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Topic: Hydrothermal

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	Hydrothermal vent - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hydrothermal vents are commonly found in places that are also volcanically active, where hot magma is relatively near the planet's surface.
		Hydrothermal vents are abundant on Earth because it is both geologically active and has large amounts of water on its surface.
		Hydrothermal vents have been speculated to exist on Mars, and are believed to exist on Europa.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hydrothermal_vent (241 words)

	Hydrothermal circulation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hydrothermal circulation in the oceans is the passage of the water through mid-oceanic ridge systems.
		Hydrothermal vents are locations on the seafloor where hydrothermal fluids mix into the overlying ocean.
		Hydrothermal circulating convection cells exist any place an anomalous source of heat, such as an intruding magma or volcanic vent, comes into contact with the groundwater system.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hydrothermal_circulation (275 words)

	Chemical Oceanography - Vents Program
		Hydrothermal circulation occurs when seawater penetrates into the ocean crust, becomes heated, reacts with the crustal rock, and rises to the seafloor.
		Some hydrothermal tracers (especially helium) can be mapped thousands of kilometers from their hydrothermal sources, and can be used to understand deep ocean circulation.
		Hydrothermal vents are the interface between the hot, anoxic upflow zone and cold, oxidized seawater.
	www.pmel.noaa.gov /vents/chemocean.html (172 words)

	hydrothermal vent on Encyclopedia.com
		Hydrothermal vents were first discovered near the Galápagos Islands in 1977 by scientists in the research submersible Alvin.
		Thermal tolerances of deep-sea hydrothermal vent animals from the Northeast Pacific.
		Hydrothermal vent systems could have persisted for millions of years, incubated early life.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/h1/hydrotherm.asp (668 words)

	Hot spot hydrothermal
		Hydrothermal sulfide and sulfate minerals were discovered in sediment samples from the new pit crater.
		Hydrothermal Mn oxides were recovered from submarine extensions of two Hawaiian rift zones, along Haleakala (SE of Maui) and Puna (extension of Kilauea's SE rift zone off Hawaii) Ridges.
		Hydrothermal circulation was probably driven by heat produced by intrusion of dikes, magma reservoirs, and flow of magma through axial and lateral conduits.
	www.mbari.org /volcanism/Hawaii/HR-Hydrothermal.htm (1136 words)

	Geological Society of America - GSA Today - v. 10, no. 7, July 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Hydrothermal systems appear to have played a fundamental role in the early evolution of Earth and in the endogenous synthesis of prebiotic organic compounds that were the basic building blocks for life.
		Hydrothermal environments typically sustain high rates of inorganic mineral precipitation favorable for capturing and preserving a microbial fossil record and integrated studies of the microbial biosedimentology, paleontology, and geochemistry of modern and ancient hydrothermal deposits provide important constraints for interpreting the fossils of thermophilic ecosystems.
		Hydrothermal systems are considered primary targets in the exploration for prebiotic chemistry and life on other bodies in the solar system (e.g., Mars, Europa, and dark asteroids) and could have provided cradles for the emergence of life in other planetary systems within our galaxy, and beyond.
	www.geosociety.org /pubs/gsatoday/gsat0007.htm (4118 words)

	Novel Bacterial and Archaeal Lineages from an In Situ Growth Chamber Deployed at a Mid-Atlantic Ridge Hydrothermal Vent ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		consortium (SB17) ( 39) and an epibiont from the deep-sea hydrothermal
		Methane oxidation in deep-sea hydrothermal plumes of the Endeavour segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge.
		Distribution of microorganisms in deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimneys investigated by whole-cell hybridization and enrichment culture of thermophilic subpopulations.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/66/9/3798 (5315 words)

	The Oceans Chimneys - Hydrothermal vents (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Hydrothermal vents are fissures in the ocean floor that leak hot, acidic water.
		Hydrothermal vents are normally found at depths of greater than one mile.
		Studies have found that the areas around the hydrothermal vents support a huge variety of life in a sunlight free environment.
	www.chm.bris.ac.uk /webprojects1997/AlexandraG/Welcome.htm (684 words)

	Hydrothermal Solubility of Palladium
		However, there is accumulating evidence that hydrothermal fluids may play a role in the redistribution of PGE in a variety of environments.
		Hydrothermal mineralization typically involves dissolution of source material by a hot aqueous fluid followed by transport and precipitation of the material as ores where and when drastic changes in physicochemical conditions occur.
		To understand the hydrothermal behavior of PGE, we undertook a study to determine PGE solubilities under pressure and temperature conditions most likely to be observed in nature.
	www.nbmg.unr.edu /dox/nl/nl10a.htm (783 words)

	“Hot Water” in Lassen Volcanic National Park— Fumaroles, Steaming Ground, and Boiling Mudpots \| USGS ...
		Most of the hydrothermal features in the park contain mixtures of condensed steam and near-surface ground water and have temperatures that are near boiling.
		Steam vents and hot springs are surface expressions of hydrothermal systems, in which cold surface water percolates deep into the ground, where it is warmed by the slow release of thermal energy from a heat source.
		The focus of hydrothermal activity and alteration shifts with time as the underground plumbing changes and pathways of fluid flow are sealed by mineral deposition or fractured by earthquakes.
	pubs.usgs.gov /fs/2002/fs101-02 (2464 words)

	New type of hydrothermal vent looms large: Science News Online, July 14, 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The mineral-laden waters that spew from the vents are driven by heat-generating chemical reactions in the rocks of Earth's crust.
		The new hydrothermal field was discovered last December near the top of a seamount called the Atlantis massif.
		Hydrothermal activity plays an important part in moving dissolved minerals and other substances through the Earth's crust and into the ocean, says Andrew T. Fisher, a hydrogeologist at the University of California, Santa Cruz.
	www.sciencenews.org /20010714/fob3.asp (991 words)

	Hydrothermal vent system unlike any seen before found in Atlantic
		The chimney and flange are made of carbonate minerals and silica dissolved in 160 F fluids that flow out of the seafloor and then precipitate when the fluids hit the icy cold seawater.
		A new hydrothermal vent field, which scientists have dubbed "The Lost City," was discovered Dec. 4 on an undersea mountain in the Atlantic Ocean.
		The top of this 18-story-tall chimney in the Lost City hydrothermal vent field is nearly 30 feet in diameter and is actively venting fluids.
	www.washington.edu /newsroom/news/2000archive/12-00archive/k121200.html (837 words)

	Hydrothermal Alteration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The spatial scale of hydrothermal circulation and alteration in crustal rocks is important because of its implications for the volume of rock that can be leached of metals to form concentrated ores.
		Hydrothermal alteration of oceanic crust is important to understanding the formation of seafloor massive sulfide deposits, the geochemical cycle of sulfur in the oceans, and ultimately the origin of magmatic sulfur erupted from volcanic arcs over subduction zones.
		Sulfur mass balance and isotopic systematics accompanying hydrothermal alteration of oceanic crust by seawater were developed by Alt [1994 ], based on studies of ophiolite complexes.
	www.agu.org /revgeophys/mckibb01/node15.html (281 words)

	HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS AND THE SEARCH FOR EXTRATERRESTRIAL LIFE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Hydrothermal systems have been implicated in the abiotic synthesis of organic compounds required by life.
		Hydrothermal systems probably played an important role in the early history of the dark asteroids, which are considered the most likely parent bodies for the C-1 (carbonaceous) chondrites.
		Hydrothermal environments were probably also widespread on Mars early in the planet's history.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2002AM/finalprogram/abstract_43539.htm (443 words)

	SCIENTIFIC RESULTS 158, table of contents
		Dissecting an active hydrothermal deposit: the strontium and oxygen isotopic anatomy of the TAG hydrothermal mound--anhydrite, pp.
		Geochemical changes during hydrothermal alteration of basement in the stockwork beneath the active TAG hydrothermal mound, pp.
		Dissecting an active hydrothermal deposit: the strontium and oxygen isotopic anatomy of the TAG hydrothermal mound--whole rock and silicate minerals, pp.
	www-odp.tamu.edu /publications/158_SR/158TOC.HTM (751 words)

	Spatial Distribution of Marine Crenarchaeota Group I in the Vicinity of Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Systems -- Takai et al. ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		of the microorganisms in the vicinity of deep-sea hydrothermal
		Hydrothermal plumes, hot springs and conductive heat flow in the Southern Trough of Guaymas Basin.
		Hydrothermal vents: biodiversity in deep-sea hydrothermal vents, p.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/70/4/2404 (5893 words)

	Savage Earth: Black Smokers
		Such hydrothermal vents were predicted long before they were first discovered by the submersible Alvin in 1977, as it surveyed the Galapagos Rift, along the eastern Pacific Ocean basin and over a mile and a half below the surface.
		Because so much metal is spewed out, hydrothermal vents have been responsible for many of the world's richest ore deposits, like the copper ores mined on the island of Cyprus in the Mediterranean Sea.
		If hydrothermal vents are now (or once were) present on other worlds -- Europa, Jupiter's ice-covered moon, is one possibility, as is Mars, where minerals that on Earth are commonly formed at hydrothermal vents were just discovered -- life might very well have arisen there too.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/savageearth/hellscrust/html/sidebar2.html (513 words)

	Frequently asked questions about recent findings at Yellowstone Lake
		Hydrothermal explosions occur when water that feeds Yellowstone's geysers and hot springs is explosively flashed to steam, breaking rocks and throwing them into the air.
		There is geologic evidence for a few large hydrothermal explosions, some leaving craters thousands of feet across near Yellowstone Lake and in other areas of the park.
		Two classic papers discuss evidence for hydrothermal explosions at Yellowstone, both in the geyser basins (Muffler et al., 1971) and beneath Mary Bay in Yellowstone Lake (Wold et al., 1977).
	volcanoes.usgs.gov /yvo/new.html (859 words)

	Hydrothermal Mineralogy of Core from Geothermal Drill Holes at Newberry Volcano, Oregon \| USGS Professional Paper 1578
		Hydrothermal zeolites, apophyllite, gyrolite, carbonates, apatite, hydrogrossular, clay minerals, silica minerals, sulfides, sulfur, anhydrite, epidote, and iron oxides and hydroxides were identified.
		Hydrothermal fluids flow more readily through the interflow breccias and have altered these breccias and other volcaniclastic layers where initial permeability was highest; massive lava flows having low permeabilities are generally unaltered or only slightly altered except where fractured or vesicular.
		Hydrothermal alteration minerals identified from the two intracaldera drill holes suggest that past temperatures could have been similar to the measured temperatures.
	pubs.usgs.gov /pp/pp1578 (913 words)

	Science News Online - Past Issues - Feature Article - 9/7/96
		These shrimps swarm around hydrothermal vents on the volcanically active mid-Atlantic ridge, which forms part of an underwater mountain range encircling the planet like the seam on a baseball.
		Suspecting that the shrimp uses these eyes to see light coming from the hydrothermal vents, Van Dover, Milton Smith, and John R. Delaney of the University of Washington in Seattle and their colleagues made a rough attempt to take digital pictures of the hot plumes.
		Given that scientists only discovered deep-sea hydrothermal vents and thermophilic microbes in the last 20 years, an understanding of their significance is likely to evolve rapidly as researchers probe deeper into the extreme environments.
	www.sciencenews.org /sn_arch/9_7_96/bob2.htm (1655 words)

	Yellowstone Project- Task 5 - Hydrothermal Explosion Deposits (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The steep-sided walls of the depression and its circular nature are similar to the subaerial hydrothermal explosion craters, such as Turbid Lake, Indian Pond, and Fern Lake, present immediately north of Mary Bay.
		Hydrothermal explosion craters and associated breccia deposits are commonly observed features in Yellowstone National Park.
		Mary Bay, a 3-km-diameter embayment on the north shore of Yellowstone Lake, is a major hydrothermal explosion crater complex that erupted about 10,000 years B.P. and deposited an apron of explosion breccia for several kilometers around Mary Bay.
	minerals.cr.usgs.gov /projects/yellowstone/task5.html (680 words)

	CVO Website - Geothermal and Hydrothermal Activity
		Hydrothermal - pertains to hot water or the action of heated water, often considered heated by magma or in association with magma.
		Most hydrothermal activity at Mount Baker is concentrated within Sherman Crater, although a small area of fumaroles, known as the Dorr Fumarole Field, is present on the north flank of the volcano at an altitude of 2,300 to 3,500 meters.
		Although the latest eruptions were approximately 70,000 years ago, the immense hydrothermal system and a variety of geophysical characteristics indicate that magma still underlies the Yellowstone caldera at a shallow depth.
	vulcan.wr.usgs.gov /Glossary/ThermalActivity/description_thermal_activity.html (3419 words)

	Habitats: Hydrothermal Vent - Characteristics
		Hydrothermal vents are formed where two oceanic plates pull apart and erupting lava replaces the sea floor.
		Though the cold seep waters are about the same temperature as the surrounding waters, they are called cold seeps in contrast to the extremely hot fluids from hydrothermal vents.
		The cold seeps support organisms similar to the hydrothermal vents though the exact make-up of the biological community surrounding them depends on the chemicals, such as hydrogen sulfide, methane, iron, manganese and silica, found in the cold-seep fluid.
	www.onr.navy.mil /focus/ocean/habitats/vents1.htm (249 words)

	Emerald gemstones: faceted lab grown created emeralds - synthetic jewelry gems
		This lab grown hydrothermal gem has one large inclusion visible to the unaided eye and a number of smaller ones that can be seen with a loupe -- for those of you who like the lab emeralds to look more like the typically included natural ones.
		Created hydrothermal gemstone with a rich emerald color and some inclusions -- one visible to the unaided eye and a number of smaller ones that can be seen with a 10x loupe.
		This lab grown hydrothermal emerald gem is faceted in an 11x9-mm oval.
	www.geolite.com /emerald.htm (1625 words)

	Life As We (Didn't) Know It
		Cindy Van Dover, a marine biology professor at the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, is one of some 60 scientists, technicians and sailors currently sailing the Indian Ocean aboard the research vessel Knorr from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
		The hydrothermal vents -- which are essentially geysers on the sea floor -- support exotic chemical-based ecosystems.
		Hydrothermal vents form along mid-ocean ridges, in places where the sea floor moves apart very slowly (6 to 18 cm per year) as magma wells up from below.
	science.nasa.gov /headlines/y2001/ast13apr_1.htm (1581 words)

	Ocean Planet: Popular Science - Creatures of the Thermal Vents (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It was December 1993, and the scientists inside the sub had come to this stretch of the East Pacific Rise, an underwater mountain range about 500 miles southwest of Acapulco, Mexico, to inspect a recently formed hydrothermal vent - a fissure in the ocean bottom that leaks scalding, acidic water.
		The giant tube worm is one of the most conspicuous members of a diverse community that forms around hydrothermal vents.
		Hydrothermal vents are underwater oases, providing habitat for many creatures that are not found anywhere else in the ocean.
	seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov /OCEAN_PLANET/HTML/ps_vents.html (1715 words)

	Hydrothermal Vents
		A hydrothermal vent is a geyser on the seafloor.
		The first hydrothermal vent was discovered in 1977.
		Chimneys top some hydrothermal vents, or "hot smokers." These smokestacks are formed from dissolved metals that precipitate out (form into particles) when the super-hot vent water meets the surrounding deep ocean water, which is only a few degrees above freezing.
	www.ocean.udel.edu /deepsea/level-2/geology/vents.html (617 words)

	Hydrothermal Vents Could Have Persisted Millions Of Years, Incubated Life
		The staying power of seafloor hydrothermal vent systems like the bizarre Lost City vent field is one reason they also may have been incubators of Earth's earliest life, scientists report in a paper published in the July 25 issue of Science.
		Water is circulated through the vent field by heat from serpentinization, a chemical reaction between seawater and the mantle rock on which Lost City sits, rather than by heat from volcanic activity or magma, responsible for driving hydrothermal venting at sites scientists have been studying since the early 1970s.
		If hydrothermal venting can occur without volcanism, it greatly increases the places on the seafloor of early Earth where microbial life could have started.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/life-03zi.html (1090 words)

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