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Topic: Hydrogen hypothesis

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Endosymbiotic theory

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	Hydrogen hypothesis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The hydrogen hypothesis is a model proposed by William Martin and Miklos Muller in 1998 that describes a possible way in which the mitochondrion developed in the first eukaryotic cell within the endosymbiotic theory framework.
		According to the hydrogen hypothesis the first eukaryotic cell did not appear as a consequence of a primitive host cell engulfing a primitive bacteria, which wasn't fully digested and eventually became the mitochondrion as the current endosymbiotic theory suggests.
		It claims instead that the host - a methanogen archaea which used hydrogen and carbon dioxide, producing methane - and a primitive eubacteria, the future mitochondrion, which produced hydrogen and carbon dioxide as byproducts of anaerobic respiration, started a symbiotic relationship based on their byproducts.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hydrogen_hypothesis (242 words)

	Prout's hypothesis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Prout's hypothesis was an early 19th century attempt to explain the existence of the various chemical elements through a hypothesis regarding the internal structure of the atom.
		He then hypothesized that the hydrogen atom was the only truly fundamental object, and that the atoms of other elements were actually groupings of various numbers of hydrogen atoms.
		In particular the atomic weight of chlorine, which is 35.45 times that of hydrogen, could not be explained in terms of Prout's hypothesis.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Prout's_hypothesis (241 words)

	The Serial Endosymbiosis Theory of Eukaryotic Evolution
		This hypothesis is also referred to as direct filiation, which is the nonsymbiotic view of evolution that emphasizes the role of various kinds of mutations in the evolutionary separation of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells.
		The host’s dependence upon hydrogen produced by the symbiont is identified as the selective principle that consolidated the common ancestor of eukaryotic cells (Martin and Müller 1998).
		As previously stated, in the hydrogen hypothesis, the original symbiosis is thought to have taken place between a methanogenic archaebacterium and a eubacterial ancestor to the mitochondrion.
	www.geocities.com /jjmohn/endosymbiosis.htm (2294 words)

	Abiogenesis and the Origin of Life
		In this hypothesis the amount of reducing potential brought to the surface is estimated by making a balance sheet of the oxidized and reduced chemicals in the atmosphere, biosphere, and sedimentary rocks.
		In this hypothesis it is believed that on the primitive earth a very low temperature may have existed at an altitude no greater than 20 kilometers and that this low temperature which gave rise to hydrogen cyanide existed above this temperature minimum and that it constituted primarily of N2, CO, and H2.
		The critical feature of this hypothesis is the assumption that out-gassing produced such large quantities of H2 and CO as 19 x 10 to the 20th power g and 17 x 10 to the 20th power g, respectively.
	www.nwcreation.net /articles/abelsons_hypothesis.html (691 words)

	Essays Page
		When the example of water is reconsidered under this hypothesis in combination with Gay-Lussac's data, it is found that two volumes of hydrogen combine with one volume of oxygen to produce two volumes of gaseous water (all volumes measured under standard conditions).
		Thus, by Avogadro's hypothesis, hydrogen and oxygen must exist not as individual atoms but as diatomic molecules; accordingly, the actual atomic weight of oxygen is calculated as 16.
		Since, according to his hypothesis, a molecular weight of any substance must have the same number of molecules, Avogadro's number is, in general, the number of molecules in any sample where its weight in grams equals its molecular weight.
	www.fofweb.com /Subscription/Science/Helicon.asp?SID=2&iPin=ffests0086 (548 words)

	Essay: Hypothesis Yeast will breakdown to oxygen and water in the presence of Catalase - Coursework.Info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Hypothesis -Hydrogen Peroxide will breakdown to oxygen and water in the presence of Catalase, which will be found in yeast cells.
		In an enzyme catalysed reaction, such as the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, this increases the rate at which the enzyme and substrate molecules meet and therefore the rate at which the products are formed.
		As the temperature continues to rise, however, the hydrogen and ionic bonds, which hold the enzyme molecules in shape, are broken.
	www.coursework.info /A2_and_A-Level/Biology/Molecules_&_Cells/Hypothesis_150_Yeast_will_breakdown_to_oxygen_and_water_L5732.html (309 words)

	k28 The hydrogen hypothesis for the first eukaryote
		Whether true or false, it is the first new hypothesis about eukaryotic origins in 30 years to have been really thoroughly articulated at the biochemical, molecular, and cellular levels.
		Either the eukaryote evolved from an Archezoon (a hypothetical ancient eukaryote) that was a chimera of archaebacteria guests and a eubacterium host, as molecular phylogenetic data indicates or that eukaryotes and archaebacteria diverged from common ancestral Archezoon, as their similar interior fluids indicates.
		The "divergence" hypothesis, was proposed by Tom Cavlier-Smith to explain the observation that mitochondria are not present in all lines of single-cell eukaryotes (but of these so called Archezoa, all known, even Giardia, have one by one, Jonathan Knight in 2004 reports, been found to contain mitochondria relicts such as mitosomes or hydrogenosomes).
	geowords.com /histbooknetscape/k28.htm (836 words)

	[No title]
		Hydrogen is created in inter-stellar space at the rate of one atom per gallon in every 250 million years.
		According to his hypothesis, the hydrogen atom, (one proton and one electron) is the basic unit of 'matter' out of which all other elements were compounded.
		To point out the plausibility of this hypothesis, it should be noted, that the volume of space taken up by the orbit of the most inner electron of an atom is ten thousand times greater than the volume of the nucleus.
	www.westworld.com /~srado/Evolut_2.html (3674 words)

	Access Science And Technology - New Matter: Friction Free Hydrogen
		Since hydrogen is in many fundamental respects similar to helium, physicists speculated for years that hydrogen should be a candidate for superfluidity.
		Ceperley and Gordillo's result with simulated hydrogen and alkali-metal atoms suggests an obvious direction for experimental work, and several research teams are expected to try to confirm their finding of superfluid hydrogen.
		In future simulations, they'll refine their calculations of hydrogen superfluidity and address the possibility of hybrid superfluids such as mixtures of helium and hydrogen.
	access.ncsa.uiuc.edu /CoverStories/Superfluid/Superfluid.html (1091 words)

	Amazon.ca: Hydrogen: The Essential Element: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Beginning with the British chemist William Prout's pioneering hypothesis defining hydrogen as nature's fundamental building block, Rigden recounts episode after episode in which the mysteries of the simplest element--a bare proton and electron--have yielded their secrets to intellectually daring and resourceful researchers.
		It turns out that hydrogen has played an enormous role in our understanding of matter and energy, and that the simplest of atoms is so complicated and surprising that Rigden's book is a continual source of elemental wonder.
		Hydrogen is element number one, only a single electron orbiting a single proton.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0674012526 (1151 words)

	AHANW Forum - Dingel's Magic Car and How It Could Save the World
		If this hypothesis is true then I would expect water cars to be more successful in hot countries and this is confirmed by the fact that there are said to be many water cars in Australia.
		My hypothesis is that as positively charged water vapour enters the cylinder which is at earth potential then the vapour will rapidly condense on the sides of the cylinder bringing about implosion without the production of heat.
		My hypothesis is that positively charged Hydrogen ions combine with water to produce H(H2O)+, but atmospheric Oxygen may be involved because it does seem to be necessary for the water to be aerated.
	www.ahanw.org /forum/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=434 (3071 words)

	Do all backbone polar groups in proteins form hydrogen bonds? -- Fleming and Rose 14 (7): 1911 -- Protein Science
		Baker, E.N. and Hubbard, R.E. Hydrogen bonding in globular proteins.
		Buck, M. and Karplus, M. Hydrogen bond energetics: A simulation and statistical analysis of N-methyl acetamide (NMA), water and human lysozyme.
		Lipsitz, R.S., Sharma, Y., Brooks, B.R., and Tjandra, N. Hydrogen bonding in high-resolution protein structures: A new method to assess NMR protein geometry.
	www.proteinscience.org /cgi/content/full/14/7/1911 (3391 words)

	EVIDENCE FOR MICROBIAL CONTROL OF HYDROGEN CONCENTRATIONS IN DEEPLY BURIED OCEANIC SEDIMENTS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The method is based on the equilibration of the headspace hydrogen with the dissolved pore fluid hydrogen in intact sediment.
		Hydrogen concentrations in samples collected with in situ temperatures of 100 ± 20 °C ranged from 3 to 8 micromolar.
		These results are consistent with the hypothesis that hydrogen concentrations are driven to a minimum value determined by the free energy required for ATP production as has been argued for near-shore shallowly buried sediments.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2001AM/finalprogram/abstract_28621.htm (417 words)

	Prime Matter: Prout
		That all the elementary numbers, hydrogen being considered as 1, are divisible by 4, except carbon, azote, and barytium, and these are divisible by 2, appearing therefore to indicate that they are modified by a higher number than that of unity or hydrogen.
		A container that holds that much hydrogen would weigh at least that much, so the weight of the hydrogen would have to be determined as the relatively small difference difference between a filled and empty container.
		He does not explicitly say so, but the notion of hydrogen as a primary material (the protyle hypothesis) flows from the multiples hypothesis: atomic weights would be multiples of hydrogen if the elements were composed of hydrogen units in an attraction so strong that chemical analysis cannot break the units apart.
	web.lemoyne.edu /~giunta/EA/PROUTann.HTML (4924 words)

	Emission Spectrum of Hydrogen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		But he knew that it was impossible to explain the spectrum of the hydrogen atom within the limits of classical physics.
		He based this assumption on the fact that there are only a limited number of lines in the spectrum of the hydrogen atom and his belief that these lines were the result of light being emitted or absorbed as an electron moved from one orbit to another in the atom.
		Thus, once he introduced his basic assumptions, Bohr was able to derive an equation that matched the relationship obtained from the analysis of the spectrum of the hydrogen atom.
	chemed.chem.purdue.edu /genchem/topicreview/bp/ch6/bohr.html (1995 words)

	The Unified Field - Part 1
		Since hydrogen is composed of a proton, and an electron, we could choose to rewrite Eq.
		And since Bosons are exempt from the exclusion principal (1.2.2), the radius of degenerate hydrogen (based on scattering experiments) collapses to that of a bare proton.
		However as size of atomic nuclei increase, the orbital transition energy of the neutrons (electron orbits in degenerate hydrogen atoms) starts to overlap the energy spectrum of neutrinos generated by stellar fusion, with the predictable result of beta decay (decreasing atomic stability).
	www.geocities.com /electrogravitics/tuf1.html (1832 words)

	Syaffolee
		Lindmark and Müller were characterizing the enzymes in the hydrogen production pathway when they noticed that these enzymes were concentrated in a "subcellular particle" that did not resemble any of the other organelles in the cell.
		Another theory, the detoxification hypothesis, proposes that aerobic bacteria were engulfed by the anaerobic host cell when there was a sudden increase in oxygen levels, or "oxygen spike", around two billion years ago.
		In this hypothesis, a hydrogen-producing bacteria would be associated as endosymbionts of a eukaryotic host before the oxygen spike.
	www.gamalei.net /syaffolee/2005/03/evolution-of-powerhousesthe.html (635 words)

	Essay: investigating the effects of changing enzyme concentrations, on the rate of hydrogen peroxide breakdown. - ...
		Essay: investigating the effects of changing enzyme concentrations, on the rate of hydrogen peroxide breakdown.
		Hypothesis - Hydrogen peroxide will breakdown to oxygen and water, in the presence of catalase.
		However, when molecules of the substrate are in short supply, the increase in rate of reaction is limited and will have little effect.
	www.coursework.info /A2_and_A-Level/Chemistry/investigating_the_effects_of_changing_enzyme_concentrations_on_L70410.html (306 words)

	Tallsimon.com - wfsection-Hydrogen peroxide and catalase
		Hypothesis — Hydrogen peroxide will breakdown to oxygen and water in the presence of Catalase.
		This was an accurate measure of how the enzyme concentration influenced the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide, as the quantity and speed of gas produced is dependant on the rate of reaction.
		It also indicates that the enzyme concentration is directly proportional to the rate of reaction for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of catalase (the rate of reaction increases with increasing enzyme concentration).
	www.tallsimon.com /modules/wfsection/article.php?articleid=57 (2933 words)

	Avogadro's Hypothesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		An hypothesis is a tentative (as opposed to a theory which is well tested) explanation for observed events.
		When the results of those experiments are as predicted, it lends support to the hypothesis as a good explanation, and its eventual acceptance as a theory.
		No statement is an hypothesis unless it suggests a cause for an effect, and unless it has the possibility of being wrong.
	www.carlton.paschools.pa.sk.ca /chemical/Molemass/avogadro.htm (1298 words)

	Fuel Cell Works Supplemental News Page
		Terry Hopkins is a simple man and he's got a simple plan: Power internal combustion engine vehicles with hydrogen extracted from water instead of gasoline.
		Hopkins' design involves a tank of common tap water, a packet of sea salt and a "receptacle tank," where hydrogen extracted from water by electrolysis would be stored to power the vehicle's engine.
		Start-up costs seem to be a major factor in converting the world's gasoline-powered engines to accept hydrogen.
	www.fuelcellsworks.com /Supppage4201.html (453 words)

	Hydrogen Newsletter Summer 1997: Hydrogen Challenges
		s we prepare for the inevitable but enigmatic transition from fossil fuels to renewables, we face the difficulty of proving the validity of our hypothesis that hydrogen will be a partner with electricity in a sustainable, environmentally friendly, safe, and efficient energy system.
		We can evaluate the technical aspects of hydrogen systems, but we cannot prove the ultimate value of hydrogen without demonstrating these systems.
		Although this recognition addresses an important aspect of fear of the unknown, it has not yet resulted in widespread acceptance of hydrogen by the general public.
	www.hydrogenassociation.org /newsletter/ad23chal.htm (670 words)

	Earth's Surprising Hydrogen Reserves:HYDROGEN \| NASA \| AMES
		Freund is the principle investigator and author of a recent study into the phenomenon of hydrogen consuming bacteria that live in the earth's thin crust.
		At the 400 degree's range, the hydrogen remains locked inside the crystal, but as it starts to cool, the begins to be forced out in a very slow process that can take millions of years, Freund contends.
		This hydrogen then slowly migrates up through the crust until it becomes trapped by tiny pockets of liquid water in which the conjectured colonies of bacteria thrive.
	evworld.com /view.cfm?section=article&storyid=344 (1007 words)

	Endosymbiotic theory - EvoWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		An apparent difficulty with the endosymbiosis hypothesis is that several mitochondrial and chloroplast proteins are made using nuclear genes and then shipped to those respective organelles.
		This suggests that they are mitochondria that have lost their genomes, and thus have only a broken respiratory chain that combines electrons directly with hydrogen ions, instead of extracting energy from them and combining them with oxygen.
		The "hydrogen hypothesis" states that a hydrogen-consuming archaebacterium took up residence inside of a hydrogen-producing eubacterium (eubacteria: most familiar prokaryotes like proteobacteria and cyanobacteria; archaebacteria: methanogens and some other oddballs).
	wiki.cotch.net /index.php/Endosymbiotic_theory (1518 words)

	ScienceWeek
		HYDROGEN HYPOTHESIS FOR THE FIRST EUKARYOTE The classification system of bacteria is presently in a state of flux due to new relationships continually revealed by molecular biology, but the following nomenclature is generally accepted.
		The host's dependence upon molecular hydrogen produced by the symbiont is proposed as the selective principle that forged the common ancestor of eukaryotic cells.
		The authors suggest their hypothesis generates numerous testable predictions, and they firmly predict that evidence for a strictly H(sub2)-dependent ancestry, and most probably a methanogenic ancestry, of the host should ultimately be revealed by comparative genomics.
	scienceweek.com /1998/sw980320.htm (5643 words)

	Hydrogen Newsletter Autumn 1997: HYPOTHESIS II
		A magnetic field is used to spin the DC arc, and a portion of the product hydrogen is recirculated to provide part of the feed gas for the arc.
		ther papers discussed large-scale liquid hydrogen transport by air and by sea, and the pumping and cooling of liquid hydrogen.
		He observed air passing through the membrane accumulated on the hydrogen side with a time constant slightly in excess of one hour, which made recirculation and some purge necessary.
	www.hydrogenus.com /newsletter/ad24hypo.htm (1515 words)

	[No title]
		Your hypothesis that the results are due to bias to find an 'expected result' results not supported by facts.
		The hypothesis that Patterson et al is nothing but conventional chemistry requires that the suggested chemistry fit the magnitudes of the observed variables.
		This, of course, falsely assumes that the water is near freezing, that the dissolved oxygen does not interfere with the solubility of the dissolved hydrogen and vice versa, and that the electrolyte is distilled water containing no dissolved lithium sulphate.
	www.ibiblio.org /pub/academic/physics/Cold-fusion/fd-latest/thruFD4545 (6811 words)

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