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Topic: Hydroxyl radicals

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	Hydroxyl - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The hydroxyl radical, ·OH, is the neutral form of the hydroxide ion.
		Hydroxyl radicals are highly reactive and consequently short lived, however they form an important part of radical chemistry.
		The Hydroxyl radical is often referred to as the "detergent" of the troposphere because it reacts with many pollutants, often acting as the first step to their removal.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hydroxyl (387 words)

	Le Magazine, December 1995 - The Dangerous Hydroxyl Radical
		The hydroxyl radical is a third generation species of radical which is derived from hydrogen peroxide (HZ02), which, in turn, is derived from the superoxide radical through the action of the enzyme superoxide dismutase.
		Hydrogen peroxide is reduced to hydroxyl radicals by the enzymes glutathione peroxidase and catalase in the presence of transition metals such iron or copper.
		The fact that melatonin is so much better at scavenging hydroxyl radicals than any other antioxidant is persuasive evidence that melatonin protects us against a wide variety of diseases and that its progressive depletion with advancing age contributes to aging and the diseases and disabilities associated with aging.
	www.lef.org /magazine/mag95/95dec2b.htm (954 words)

	Oxygen Free Radicals and Mitochondrial Mutation
		Hydroxyl free radical, which is also produced when ionizing radiation strikes water, is several orders of magnitude more reactive than superoxide.
		The hydroxyl radical reacts immediately upon contact with a suitable electron donor, so it's reaction rate essentially is controlled by the rate at which it diffuses.
		Hydroxyl radicals react with all types of biologically important molecules - nucleic acids, proteins, sugars, and lipids - producing radicals that undergo further reactions.
	www.oxygentimerelease.com /A/ScienceOxygen/p3.htm (821 words)

	Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere
		The hydroxyl radical consists of one oxygen atom and one hydrogen, atom chemically bonded to form a diatomic molecule.
		The most common reaction of the hydroxyl radical is called "hydrogen abstraction." In hydrogen abstraction reactions a hydrogen atom from another substance is added to the hydroxyl radical, converting the hydroxyl radical to a water molecule and simultaneously generating a new radical on the substance which lost the hydrogen atom.
		Hydroxyl radicals can combine directly with another substance to form a new molecule that includes all the atoms from the two initial molecules.
	mtsu32.mtsu.edu:11233 /PM-Atm1.html (738 words)

	The Hydroxyl Radical; Sources and Measurement. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		It has been known for over 30 years that the hydroxyl radical is the main driving force behind the daytime reactions of hydrocarbons in the troposphere.
		The main source of hydroxyl in both clean and polluted air is the photolysis of ozone.
		After the expansion zone, the sample enters the excitation zone where hydroxyl radicals are excited by a laser, (@ 308 nm), the excited hydroxyl radicals relax to the ground state emitting fluorescent radiation (@ 308 nm).
	www.chem.leeds.ac.uk /Atmospheric/Field/oh.html (451 words)

	Hydroxyl Radicals
		Hydroxyl radicals, which occur naturally in our atmosphere, are 2000% more effective at oxidizing pollutants in the air than ozone, and 2.5 times more germicidal and fungicidal than chlorine, making them the most effective method of destroying mold, bacteria, viruses and germs that you can buy.
		Hydroxyl Radicals break down hazardous organic compounds and are a major catalyst in the chain reaction necessary for contaminant oxidation.
		Hydroxyl Radicals are part of the catalyst that creates hydro peroxides, super oxide ions, passive negative ions hydroxides and ozonide ions that purify the air of pollution.
	www.inspiredliving.com /airpurifiers/hydroxylradicals.htm (990 words)

	Cantron: Proven to be the World's Most Powerful and Versatile Antioxidant.
		Since it is so reactive, hydroxyl radicals generated in vivo do not persist for even a microsecond as they rapidly combine with molecules in their immediate vicinity as fast as they collide.
		Hydroxyl radicals can be produced at an enormous rate, have easy access to every portion of the cell, are capable of causing great damage within a small radius of their site of production and are highly carcinogenic.
		Hydroxyl radicals are known to initiate the formation of peroxyl radicals and peroxyls are known to play an intermediary role with hydroxyls, causing a wide range of chain reactions.
	www.cantron.com /html/cantron_antioxi.html (5175 words)

	T & T - page 3
		These free radical species ((alkyl)-hydroxycyclohexadienyl radicals) are formed in the primary step in the oxidation of aromatic compounds in the atmosphere via addition of hydroxyl to the aromatic rings.
		Up to date, these radicals are produced indirectly via attachment of hydroxyl radicals to a proper aromatic molecule (reaction 2b in the case of benzene).
		The target radical is formed in the attachment reaction of hydroxyl radical to a proper aromatic molecule.
	web.mit.edu /airquality/www/AR99/7t3.htm (2651 words)

	Hydroxyl Systems Inc. - Products
		Hydroxyl is a global leader for biological wastewater treatment and oxidation based wastewater treatment technology serving the shipboard marine industry including the cruise industry, and ferry industries.
		Hydroxyl is a global leader of advanced oxidation processes, offering the widest array of advanced oxidation technologies commercially available.
		The purpose of advanced oxidation technologies, is to produce hydroxyl radicals (.OH), a highly reactive oxidizing agent that reacts with and destroys most organic pollutants in water.
	www.hydroxyl.com /products.php (390 words)

	Hydroxil Radicals - o3ozone Ozone Generator Products- Air, Surface Purification, Commercial, Home Air Purifiers
		While Hydroxyl Radicals are suited for certain applications, where the application is in very close proximity - or in the machine producing of the Hydroxyl Radicals, Hydroxyl Radicals will not be suited for shock treatments or germ killing action in a room or building.
		Because of the short life of Hydroxyl Radicals, these machines are not capable of shock treating or removing odors permanently except for the air passing through the machine.
		While Hydroxyl Radicals are real, because their life span is similar to an ion, which is only a few seconds, they do not have the ability to travel throughout a room or kill germs on surfaces.
	www.o3ozone.com /compare_features/hydroxil_radicals.htm (680 words)

	Free Radicals
		A radical (often, but unnecessarily called a free radical) is an atom or group of atoms that have one or more unpaired electrons.
		Note in the figure above that a hydrogen is abstracted from the fatty acid by hydroxyl radical, leaving a carbon-centered radical as part of the fatty acid.
		For example, vitamin E becomes a radical, but is regenerated through the activity of the antioxidants vitamin C and glutathione.
	arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu /hbooks/pathphys/misc_topics/radicals.html (1070 words)

	Biozone UV Air Purifier Purifying Hydroxyls, Biozne Purifiers
		Hydroxyl radicals, which occur naturally in our atmosphere, are 33% more effective at oxidizing pollutants in the air than ozone, and 2.5 times more germicidal and fungicidal than chlorine, making them the most effective method of destroying mold, bacteria, viruses, and germs that you can buy.
		Hydroxyls are why our planet hasn't choked itself to death and the reason we can live at all in our cities.
		These hydroxyl radicals are an extremely powerful air purifying agent, much more so than ozone and without the undesirable side effects commonly associated with air cleaners whose primary method of air cleansing is ozone, (Purifying Plasma).
	www.peakpureair.com /biozhydroxyls.htm (1939 words)

	Rhian Salmon: — Beloved Hydroxyl (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Hydroxyl radicals are great, so informative about the immediate air composition, and the method we were developing should have made them cheap and simple to measure everywhere in the world.
		Hydroxyl radicals in the air react with aspirin to form a product (2,5-dihydroxy benzoic acid if you must know) that is extremely fluorescent.
		During the solar eclipse a few years ago, for instance, the Leeds FAGE machine got some stunning data showing an immediate drop-off of hydroxyl radicals when the sun disappeared and an immediate return to their prior concentrations when the light returned.
	www.rhiansalmon.com /2005/09/beloved_hydroxyl.html (1015 words)

	Review Article: Free Radicals: Nature's way of saying NO or Molecular murder
		OH is denoted by the radical `dot', and such species have a strong tendency to restore the electron pair by pulling a hydrogen atom, complete with a single unpaired electron, from C-H bonds in sugars, in DNA for example.
		The decay was pH-dependent, and was decreased as the pH increased.
		When hydroxyl radicals react with a benzene ring, such as that in benzoate (benzene substituted with a -CO group), a mixture of substituted hydroxybenzenes are formed.
	www.graylab.ac.uk /lab/reviews/pwrev.html (4924 words)

	Nighttime formation of peroxy and hydroxyl radicals during the BERLIOZ campaign: Observations and modeling studies
		Traditionally, tropospheric radical chemistry is discussed in terms of the daytime photochemically produced hydroxyl radical (OH).
		Radicals, however, are also important during nighttime: this is especially true for ozone and the nitrate radical (NO), which both act as key initiators of the degradation of alkenes such as biogenic monoterpenes.
		Nitrate radical reactions with terpenes were found responsible for producing 77% of the RO radicals, 53% of the HO, and 36% of the OH radicals during night.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2003/2001JD000656.shtml (468 words)

	Excessive Formation of Hydroxyl Radicals and Aldehydic Lipid Peroxidation Products in Cultured Skin Fibroblasts from ...
		Previous studies suggest oxygen free radicals' involvement in the etiology of cardiomyopathy with cataracts.
		Hydroxyl radicals react with biological molecules in a diffusion-controlled fashion.
		Free radicals are generally short lived and inflict damage only in the local environment where they are produced.
	www.jci.org /cgi/content/full/99/12/2877 (3935 words)

	My thesis on UV Light treatment of Wastewater chapter 3
		The aim is to obtain Hydroxyl Radicals (OH This is achieved by reducing the Oxygen that is contained in the water to Ozone.
		When the contaminants are being treated with radicals, the radicals break down the contaminating chemicals into molecules that have similar properties to the radicals that broke them down in the first place.
		Although it is lower than that of the original Hydroxyl Radical it is still considerable to the effect, that it also participates in the reduction of other contaminates which in turn also react with other contaminants and thus creates the cascading effect.
	www.hardlink.com /~nike/ethesi3.htm (718 words)

	Citebase - Geminate recombination of hydroxyl radicals generated in 200 nm photodissociation of aqueous hydrogen ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Geminate recombination of hydroxyl radicals generated in 200 nm photodissociation of aqueous hydrogen peroxide
		Authors: Crowell, R. Lian, R. Sauer, M. Oulianov, D. Shkrob, I. The picosecond dynamics of hydroxyl radicals generated in 200 nm photoinduced dissociation of aqueous hydrogen peroxide have been observed through their transient absorbance at 266 nm.
		The prompt quantum yield for the decomposition of H2O2 is 0.56, and the fraction of hydroxyl radicals escaping from the solvent cage to the water bulk is 64-68%.
	www.citebase.org /cgi-bin/citations?id=oai:arXiv.org:physics/0501098 (206 words)

	Cantron is The Worlds Most Effective Free Radical Scavenger
		Vitamin C only works on water-soluble peroxyl radicals, vitamin E scavenges fat-soluble peroxyls, superoxide dismutase and catalase is only effective on superoxide radicals, etc. It is rare to find an antioxidant that can work effectively on more than one type of radical let alone all 3 forms of the harmful reactive oxygen species.
		It is, in fact, the most reactive radical known to chemistry and the most physiologically harmful, being suspected in such pathologies as atherosclerosis, oncogenesis, cataractulargenesis and DNA mutation.These dangerous radicals can attack and damage almost every molecule found in living cells because they react as soon as they come in contact with another molecule.
		Each hydroxyl radical that is allowed to exist without being scavenged can cause chain reactions and propagate thousands or even millions of additional peroxyl radicals.
	www.advancedvitametric.com /Cantron.html (6104 words)

	Newsletter No. 2 - Hydroxyls (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Hydroxyl ions and ultraviolet radiation seem to be responsible for much of the eventual destruction of methane, some halocarbons, and a number of other atmospheric pollutants."
		That is precisely the reason why it has been so difficult to accurately measure hydroxyl levels in the earth's atmosphere.
		Hydroxyl has well been called "Mother Nature's Broom." Hydroxyl molecules play a crucial role in helping to keep the earth's atmosphere clear of chemical pollutants as well as helping to break down potentially harmful airborne organic compounds.
	www.negativeiongenerators.com /articles/Hydroxyl-2.html (830 words)

	hydroxyl radicals have been identified as being potentially important in reactions with phenolic antioxidants. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		hydroxyl radicals have been identified as being potentially important in reactions with phenolic antioxidants.
		It neutralizes free radicals in the fatty and watery regions of cells.
		In other projects being undertaken by the CI, hydroxyl radicals have been identified as being potentially important in reactions with phenolic antioxidants derived from olives, and in reactions with wine components, especially catechin and tartaric acid.
	www.clickerado.com /a/antioxidants/acid.htm (2707 words)

	HVAC-Talk: Heating, Air & Refrigeration Discussion - Hydroxyl Radicals
		Google "Hydroxyl Radicals" and you get opinions all over the board whether they are safe for you or not.
		As large organic molecules are broke down to co2 and h2o, "Hydroxyl Radicals" are an intermideate.
		Hydroxyls have an extremely short lifespan - and are difficult to measure.
	hvac-talk.com /vbb/showthread.php?postid=765573 (1510 words)

	Theorized Mechanism of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Against Alzheimer's Disease Onset and Progression
		Both the neutralization of hydroxyl radicals and the prevention of metal reduction in the TBA solution appear to decrease chromagen levels.
		Therefore, the high reactivity of the hydroxyl radical with other molecules is unlikely to affect the ultimate NSAID neutralization of radicals in general.
		The uptake of molecular oxygen by microglial activation results in the formation of numerous hydroxyl radicals, contributing to overall radical accumulation caused by oxidative stress.
	www.jyi.org /volumes/volume3/issue1/articles/basu.html (2767 words)

	What is hydroxyl? And how can it clean your indoor air pollution? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Hydroxyls and hydroxyl radicals are formed when UV-C radiation from the sun shines on water vapor in the atmosphere.
		Negative hydroxyl ions are also formed when the Air Probe Sanitizer's special ultraviolet lamps emit UV-C rays.
		Hydroxyls and hydroxyl radicals are formed when UV-C radiation from the sun strips the hydrogen (H) atoms from water molecules (H20), forming negative hydroxyl ions (OH-) and a little hydrogen peroxide
	www.negativeiongenerators.com /hydroxyl.html (267 words)

	OSL: Quantitative Analysis of Hydroxyl Radicals in the Anterior Optic Nerve of the Cat Following Transient Ischemia
		This study provides quantitative data on the generation of hydroxyl radicals in the anterior optic nerve of the cat during the early reperfusion phase following 90 minutes of ischemia.
		Cats were injected intravenously with sodium salicylate that by acting as an hydroxyl radical trap, forms 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3-DHBA).
		This study provides a quantitative analysis and evidence for the generation of hydroxyl radicals in the optic nerve of the cat following transient ischemia.
	www.slackinc.com /EYE/os/stor0101/ophir.htm (318 words)

	Melatonin Melatonin Can Alleviate Sleep Disorders, Detoxify Hydroxyl Radicals
		Oxygen based radicals are a natural consequence of aerobic metabolism and the evolution of oxygen scavengers to protect the integrity of the cell and its organelles was a necessity.
		It specifically scavenges the most damaging free radical, the hydroxyl radical, and has easy access to every portion of the cell.
		Melatonin acts as a primary non-enzymatic antioxidative defense against the destruction caused by hydroxyl free radicals and, along with structurally related tryptophan metabolites, is principally involved in the prevention of oxidative stress in a diverse range of organisms.
	www.vitasentials.com /melatonin.htm (1204 words)

	Cantron - The wellness formulation...
		According to the National Cancer Institute (http://www.cancer.gov): "Free radicals are molecules with incomplete electron shells which make them more chemically reactive than those without incomplete electron shells.
		There are 6 common reactive species of free radicals existing in the body.
		Russell Reiter, PhD, professor of neuroendocrinology at University of Texas Health Center has highlighted the dangers of the hydroxyl radical; “If the function of radicals is to destroy molecules and tissues, then the hydroxyl radical would be the radical’s radical.
	www.thewolfeclinic.com /cantron/cantron_antioxi.html (5283 words)

	Production of Hydroxyl Radicals from the Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide Catalyzed by Various Iron Oxides at pH 7 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The hydroxyl radical (HO), generated from the Fenton-like catalysis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), is the major reactant involved in the oxidation of toxic organic contaminants.
		The results showed that for both ferrihydrite and goethite, the yields and production rates of HO radicals were in the order of 10\U-12 mM and 1-5x10\U-14 mM/S, respectively, and irrelevant to the initial H2O2 dose.
		This indicated that the rate of H2O2 decomposition was not a suitable parameter for evaluating the catalytic capability of iron oxides to transform H2O2 to HO radicals.
	www.pubs.asce.org /WWWdisplay.cgi?0410201 (263 words)

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