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Topic: Hydrogen reformer

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	PNNL News and Publications
		Hydrogen atoms are stripped from water and hydrocarbon molecules to produce hydrogen gas.
		It has taken steam reformer prototypes that long to come up to temperature to begin producing hydrogen to power the vehicle.
		The steam reformer is the highest temperature component within the fuel processor and represents the biggest hurdle to achieving rapid startup.
	www.pnl.gov /news/2004/04-31.htm (628 words)

	Hydrogen reformer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A hydrogen reformer is a device that extracts the hydrogen contained in other fuels.
		O → CO Reformers are based on a catalytic reaction that separates the hydrogen from the carbon in the fuel, then mixes the carbon to form carbon dioxide which is released into the atmosphere.
		This is why many reformer projects have focussed on "new" fuels like methanol; they are not widely used today, so it would not be too difficult to have the market supply it in a form tailored to use in a reformer.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hydrogen_reformer (439 words)

	Reformer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A reformer is a person who wishes to change a system to improve it (see Reform movement).
		A reformer is an influential person in the Protestant Reformation (see Protestant reformers).
		A reformer is a device that extracts hydrogen from other fuels, typically methanol or gasoline - see hydrogen reformer
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reformer (144 words)

	Hydrogen Economy
		In particular hydrogen is proposed as a fuel to replace the gasoline and diesel fuels currently used in automobiles.
		Additional hydrogen can be recovered from the carbon monoxide (CO) through the lower-temperature water gas shift reaction, performed at about 130 °C: Essentially, the oxygen (O) atom is stripped from the water (steam) to oxidize the carbon (C), liberating the hydrogen formerly bound to the carbon and oxygen.
		Hydrogen is about three times bulkier in volume than natural gas for the same energy delivered, and hydrogen accelerates the cracking of steel (hydrogen embrittlement), which increases maintenance costs, leakage rates, and material costs.
	www.ourquads.com /hydrogen_economy.htm (0 words)

	Articles - Hydrogen economy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Additional hydrogen can be recovered from the carbon monoxide (CO) through the lower-temperature water gas shift reaction, performed at about 130 Â°C: Essentially, the oxygen (O) atom is stripped from the water (steam) to oxidize the carbon (C), liberating the hydrogen formerly bound to the carbon and oxygen.
		Hydrogen is about three times bulkier in volume than natural gas for the same energy delivered, and hydrogen accelerates the cracking of steel (hydrogen embrittlement), which increases maintenance costs, leakage rates, and material costs.
		The amount of hydrogen which leaks today is much lower (by a factor of 10-100) than the estimated 10%-20% figure conjectured by some researchers; in Germany, for example, the leakage rate is only 0.1% (less than the natural gas leak rate of 0.7%).
	www.dforever.com /articles/Hydrogen_economy (3898 words)

	Hydrogen • Hydrogen News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		This is especially true for the transportation sector, the transformation of which is the primary focus of hydrogen advocates and the highest priority of federal efforts.
		Hence, the closed natural hydrogen (water) cycle and the closed natural carbon (CO2) cycle may be used to produce synthetic hydrocarbons for a post-fossil fuel energy economy.
		Even if the hydrogen were used in fuel cells, the overall energy efficiency would be comparable to that of steam engines in the early half of the 20th century, while the CO2 emissions would have significantly increased due to the growth of overall energy consumption.
	www.hydrogennews.org /hydrogen (0 words)

	Argonne tests, creates fuel cells to power the future
		Since hydrogen can be produced from a variety of domestic resources, researchers are seeking cost-efficient ways to use it to meet the nation's growing energy needs and reduce the nation's oil reliance.
		Their compact fuel processor reforms gasoline from the pump or other conventional fuels such as diesel, methanol or natural gas, into a hydrogen-rich gas to power fuel cells.
		Hydrogen can be produced from a variety of sources including fossil fuels like coal or natural gas, biomass and water using either electricity (electrolysis) or high temperatures.
	www.eurekalert.org /features/doe/2004-06/dnl-atc061404.php (2142 words)

	Hydrogen reformer -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A hydrogen reformer is a device that extracts the (A nonmetallic univalent element that is normally a colorless and odorless highly flammable diatomic gas; the simplest and lightest and most abundant element in the universe) hydrogen contained in other (A substance that can be consumed to produce energy) fuels.
		A reformer allows existing fuel supply and distribution systems to supply (Cell that produces electricity by oxidation of fuel (hydrogen and oxygen or zinc and air); for use in electric cars) fuel cell-powered vehicles, using the reactions:
		The (A pliable sheet of tissue that covers or lines or connects organs or cells of animals) membrane is "clogged up" with the carbon and its performance degrades.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/h/hy/hydrogen_reformer.htm (454 words)

	PNNL on fast track for hydrogen fuel reformer
		Hydrogen atoms are stripped from water and hydrocarbon molecules to produce hydrogen gas.
		It has taken steam reformer prototypes that long to come up to temperature to begin producing hydrogen to power the vehicle.
		The steam reformer is the highest temperature component within the fuel processor and represents the biggest hurdle to achieving rapid startup.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-04/dnnl-pof042704.php (628 words)

	SBIR/STTR Interactive Topic Information System (SITIS)
		Research and develop a fuel reformer with multi-fuel capability, able to produce fuel cell quality hydrogen from JP-8 logistical fuel or methane natural gas, as a minimum, and other hydrocarbons.
		Concurrent with the development of fuel cell technology the reformer technologies necessary for producing hydrogen from methane gas and kerosene based JP-8 logistical fuel have been progressing.
		Reformers capable of producing fuel cell quality hydrogen using JP-8 have been developed as well as reformers which utilize methane natural gas as feedstock.
	www.dodsbir.net /Sitis/archives_display_topic.asp?Bookmark=20126 (310 words)

	IdaTech \| Technology \| Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Hydrogen permeates through the membrane, while the residual gases, or raffinate, containing water, carbon oxides, and some hydrogen, are combusted in a burner to provide the heat of reforming.
		Hydrogen permeation includes three rate processes in series: dissociative adsorption on the reformate face, diffusion of the hydrogen atoms through the bulk metal, and recombination of those atoms on the permeate face.
		The rate of hydrogen permeation is then proportional to the difference in concentration of hydrogen atoms on both sides of the membrane, and it is inversely proportional to the membrane thickness.
	www.idatech.com /technology/publications.html?pub=15 (0 words)

	Alcohol fuel - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		One theory holds that hydrogen should not be considered to be a fuel source in and of itself.
		In this view, hydrogen is merely an intermediate energy storage medium existing between an energy source (be it solar power, biofuels, and even fossil fuels) and the place where the energy will be used.
		One possible solution is to use ethanol to transport the hydrogen, then liberate the hydrogen from its associated carbon in a hydrogen reformer and feed the hydrogen into a fuel cell.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Alcohol_as_a_fuel (4769 words)

	BOARD MEETING DATE: June 16, 2000 AGENDA NO. 7
		Hydrogen fuel cell buses are true zero-emission buses, and have the potential to eliminate VOC, NOx, CO and toxic emissions.
		Hydrogen refueling stations are necessary to facilitate the introduction of fuel cell buses.
		Hydrogen Burner Technology, based in Long Beach, CA has developed and owns several patents to its reformer technology, and is a leading manufacturer of stationary reformers.
	www.aqmd.gov /hb/2000/00067a.html (0 words)

	Energy firms in area are hoping to clean up - The Boston Globe
		The hydrogen electrons (which have a negative charge), meanwhile, travel through an external circuit to create electricity that is then used to turn the wheels of a car or bus.
		Hydrogen for the station, scheduled to open early next year, will be supplied from a Ztek stationary power plant being installed at the Marine Corps base to supplement its electrical needs.
		Ztek also has a hydrogen reformer installed as part of a demonstration project at Dinosaur State Park near Rocky Hill, Conn., although Hsu said it is no coincidence that California drivers will be among the first to regularly top off their tanks with hydrogen.
	www.boston.com /business/technology/biotechnology/articles/2006/11/30/energy_firms_in_area_are_hoping_to_clean_up (0 words)

	Hydrogenics
		The reformer will generate hydrogen by reforming natural gas and will be installed at the Korea Gas research and development facility in Incheon, near Seoul.
		Hydrogenics is a world leader in on-site electrolysis-based generation with a strong reach into the industrial and energy markets worldwide.
		The reformer will be able to generate 65 kilograms of hydrogen a day, which is enough to refuel approximately 20 fuel cell powered vehicles.
	www.hydrogenics.com /ir_newsdetail.asp?RELEASEID=181824 (0 words)

	Initiative Brennstoffzelle - Reformer extracts hydrogen for fuel cell-powered cars from gasoline
		The system should solve supply problems until a comprehensive network of hydrogen filling stations is built and "lay the groundwork for the hydrogen economy,” said Phil Snait from HydrogenSource, which is a joint venture of the petroleum company Shell and the fuel cell manufacturer UTC Fuel Cells.
		The system is able to extract hydrogen from gasoline thanks to a special, patented process — Catalytic Partial Oxidation (CPO), which uses some of the fuel’s energy, and a little extra help from catalysts, to release the hydrogen from the gasoline’s long-chain hydrocarbon molecules.
		His company is also working on reformer systems that can be used for stationary fuel cells in small-scale power plants and for emergency energy supply in residential buildings.
	www.initiative-brennstoffzelle.de /ibz/live/nachrichten/show.php3?id=67&nodeid=0&art=e (298 words)

	[No title]
		Using a Delphi micro reformer, the hydrogen enrichment system generates a hydrogen-rich gas by partial oxidation of fuel.
		The micro reformer is approximately the size of a soda can and can be placed nearly anywhere on the vehicle.
		Hydrogen enrichment will allow for a significant reduction of the precious metal content of conventional catalysts necessary to help meet Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle (SULEV) standards and help avoid the dramatic increase in catalyst packaging volume that may be necessary, particularly on larger engines.
	www.delphi.com /news/pressReleases/pr13802-06242002 (452 words)

	STEAM REFORMER WITH INTERNAL HYDROGEN PURIFICATION (WO9919456A1) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The steam reformer includes a concentric cylindrical architecture with the outermost shell (50) nesting an annular combustion region (60), and annular reforming region (62), and annular hydrogen transport region (54) and cylindrical polishing region (56).$L'invention concerne un dispositif de reformage à la vapeur avec purification interne de l'hydrogène.
		Reformer 12 receives at its fuel inlet pressurized liquid methanol and water from a pressurized methanol/water source 32.
		The hydrogen stream passes, by pressure differential, through the membrane and subsequently through a polishing catalyst to appear at the outlet 14 of reformer 12.
	www.delphion.com /details?pn=WO09919456A1 (0 words)

	Automotive Engineering International Online: Tech Briefs, Oct. 1999, Page 2
		The methanol reformer in the experimental vehicle has a capacity of about 80 L (21 gal).
		The reformer itself is housed in a box-shaped housing, measures 400 x 450 x 550 mm (15.7 x 17.7 x 21.7 in), and has external piping.
		Hydrogen generated by the reformer, and compressed air from the compressor, is fed to the fuel-cell stack.
	www.sae.org /automag/techbriefs_10-99/02.htm (567 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Fuel Processors Work"
		Hydrogen gas is not a very energy-dense fuel, meaning it contains little energy per unit volume compared to a liquid fuel like gasoline or methanol.
		Liquid hydrogen has good energy density, but it must be stored at extremely low temperatures and high pressures; this makes storing and transporting it rather difficult.
		If there were a technology that could remove the hydrogen from these fuels and use it to power the fuel cell, the hydrogen storage and distribution problem would be eliminated almost entirely.
	www.howstuffworks.com /fuel-processor.htm (221 words)

	Hydrogen Fueling Stations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The technology park project is intended provide critical insight into the role of hydrogen in the world's energy system and illustrates the environmental and energy security benefits derived from using hydrogen as a fuel.
		The SES-f supplies clean hydrogen to a fleet of hydrogen vehicles and is one of the first hydrogen fueling stations in the state that is accessible to the public.
		The station produces hydrogen that is also used to test various vehicles systems and components enabling the development of new and improved vehicle technology.
	www.stuartenergy.com /our_customers/transportation.html (1239 words)

	Hydrogen Projects and Conceptual Ideas in Germany
		The hydrogen shall be produced as far as possible and economic from clean and renewable energy sources, mainly from biomass gasified to hydrogen.
		During wintertime the hydrogen is converted to electricity by an alkaline fuel cell system or to high temperature heat in a catalytic cooker with 4 diffusion burners and in a catalytic air-heater with a two step diffusion burner.
		The hydrogen generated was used for cooking in the domestic science department, whereas the oxygen generated was used for aeration of the fish pond.
	www.hydrogen.org /News/Gproject.html (0 words)

	Catalytic Reformer and Refinery Hydrogen System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Hydrogen produced by a catalytic reformer is a mixture of condensable hydrocarbons and hydrogen.
		The purity of the hydrogen is typically between 75–90%, which means that there is a high percentage of components which may condense resulting in reliability problems in downstream equipment.
		Because the “net” hydrogen produced at a reformer unit is distributed throughout the refinery, the problems are widespread.
	www.pall.com /chemical_5578.asp (431 words)

	Hydrogen may provide clean energy
		As the nation's leaders discuss the pros and cons of a “hydrogen economy,” Argonne experts are supplying potential near- and long-term technological solutions to hydrogen production, distribution, storage and use.
		However, hydrogen does not exist in nature in its elemental form, so it must be extracted from a compound such as water or a hydrocarbon.
		Argonne is studying advanced methods of transporting and storing hydrogen, as well as the economic, energy and emission implications of widespread hydrogen use in transportation.
	www.anl.gov /Media_Center/Frontiers/2003/d1ee.html (0 words)

	EVWORLD NEWSWIRE: Voller Energy Announces Hydrogen Reformer Milestone (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Up to now this process of extraction or hydrogen reforming has been costly and requires proprietary fuels, for example high purity LPG or de-ionised water which are not widely available.
		Most reformers use a process of steam reforming, combining water in the form of steam with the fuel to produce hydrogen.
		Extracting hydrogen from LPG or propane is complex because of the chemical structure and composition.
	www.evworld.com /view.cfm?page=news&newsid=11753 (0 words)

	Read about Hydrogen reformer at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Hydrogen reformer and learn about Hydrogen reformer ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		O → CO Reformers are based on a catalytic reaction that separates the hydrogen from the carbon in the fuel, then mixes the carbon to form
		This is why many reformer projects have focussed on "new" fuels like
		methanol; they are not widely used today, so it would not be too difficult to have the market supply it in a form tailored to use in a reformer.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Hydrogen_reformer (449 words)

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