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Topic: Hydrostatic shock

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	Hydrostatic shock: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		...Hydrostatic shock Hydrostatic shock Hydrostatic shock is the effect commonly...believed to cause hydrostatic shock by the closure of the cavity created by the object 's...created by the object 's passage.
		Hydrostatic shock is the effect commonly believed to be caused by a high velocity object entering a body, such as a bullet fired from a weapon.
		The shock is described in the following way -- The object will cause ordinary damage by the actual penetration, but also pass a shock-wave in the surrounding tissue due to the energy of the slowing object being passed into the largely liquid material of the body (65%+).
	www.encyclopedian.com.cob-web.org:8888 /hy/Hydrostatic-shock.html (400 words)

	Hydrostatic shock - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is frequently used to argue in favor of low mass, high velocity bullets, especially in American shooting sports magazines.
		The term hydrodynamic shock refers to a pressure wave that is created when liquid is suddenly displaced, such as by a high explosive or projectile.
		The theory of hydrostatic shock has been conclusively disproven.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hydrostatic_shock (615 words)

	Design of a Crash Survivable Locomotive Event Recorder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Shock damage is avoided by not using brittle items such as ceramic or glass circuit cards or electrical components in the crash-survivable memory unit.
		Shock testing was performed as 1000-g 6.5-ms shocks using an airgun recorder-launcher and a calibrated-compliance target for controlled deceleration.
		Hydrostatic pressure was tested in a pneumatically pressurized seawater pressure vessel of the same type as used in testing aviation recorders, but using a much lower pressure level (47 PSIG).
	www.ntsb.gov /Events/symp_rec/proceedings/authors/stevens.htm (3246 words)

	Hydrostatic shock (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The shock is described in the following way—the object will cause ordinary damage by the actual penetration, but also pass a shock wave in the surrounding tissue due to the energy of the slowing object being passed into the largely liquid material of the body (65%+).
		The shock wave, or sometimes competing shockwaves from multiple impacts, are believed to cause greater damage than the object itself, sometimes enough to rupture internal organss and fracture bone.
		Issues raised include kinetic energy vs. momentum, the rate of energy transfer, thermodynamics (kinetic energy would be transformed into heat), the speed of sound in tissue, hydrodynamic effects, 'wound tracks', and the nature of a body.
	publicliterature.org.cob-web.org:8888 /en/wikipedia/h/hy/hydrostatic_shock.html (310 words)

	ASCI Turbulence PPM Simulations
		For the second shock phase (rightmost curve), the diamonds indicate the case where the second shock is in the same direction as the first, and the crosses indicate the case where the second shock is coming from the opposite side.
		For the case in which the second shock is in the same direction as the first, there is an initial compression followed by a significant acceleration of the mixed layer width.
		At any instant prior to reflection, there is an unshocked turbulent region between the shock and z=1, a shocked turbulent region extending downstream from the shock, and finally a region filled with quiescent fluid that moves in from the inflow boundary.
	www.llnl.gov /CASC/asciturb/simulations.shtml (1570 words)

	chap12
		Shock is a clinical condition characterized by a gradual fall in arterial blood pressure and rapid heart rate.
		Shock is defined as a clinical condition characterised by a gradual fall in arterial pressure and a rapid heart rate.
		Anaphylactic shock (anaphylaxis with relative hypovolaemia) is a severe allergic disorder in which the cardiac output and the mean arterial pressure fall rapidly and drastically due to relative hypovolaemia.
	forlag.fadl.dk /sample/ppaulev/chapter12/kap.12.htm (8410 words)

	[No title]
		"Hydrostatic shock" is the idea that a bullet kills by setting up a "shock wave" in the incompressible water of which an animal's body is largely composed.
		Proponents of the "hydrostatic shock" theory usually argue that animals are composed largely of water, and therefore a bullet causes a "shock wave" to be set up in them, which causes displacement of organs, and rupture of tissues.
		The True Believers in the "hydrostatic shock" myth often point to the messy soup found inside the chest of deer hit in the lungs as "proof" they are right.
	civic.bev.net /shawnee/digress.html (1560 words)

	Emery Winslow Scale Company
		Hydrostatic load cells are available in grade 304 and 316 stainless, with improved life and performance over the more common aluminum and carbon steel.
		In addition, high capacity hydrostatic load cells require a minimum expense in mounting hardware, while the hardware for high capacity electronic load cells can cost more than the cell itself and often must be made of specially hardened steel.
		Hydrostatic load cells with identical acting areas have matched outputs, whereas electronic load cells have variations in millivolt output, requiring the scale to be recalibrated whenever a load cell is replaced.
	www.emerywinslow.com /lit_21advantages.html (1328 words)

	OutdoorsBest Forums: Terminal Ballistics - the 4 ways a bullet kills
		Living tissue is wet, saturated with various fluids, and a supersonic projectile kicks up what you might think of as a wake from a motor boat as it moves through the “water” of the body.
		This destroys tissue, and its called the temporary wound cavity because, unlike the permanent wound cavity poked by the bullet itself, the cavity caused by the hydrostatic shock closes instantly as the bullet’s shock wave passes.
		The final way a bullet kills is by (hydrostatic) shock, a wave of energy caused by the supersonic wake of the bullet that carries through the soft tissue and, if it impacts a major nerve with sufficient force, causes paralysis..
	outdoorsbest.zeroforum.com /zerothread?id=286827 (1802 words)

	OPERATION CROSSROADS BOMB TESTS - 1946
		Beginning 4 milliseconds after the explosion, the shock wave reaching the surface throws up a "spray dome", rising at an initial speed of 2500 ft/sec (mach 2.5), in advance of the rapidly expanding bubble of hot gases.
		In the second frame the separation between the shock front (producing the outer slick), and the condensation cloud forming in the rarefaction zone behind the shock front is easily seen.
		In the first frame of this sequence, the front of the faster moving the hydrostatic shock is visible as a fainter ring surrounding the white slick of the atmospheric shock.
	www.radiochemistry.org /history/nuke_tests/crossroads/index.html (906 words)

	eMedicine - Shock, Hypovolemic : Article by Paul Kolecki, MD, FACEP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		ADH is released from the posterior pituitary gland in response to a decrease in BP (as detected by baroreceptors) and a decrease in the sodium concentration (as detected by osmoreceptors).
		In a patient with possible shock secondary to hypovolemia, the history is vital in determining the possible causes and in directing the workup.
		Hypovolemic shock secondary to an ectopic pregnancy in a patient with a negative urine pregnancy test is rare but has been reported.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/topic532.htm (4893 words)

	DCL-slides (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Note that Na+ and water retention (from any cause) results in both increased hydrostatic pressure and decreased colloid osmotic pressure.
		Cardiogenic Shock = source of reduced CO is cardiac in origin from AMI, cardiac rupture, or cardiac tamponade, usually associated with an ejection fraction of <20%
		Septic Shock = Inflammation mediated shock typically caused by bacterial wall LPS and activation of systemic inflammation resulting in leaky blood vessels, vasodilation, immune mediated damage to enodthelial cells.
	www.med.uiuc.edu /m2/Pathology/FLUID.htm (1363 words)

	24 Hour Campfire: Whitetails and "hydrostatic shock"
		Hydrostatic shock is simply the high pressure compression and "shock wave" that happens when a high speed expanding bullet hits highly aqueous tissue.
		I just don't think that hydrostatic shock gets a fair shake these days, and again, that's based on my observations and from what I've seen doing those autopsies, and after checking out many of the stories associated with each of the kills.
		Hydrostatic shock has become the term used to describe it through the years, but like many terms, may more of a cause for confusion and dissent itself, than a term that helps us understand better what it is that really happens.
	www.24hourcampfire.com /ubbthreads/showflat.php?Number=362202 (6563 words)

	Jim Higgenbotham's Case for the 45 ACP
		Now that may come as a shock to those who are thinking "if this is an argument in favor of the.45 auto then I'd hate to see the other side".
		"What about ‘hydra-static shock’?" I do not mean to sound boastful or arrogant but I have been experimenting with firearms in the hunting field for over 30 years and I have been involved in law enforcement both as an officer and a trainer for over a quarter of a century.
		The trouble is that pundits and experts want to push the "shock" or "energy" properties to the maximum and that leads to light weight, fragile bullets which are less likely to penetrate to the back of the chest wall or to the spine.
	www.sightm1911.com /lib/other/jh_45acp.htm (2511 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Old Grunt RE:Hydrostatic shock 5/6/2005 2:09:15 PM "There would be substantially increased tissue damage (since you just bumped the KE by a factor of 4!), but the resulting wound channel would still only be about 10mm." I think that's a clearer statement.
		The high velocity advocates, among whom the late Roy Weatherby is perhaps the best known, generally believe in something they describe as "hydrostatic shock." This theory, as I understand it, says that the impact of a high velocity bullet transmits a massive hydraulic pulse through the veins and arteries of the stricken animal.
		This sudden pulse causes such a shock to the cardiovascular and nervous systems that the animal simply dies in its tracks, regardless of whether the bullet hit in a vital spot.
	www.strategypage.com /messageboards/messages/1-6587.asp (3549 words)

	SELF DEFENSE FORUMS: For A Fighting Chance
		The primary wounding mechanism of a bullet traveling at speeds lower than those able to cause hydrostatic shock is by physically passing through tissue, crushing and disrupting it in the process.
		My point is that, unless there is a lot of actual hydrostatic shock from a very high velocity projectile (I'm talking about the kind from high-velocity rifle bullets, like the.223), then the wounding effect is generally caused by the bullet disrupting tissues as it moves through them.
		Unless a bullet is able to impart enough energy to cause significant hydrostatic shock (causing the tissue to stretch beyond it's elastic capability and tear), then the wounding effect is basically just how much meat and/or bone the bullet (expanded or not) is able to push through, cut through, and otherwise disrupt.
	www.selfdefenseforums.com /forums/showthread.php?t=2978 (1880 words)

	OHSU Peds - PICU Teaching Files: Shock
		Again, blood pressure is not key to deciding whether or not someone is in shock, it does help decide whether they are in compensated or decompensated shock though.
		Shock is not something that is broke that you fix and are done.
		In addition, in severe shock states respiratory compromise in common, and potential for respiratory failure is great.
	homepage.mac.com /tegtmeyer/residents/shock.html (1626 words)

	Weaponry
		When that cavity is 'sucked' closed by the rest of the body and the sudden 'vacuum' a hydrostatic shock wave is created.
		In addition to hydrostatic shock, the bullet can lodge in a human body and increase the chance of infection and death.
		The subject would not bleed to death, suffer severe hydrostatic shock or be at risk from infection.
	www.military-sf.com /Weaponry.htm (2275 words)

	Search Results
		The manner in which bullets kill is through hydrostatic shock.
		This displacement action causes immediate victim shock (a thing of biology not hydrostatic shock) and often instantaneous exsanguination (bleeding to death either internally or externally).
		However, due to ballastics, where shock waves have either extended behind the bullet or where the bullet struck was not dense enough to absorb the shock wave, the subject can sruvive.
	www.hollywoodlitsales.com /cgi-bin/faq/faq_view.pl?index=5568 (321 words)

	www.gunhuntermag.com
		Supposedly knowledgeable magazine writers have described a slug’s “knockdown power” as a by-product of “hydrostatic shock.” The image of the huge, blunt slug is, after all, one that gives the impression of power.
		This leads me to believe that the 2,000-fps minimum for hydrostatic shock may be slightly overstated.
		To my way of thinking, hydrostatic shock and its byproduct, the tissue-destroying ballistic phenomenon known as “cavitation,” is what drops animals in their tracks.
	www.gunhuntermag.com /features/041213Myth.htm (1107 words)

	Real Guns - Hornady LeverEvolution Ammunition
		Sometimes these rounds are big bore and substitute large wound channels for: the high velocity, violent bullet expansion and hydrostatic shock of the ballistic hotdogs.
		The key to this arrangement is an extremely pliable and shock absorbing tip that recovers it's original shape after being distorted by incidental contact and will not detonate a forward primer in a tubular magazine.
		Most shock is already absorbed in a tubular magazine by a long magazine spring.
	www.realguns.com /archives/120.htm (1910 words)

	Gun Show On The Net.com - Gun Encyclopedia
		The shock wave, or sometimes competing shockwaves from multiple impacts, are believed to cause greater damage than the object itself, sometimes enough to rupture internal organs and fracture bone.
		The shock of firing can also put a great deal of stress on the crane, as in most designs the cylinder is only held closed at one point, the rear of the cylinder.
		Obviously, stopping power is related to the physical properties of the bullet and the effects it has on its target, but the issue is complicated and not easily studied.
	gunshowonthenet.com /page15.html (13992 words)

	Electrical feedthrough - Patent 4408092
		Referring now to the drawing, the reference numeral 10 generally indicates the electrical power feedthrough connector of the present invention which is particularly adapted for connecting the ends of two cables 12 and 14, which are generally armored covered cable, for supplying electrical power downhole to various equipment such as a well pump.
		The feedthrough connector 10 connects the ends of the cables 12 and 14 together and provides the necessary structure to overcome the adverse pressure, temperature, hydrostatic shock and mechanical loading to which the electrical connection is subjected.
		The retainers 30 include a plurality of gripping teeth 32 for gripping the exterior of the armored cables 12 and 14 for removing the shock and/or load to which the cables 12 and 14 are subjected from the electrical connectors 24.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4408092.html (1829 words)

	Terminal Ballistics
		Shock, in the technical sense, indicates a mechanical wave travelling in excess of the inherent sound speed of the material; it can't be static.
		This may be a flow related wave like a bow shock on the nose of a bullet in air or it may be a supersonic acoustic wave travelling through a solid after impact.
		Some people use "shock" in the colloquial sense to describe a violent impact, but it is confusing, especially in connection with the term "hydrostatic" and lends undeserved quasi-scientific merit to the slang.
	www.rathcoombe.net /sci-tech/ballistics/myths.html (12436 words)

	KAMAX (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Buffers manufactured by KAMAX S.A. for freight and passenger cars and locomotives, as well as shock absorbing units for automatic couplers, are equipped with hydrostatic-elastomer shock absorbers.
		Shock absorbers are crucial to the buffers manufactured by KAMAX S.A. Many-year-long operation durability of our products has been proved, inter alia, by the durability test of passenger railway cars within the framework of ERRI B51, as well as by the durability of shock absorbing equipment for cargo cars in the United States and Russia.
		So far, the use of thousands of buffers and shock absorbing appliances manufactured by KAMAX S.A. has proved their practical durability and unfailing operation.
	www.kamax.com.pl /_ang/zderzaki.html (191 words)

	303 British
		As most of this unpleasantness was going on in the Indian theatre, the problem was tackled in situ and was solved at a place whose name must rank as one of the most over-used, misquoted and poorly understood terms in the history of firearms in general and projectiles in particular.
		This means that shock waves radiate through water very efficiently (just watch ripples on a pond when you throw in a stone, a half brick, the dog or whatever).
		This bullet could only be safely driven to a velocity of 2440 fps in the Lee, and while this velocity produced hydrostatic shock effects it was not as spectacular as the Mauser.
	www.african-hunter.com /303_british.htm (2555 words)

	PSI Hydrostatic Driven Flusher Tank Specifiations
		All tanks will have a minimum 8” diameter tank sump located at bottom of tank, sump will have a 4”brass plug, sump will be located near rear of tank for proper pump suction.
		Pump will be directly connected to hydrostatic drive power unit with absorbing and aligning torque coupling to eliminate the problems due to shock and misalignment.
		Power Takeoff: Hydrostatic transmission of flusher to be driven by a suitable heavy-duty power takeoff, installed on truck transmission, with shifting control in truck cab or front live power.
	www.askpsi.com /techdata/hydrostatic_driven_flusher_tank_spec.htm (1555 words)

	Student Abstracts: PPPL - Materials Sciences (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Silicon wafers - chosen for their effectiveness in transmitting electrons and relative ease of manufacture were to be analyzed for burst strength and durability.
		It was found that wafers with one side polished had an average burst strength of 148.57 psi and wafers with both sides polished had an average burst strength of 257.71 psi.
		Future research will include adapting the wafers for operation in an environment of hydrostatic shock, fluorine, x-rays, ultra violet light, low energy electrons, and hydrofluoric acid.
	www.scied.science.doe.gov /scied/Abstracts2001/PPPLms.htm (197 words)

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