel leaves, and sorghum; it is usually combined in glycoside molecules (see
		hydrocyanic acid - hydrocyanic acid : see hydrogen cyanide.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/sci/A0824721.html (315 words)

	Documentation for Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLHs)
		Other human data: It has been reported that 45 to 54 ppm can be tolerated for 0.5 to 1 hour without immediate or delayed effects while 110 to 135 ppm may be fatal after 0.5 to 1 hour or later, or dangerous to life [Flury and Zernik 1931].
		Basis for revised IDLH: Based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans [Flury and Zernik 1931], the IDLH for hydrogen cyanide (50 ppm) is not being revised at this time.
		Mathematical modeling of intoxication of rats by combined carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide.
	www.cdc.gov /niosh/idlh/74908.html (302 words)

	CDC Cyanide \| Emergency Preparedness & Response (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Overview of cyanide, including signs and symptoms, protection, and treatment
		Agent-specific identification, medical symptoms, prevention and personal protective equipment, fire fighting, sampling and analytical methods, decontamination, spillage disposal, packaging and labeling information.
		Hydrogen Cyanide Emergency Response Card: Information for First Responders
	www.bt.cdc.gov /agent/cyanide (269 words)

	hydrogen cyanide
		cyanide - cyanide, chemical compound containing the cyano group, -CN.
		Related content from HighBeam Research on: hydrogen cyanide
		Hydrogen cyanide monitor: has audible, visible & vibrating alarms.(Special section: instruments & controls)
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/sci/A0824721.html (341 words)

	EPA: Pesticides - Index of Cleared Reviews for 045801
		Hydrogen Cyanide Accepted for Filing Under Date of
		Hydrogen Cyanide to Buckwheat, Oats and Sorghum Grains
		Petition (No. 195) for a Tolerance for Hydrogen Cyanide on
	www.epa.gov /pesticides/foia/reviews/045801.htm (220 words)

	<STRONG>Hydrogen Cyanide</STRONG>
		Today, there is no medical antidote against cyanide poisoning within the Swedish Armed Forces.
		The treatment given to civilians is based on encouraging and speeding-up the body's own ability to excrete cyanide and to bind cyanide in the blood.
		The formation of methaemoglobin can be achieved by supplying sodium nitrate (NaNO
	www.nbcdefense.net /nore/hcn.htm (526 words)

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