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Topic: Hydrographic surveys

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	Hydrography Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		A hydrographic survey may be conducted to support a variety of activities: nautical charting, port and harbor maintenance (dredging), coastal engineering (beach erosion and replenishment studies), coastal zone management, and offshore resource development.
		The primary use of hydrographic surveys is for nautical charting.
		All NOS hydrographic data are now collected and processed with specialized computer systems which store the data in digital form and generate graphic displays of the hydrographic data on mylar "smooth sheets" at a variety of survey scales, usually at 1:10,000 and 1:20,000-scale.
	chartmaker.ncd.noaa.gov /hsd/hydrog.htm (310 words)

	Oceanography/hydrography - Royal Danish Administration of Navigation and Hydrography
		The Centre is responsible for the collection, validation, storage and administration of oceanographic and hydrographic data to support the planning and execution of maritime operations, to improve the safety of activities at sea, to assist in the preparation of charts as well as being responsible for oceanographic and hydrographic research and development.
		As an overall principle in current hydrographic surveying, priority is given to the principal transit routes and routes to the major ports of trade in Danish waters.
		Hydrographic surveying is also assisted in correction and reduction of depth data to zero level, which is the basis for the depth indications shown on charts.
	www.frv.dk /en/om_frv/hovedopgaver/oceanografi.htm (2103 words)

	The Hydrographic Society - Technical Articles - A Dredge Monitoring and Hydrographic Survey System for Small Ports
		These systems were also standard hydrographic survey systems, developed to be used by Surveyors in a wide range of applications, and fairly complex in their operation.
		All the survey parameters for each individual Port can be set up by a surveyor, so that the equipment operators need only to select the particular area of the port that they wish to survey and keep a record of the tide height during the time of survey.
		A survey before the start of work each morning, and at the end of work each day, for the type of dredge operating in these ports takes less than an hour in the field, and about the same time in the office to provide.
	www.hydrographicsociety.org /Articles/journal/2000/97-1.htm (2018 words)

	NOAA 200th: Top Tens: Breakthroughs: Hydrographic Survey Techniques
		Hydrographic surveys gather this information that is then published for use by mariners on nautical charts and other publications such as Coast Pilots.
		Wiredrag was a major breakthrough in hydrographic surveying because it allowed the hydrographer to find pinnacle rocks, shipwrecks on the bottom, and other potential hazards to navigation that are easily missed by lead line sounding and even many acoustic sounding methods.
		NOAA hydrographers were instrumental in developing procedures for using these systems and advancing the state of art of hydrographic and bathymetric surveying.
	celebrating200years.noaa.gov /breakthroughs/hydro_survey/welcome.html (1513 words)

	Hydrographic Surveys Fathometer Dredging Renourishment Mooring Fields - Bourne Consulting Engineering
		Chelsea, MA Hydrographic Survey for dredging of marine terminal to 29 ft. draft.
		Barnstable, MA Hydrographic Survey of channel, hydrographic and topographic survey of basin, dredge volumes and sections for dredge planning studies.
		New Bedford, MA Hydrographic Survey of the marine facilities in order to design dredging and new bulkhead for marine contractor staging area.
	www.bournece.com /surveys.html (547 words)

	NOAA's National Ocean Service: Hydrographic Surveying
		The surveys also identify sea floor materials (important for anchoring, dredging, pipeline and cable routing), dredging areas, cables, pipelines, wrecks and obstructions, and fish habitats.
		OCS conducts hydrographic surveys primarily with side scan and multibeam sonar.
		To collect up-to-date hydrographic survey data and to serve the maritime community, OCS has developed a survey priority plan to identify those areas most in need of surveying as determined by an assessment of traffic volume and patterns, adequacy of current charts or surveys, and potentially insufficient underkeel clearance, and input from the maritime community.
	oceanservice.noaa.gov /topics/navops/hydrosurvey/welcome.html (1105 words)

	Hydrographic surveys
		The origins of hydrographic surveying in the North Sea and Baltic Sea lie in the Netherlands, Denmark, and Sweden.
		It covered Germany’s Baltic coast at the time, reaching from Wustrow to Memel, and was produced on the basis of hydrographic surveys made between 1833 and 1838 by navigation students and mariners supervised by the director of the Danzig navigation school, the Danish citizen von Bille, and the German master M.
		Small survey boats with a crew of 13, built from 1888, were found to be particularly efficient in hydrographic surveying.
	www.bsh.de /Vorlagen/ressources/Druckversion.jsp?_PRINTPAGE_=yes&_PRINTOID_=45696 (765 words)

	NOAA's National Ocean Service: Hydrographic Surveying
		Hydrographic surveys are conducted primarily by ships using side scan and multibeam sonar.
		OCS conducts hydrographic surveys primarily with side scan and multibeam sonar.
		To collect up-to-date hydrographic survey data and to serve the maritime community, OCS has developed a survey priority plan to identify those areas most in need of surveying as determined by an assessment of traffic volume and patterns, adequacy of current charts or surveys, and potentially insufficient underkeel clearance, and input from the maritime community.
	www.nos.noaa.gov /topics/navops/hydrosurvey/welcome.html (1105 words)

	Hydrography Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		A hydrographic survey may be conducted to support a variety of activities: nautical charting, port and harbor maintenance (dredging), coastal engineering (beach erosion and replenishment studies), coastal zone management, and offshore resource development.
		The primary use of hydrographic surveys is for nautical charting.
		All NOS hydrographic data are now collected and processed with specialized computer systems which store the data in digital form and generate graphic displays of the hydrographic data on mylar "smooth sheets" at a variety of survey scales, usually at 1:10,000 and 1:20,000-scale.
	www.chartmaker.ncd.noaa.gov /hsd/hydrog.htm (310 words)

	Shallow Water Surveys Using the (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Surveys for navigation channels, ports and harbours, lake and dam management, environmental mapping, marine archaeology, marine construction, cable landfalls and hydrodynamic modelling all rely on accurate and detailed information on the water depth.
		In a delivered survey the accuracy of the binned depths is greater than that of the individual soundings, as there are many soundings in each bin which are statistically combined to produce the final chart.
		The survey requirement that 1m features are to be mapped accurately means that the maximum bin size should be 1m, and there should be at least 2 soundings per bin to ensure accuracy of the mean depth recorded.
	www.geoacoustics.com /Papers/Shallow_Water_Surveys_GeoSwath/paper.htm (5831 words)

	NOAA Home Page - NOAA Charts Portal
		Hydrographic Surveys are conducted to determine the configuration of the bottoms of water bodies, especially as it pertains to navigation.
		NOAA National Geodetic Survey provides airport geodetic control, runway, navigational aid, obstruction and other aeronautical data that is critical to the operation of the national airspace system; plans and acquires aerial photography and compiles shoreline data, primarily for application to the nautical charts produced by the
		NOAA Hydrographic Survey Priorities — The statutory mandate of NOAA authorizes it to provide nautical charts and related hydrographic information for the safe navigation of maritime commerce as well as provide basic data for engineering, scientific and other commercial and industrial activities.
	www.noaa.gov /charts.html (794 words)

	TerraSond Ltd - Hydrographic and Land Surveying
		Surveys were conducted as part of a larger team to obtain detailed information of mineral deposits (SMS, seafloor massive sulphides) surrounding "Black Smokers" on the seabed in and around underwater volcanoes.
		The surveys included GPS control, RTK and conventional topography, and single-beam bathymetry and were used to produce contour maps for use in developing computer modeling to determine the river flood plains.
		Hydrographic surveys for 53 Square Nautical Miles of hydrographic survey with 100% multibeam sonar coverage to NOAA specifications.
	www.terra-surveys.com /projects.asp (1231 words)

	USACE Education: Navigation - Lesson 5: Hydrographic Surveys Level 2
		Survey information from before and after the dredging is used to calculate the volume removed from the channel and payment to the contractor.
		On the ocean, hydrographic surveyors must compensate for both tidal variations and the lifting and lowering of the survey boat by passing waves.
		Hydrographic surveying is a technical area that has greatly benefited by the development of powerful microcomputers, computer software, and global positioning.
	education.usace.army.mil /navigation/lessons/5/hydrosurls5lv2.html (1445 words)

	Pyburn & Odom - Hydrographic Survey
		Pyburn and Odom MCA was the first to perform computerized, automated hydrographic revetment monitoring surveys along the Mississippi, Red, and Atchafalaya Rivers for the Corps of Engineers in both the New Orleans and Vicksburg Districts.
		In 1994, Pyburn and Odom MCA were the first hydrographers to perform automated discharge measurements along the Mississippi and Red Rivers within the geographic boundaries of the Vicksburg District Corps of Engineers; this technology is still being used today on the project.
		Our equipment is housed on our 21 ft. cabin survey vessel which may easily be deployed to any location in the U.S. Pyburn and Odom MCA offers a full line of automated and conventional hydrographic survey equipment to meet the demands of each project.
	www.pyodom.com /services/hydrographic.htm (351 words)

	Proposal for a Data Accuracy Standard for Bathymetric/Hydrographic Data — Federal Geographic Data Committee
		The accuracy of this type of surveying is highly dependent upon knowledge of tidal datum planes and the special accuracy requirements to support safe navigation.
		Hydrographic data are also important for coastal zone management, environmental monitoring, resource developments, legal land jurisdictional issues, ocean and meteorological modelling, engineering and construction planning and many other uses.
		The principal objective of the standard is to specify minimum standards for hydrographic surveys in order that hydrographic data collected according to these standards is sufficiently accurate and that spatial uncertainty of data is adequately quantified to be safely used by mariners.
	www.fgdc.gov /standards/projects/FGDC-standards-projects/accuracy/part5/progpas5 (1193 words)

	Hydrographic Surveys Ltd
		Multibeam survey along a proposed offshore pipeline route with combined single beam and side scan sonar survey of 5 landing terminal ends.
		Bathymetric and geophysical survey to assess a 30Km route for pipeline burial extending from the Tunisian mainland to Kerkenna Island.
		Pre-development study involving Hydrographic, Geophysical and Archaeological Assessment study of existing pier and on-going construction surveys of the pier extension at Port Oriel, Co. Louth.
	www.hydrosurvey.com /html/projects.html (226 words)

	TerraSond Ltd - Hydrographic and Land Surveying
		Surveys were conducted as part of a larger team to obtain detailed information of mineral deposits (SMS, seafloor massive sulphides) surrounding "Black Smokers" on the seabed in and around underwater volcanoes.
		The surveys included GPS control, RTK and conventional topography, and single-beam bathymetry and were used to produce contour maps for use in developing computer modeling to determine the river flood plains.
		Hydrographic surveys for 53 Square Nautical Miles of hydrographic survey with 100% multibeam sonar coverage to NOAA specifications.
	www.terrasond.com /projects.asp (1231 words)

	_CLYDESIDE SURVEYS LTD - Hydrographic Survey Specialists - Equipment Page
		The system can be mounted on a survey vessel or deployed on an ROV at depths down to 1500 m (standard 600 m, 1500 m is an option).
		The GeoPulse Boomer system is the choice for geophysical survey where high seabed penetration is required in deep or shallow water across a broad range of sub-bottom structures.
		For surveys where even greater penetration is required the GeoPulse Multi-Electrode Sparker Array may be used in place of the Boomer plate, but at the expense of some trade-off in resolution.
	www.clydeside-surveys.ltd.uk /equipment (2261 words)

	南沙群岛书籍 - Secret Hydrographic Surveys In The SPRATLY ISLANDS
		From the beginning of modern western hydrographic exploration in the early 1800s, around what was then called the Archipelago of Reefs in the South China Sea, numerous reefs, banks, shoals and islands have been reported and recorded on navigational charts.
		Extensive secret surveys, in what was then known as the Dangerous Ground of the South China Sea, were conducted principally by British Admiralty and Japanese naval surveyors between 1926 to 1939 for territorial and strategic reasons.
		This book reviews the history of national open and secret surveys in the Dangerous Ground and enumerates a number of features that do not exist, and probably never have existed except as a result of errors made by navigators in reporting those perceived dangers between 100 and 200 years ago.
	www.nansha.org.cn /books/2/01.html (311 words)

	At work on the river (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Armstrong heads up Hanson’s hydrographic surveying unit based in St. Louis, Mo. Although his territory extends across the country, he personally knows the 300 miles of the Mississippi River from Cairo, Ill., to Saverton, Mo., like the back of his hand.
		Hydrographic surveying is performed to determine the underwater topography of a project site (body of water).
		Armstrong explains that the main purpose of the survey was to determine the change in the river bottom due to the flooding and to create an updated hydrographic book map, but he adds that there were other byproducts, such as hydraulic analysis and engineering design.
	www.hanson-inc.com /insight/0603/story1.htm (1297 words)

	The Hydrographic Society - Technical Articles - IHO S44 Standards for Hydrographic Surveys and the Variety of ...
		One of the strong points of hydrographic data is that it generally conforms to a known standard. For the past 40 years, this has usually been the International Hydrographic Organisation’s S44.
		Hydrographic information, in particular bathymetric information, is used to make informed decisions of several types: for example vessel navigation decisions; resource management decisions; resource development decisions; marine infrastructure decisions; marine construction decisions; coastal development decisions; tactical and strategic military decisions and environmental management decisions.
		The International Hydrographic Organisation (IHO) has issued standards for hydrographic surveys (S44) since 1957, and most recently in 1998 (IHO, 1998). These are the standards used by most producers of hydrographic data.
	www.hydrographicsociety.org /Articles/journal/2002/104-2.htm (3570 words)

	Hydrographic Conferences to Highlight "Quiet" Science
		Most of the time Navy hydrographers toil behind the scenes, quietly surveying waterways for military operations and in support of U.S. foreign policy to aid foreign governments, masking the discipline’s importance to military operations and shipping.
		The Navy’s hydrography program also helps to establish and build those international relationships through hydrographic surveys of foreign ports and waterways, in countries that do not have the resources or the expertise to survey and chart their own.
		Since ports and harbors are vital to economic development and foreign trade, hydrographic surveys of those areas are welcomed as vital to economic development.
	www.news.navy.mil /search/display.asp?story_id=29219 (713 words)

	NARA / Sri Lanka / IHO /National Hydrographic Office / NHO /hydrographic surveys /nautical charts / bathymetric surveys ...
		The National Hydrographic Office was established in 1984, and is accredited to the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) as the focal point for Hydrography in Sri Lanka.
		The principle service of the NHO is carrying out hydrographic surveys through systematic data collection of inshore, near shore, and offshore.
		Hydrographic data obtained from surveys, is mainly used for port and harbour development, coastal zone management, delimitation of the limits of national maritime jurisdiction, control of marine pollution, provision of data for coast conservation and coastal engineering projects and provision of charts for navigation.
	www.nara.ac.lk /nho/about (222 words)

	Office of Coast Survey - Hydrographic Surveys Division (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		The Coast Survey's Hydrographic Surveys Division (HSD) coordinates the acquisition and processing of precisely located geographic data in the marin environment.
		Hydrographic surveys determine the configuration of the bottoms of water bodies, especially as it pertains to navigation.
		This includes the detection, location, and identification of wrecks and obstructions primarily through the use of side scan sonar and multibeam sonar technology.
	chartmaker.ncd.noaa.gov /HSD/hsd-0.html (106 words)

	environmental geophysics - Enviroscan - geophysical surveys - archaeological geophysics
		environmental geophysics - Enviroscan - geophysical surveys - archaeological geophysics
		The common feature of all Enviroscan hydrographic surveys is precise measurement of water depth using survey-grade single-beam or Multibeam echo sounding systems with integrated real-time, high-accuracy global positioning system (GPS) positioning, and (where necessary) heave, pitch, and roll compensation.
		These surveys are fully digital and follow the standards described in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers hydrographic surveying manual (e.g.
	www.enviroscan.com (2430 words)

	Clydeside Surveys Ltd - Hydrographic survey working throughout Kilmacolm Renfrewshire and across the UK.
		We carry out all forms of hydrographic surveys including bathymetry, side scan sonar surveys, geophysical surveys, pipe and cable route surveys, shallow seismic surveys and oceanography.
		Bathymetric Survey is to enable planning, dredge control etc. We have been carrying out Bathymetric Surveys for over 34 years and have built up a unique client base.
		Clydeside Surveys Limited specialise in all forms of hydrographic surveying including: Bathymetric Surveys: to supply you with up to date bathymetry to enable planning, dredge control etc. Side Scan Sonar Surveys: for debris location and geophysical investigation.
	www.scoot.co.uk /08702000606 (228 words)

	Surveying
		Surveying is the science and art of using applied mathematics to determine the area of any portion of the earth's surface, the length and direction of the bounding lines, and the elevation contours of the surface.
		We have surveyed radiation, explosive ordnances, and chemical contamination.
		Radiation Surveys: Radiation Gamma Walkover Surveys (GWS) are performed to measure the quantity of radionucliides present in an area of concern (AOC).
	www.geometrics-gps.com /survey.htm (569 words)

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