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Topic: Hygiene hypothesis

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	Hygiene Hypothesis: Are We Too "Clean" for Our Own Good?
		Increased hygiene and a lack of exposure to various microorganisms may be affecting the immune systems of many populations - particularly in highly developed countries like the US - to the degree that individuals are losing their bodily ability to fight off certain diseases.
		That's the essence of the "hygiene hypothesis," a fairly new school of thought that argues that rising incidence of asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis and perhaps several other diseases may be, at least in part, the result of lifestyle and environmental changes that have made us too "clean" for our own good.
		The hygiene hypothesis points in a different direction, proposing that in many diseases it is a lack of exposure to the "bad guys" that causes harm.
	healthlink.mcw.edu /article/1031002421.html (1122 words)

	Evolution: Library: Hygiene Hypothesis
		Her hypothesis was that children growing up in the poorer, dirtier, and generally less healthful cities of East Germany would suffer more from allergy and asthma than youngsters in West Germany, with its cleaner and more modern environment.
		Today, her new hypothesis, dubbed "The Hygiene Hypothesis," is that children who are around numerous other children or animals early in life are exposed to more microbes, and their immune systems develop more tolerance for the irritants that cause asthma.
		She is now researching the levels of allergy and asthma in children who live in villages as compared with children who live on a farm and are exposed to livestock.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/evolution/library/10/4/l_104_07.html (408 words)

	Guardian \| Dirty homes bug hygiene scientists
		Scientists today launch a major demolition of the "hygiene hypothesis" which suggests that our clean, sterile modern homes could be a cause of rising allergies in the UK, and warn that tolerating dirt could lead to a rise in harmful bugs and infectious diseases.
		As the hypothesis was developed, other scientists looked at different ways in which our contact with microbes has lessened, such as the move from farms to town living and the improvements in water supplies, sanitation and vaccines.
		The researchers call for the hygiene hypothesis to be renamed in order not to deter people from cleaning their houses and protecting themselves from disease - they suggest microbial exposure hypothesis instead.
	www.guardian.co.uk /print/0,3858,4926262-103690,00.html (569 words)

	The Royal Institute of Public Health
		It is hoped that by clarifying current thinking on the Hygiene Hypothesis and providing consensual advice, the statement will assist hygiene and other health professionals in their work and in their dealings with the public.
		The Hygiene Hypothesis proposes that there may be an association between the change in exposure to microbes and the increased incidence of atopic disease observed in recent decades.
		Hygiene standards in organisations, institutions, the community and the home, and especially in relation to food and health-care, need to be maintained.
	www.riphh.org.uk /hygienehypothesis.html (850 words)

	Getting the Dirt on Germs
		Sloane calls the hygiene hypothesis intriguing but "hard to put your arms around." It is a topic, however, that is definitely worthy of study.
		Essentially, the hygiene hypothesis argues that diseases such as asthma and allergies are increasing in prevalence because the immune system is not being effectively constructed in the early years.
		Barbers notes that only time and a lot more research will tell whether the hygiene hypothesis is valid, and whether, once again, parents should let their kids play in the dirt.
	www.usc.edu /uscnews/stories/7419.html (1895 words)

	Hygiene Hypothesis Gains Support in the United States and Europe
		Two new studies further bolster the hygiene hypothesis, which says that reduced microbial exposure because of increased sanitation and cleaner lifestyles has facilitated the rise in asthma and allergic disease in the Western world.
		One of the studies, conducted by Paolo M. Matricardi, MD, and colleagues, is the first to lend credence to the hygiene hypothesis in a US general population sample.
		He pointed out, however, that seropositivity for hepatitis A, T gondii, or herpes simplex-1 is merely a marker of microbial exposure, not proof that these specific infections are responsible for the reduced allergic disease risk that he and his colleagues observed.
	www.respiratoryreviews.com /jan03/rr_jan03_hygiene.html (941 words)

	Allergy & Asthma Disease Management Center: Ask the Expert: Atopy
		The hygiene hypothesis is a very interesting concept for which there is a sizable amount of supportive evidence.
		Also, several thoughtful reviews/editorials have questioned whether the hygiene hypothesis is sufficient to explain the increasing incidence of atopy and asthma in Westernized (“developed”) societies.
		The hygiene hypothesis states that a reduced exposure to allergens in early life is solely implicated in the growing propensity for allergy sensitization.
	www.aaaai.org /AADMC/ate/atopy.html (1493 words)

	News 14 Carolina \| 24 Hour Local News \| HEADLINES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Here’s the dirt on the "hygiene hypothesis" and why some researchers say it may be a clue to the recent rise in asthma.
		Researchers are looking at the "hygiene hypothesis" - a controversial theory that kids today are not exposed to enough germs early in life, so their immune systems don't get enough practice fending off diseases like asthma.
		In fact, they say the findings from hygiene hypothesis studies may help create a protective asthma vaccine that mimics an exposure to old-fashion germs.
	rdu.news14.com /content/headlines?ArID=38198&SecID=2 (373 words)

	Rising allergies are not caused by clean homes or overdoing hygiene, says new report
		The report represents the first detailed review by infectious disease and hygiene specialists of the 'hygiene hypothesis' - the idea that having fewer childhood infections, because of cleaner homes and smaller families, may be responsible for more children developing allergies and asthma.
		'The hygiene hypothesis and its implications for hygiene' compiled for the International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene (IFH)², evaluates the various medical, public health, and environmental and lifestyle changes that might have altered our exposure to microbes, and outlines the various other theories put forward to explain the rise in allergies.
		The targeted hygiene approach is based on the same risk analysis system (HACCP) that the Chief Medical Officer intends to introduce throughout the NHS to control hospital-acquired infections.
	www.lshtm.ac.uk /news/2004/risingallergies.html (971 words)

	Salon.com Health \| Talking dirty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		According to what's called the "hygiene hypothesis," our immune systems, which evolved in environments where we couldn't escape disease, microorganisms of every description and just plain dirt, don't always develop normally if they don't meet these things during our childhood development.
		Most proponents of the hygiene hypothesis say that there is a balance in our immune systems between two kinds of reaction, the Th1 and the Th2.
		Many hygiene hypothesis proponents suggest that if a baby's developing immune system doesn't meet enough viruses and bacteria, or if it doesn't meet the right kind, Th1 reactions may not be sufficiently stimulated.
	www.salon.com /health/feature/2000/05/03/germ_warfare (977 words)

	Today's Chiropractic Nutrition Mar/Apr 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		By Paul A. Goldberg, MPH, DC The evolving theory of the “hygiene hypothesis” is receiving increasing attention by public health professionals, including epidemiologists who study patterns of health and disease in the population.
		The hygiene hypothesis contends that by early exposure to a wide variety of microbiological challenges (bacterial, viral, etc.) the immune system develops far more efficiently, thereby lessening the possibilities of numerous allergic, immunological and infectious disease problems throughout our lives.
		Proponents of the hygiene hypothesis contend that there is an inverse relationship between the incidence of infectious microorganisms encountered during the formative years and the later development of a wide variety of allergic and immunological disorders.
	www.todayschiropractic.com /archives/mar_apr_03/ma2003_nutrition.html (1938 words)

	Hygiene at Efari United Kingdom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		For instance, washing one's hands after using the toilet and before handling food reduces the chance of spreading bacteria and hepatitis A, both of which are spread from fecal contamination of food.
		The word hygiene is derived from the name of the Greek mythology Greek gods of health known as Hygieia.
		During the Indian Ocean Tsunami of December 2004 the rapid burial of the dead in mass graves in the mistaken belief that it was hygienic to do so was criticised by some scientists.
	www.efari.co.uk /science-and-technology/hygiene.html (851 words)

	News - Experiments Support Hygiene Hypothesis - National Jewish Medical and Research Center
		Researchers at National Jewish Medical and Research Center have gathered strong experimental support for the hygiene hypothesis, a proposed explanation for the worldwide rise in asthma and allergies.
		The research team, led by Richard Martin, M.D., found that early infection with the bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae reduced a mouse's subsequent response to allergens.
		The hygiene hypothesis has offered one explanation for this increase: compared with the past, children living in these countries today are exposed to fewer infectious organisms, which are necessary to properly train their developing immune systems.
	www.njc.org /news/health-news/y2003/hygiene-martin-022503.aspx (546 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The hygiene hypothesis is a proposed explanation for why allergies and asthma are now epidemic, especially in developed countries.
		The hypothesis holds that children who grow up in crowded and dirtier environments are less likely to develop these ailments than youngsters raised in cleaner, more protected environments.
		After she found the opposite to be true, she concluded that because the immune systems of children growing up in hygienic conditions hadn’t had much exposure to germs, they were more likely to react to harmless substances such as pollen or peanuts.
	www.drweil.com /u/Article/C198Print (301 words)

	"The Hygiene Hypothesis" by Edward Willett
		Through good hygiene, we’ve eradicated or reduced the incidence of many diseases—but some scientists are now beginning to think we may have gone too far.
		An increasing number of studies are lending support to the "hygiene hypothesis," the notion that we’ve made our environment too hygienic for our own health.
		For instance, British epidemiologist David Strachan looked at the records of 17,000 British children and found that the more older siblings they had, the less likely they were to come down with hay fever—a disease which, despite its name, is far more common in the city than the country.
	www.edwardwillett.com /Columns/hygienehypothesis.htm (726 words)

	Word Spy - hygiene hypothesis
		The new findings, published today in The New England Journal of Medicine, add to a growing collection of evidence for the "hygiene hypothesis." This theory suggests that 20th century advances like indoor plumbing, antibiotics and cleaner homes may have contributed to recent increases in allergy, asthma and eczema by decreasing rates of childhood infection.
		The hygiene hypothesis attributes the rise in appendicitis that occurred in the United Kingdom at the beginning of this century to improvements in sewage disposal and water supplies in the late 19th century.
		2 These improvements in hygiene greatly reduced the exposure of infants to enteric organisms that programme the immune system of the gut, thereby rendering the bowel more susceptible to triggering infection later in life.
	www.wordspy.com /words/hygienehypothesis.asp (419 words)

	Barb Wired
		Since developing the symptoms of pollen sickness, I've become intensely interested in the "hygiene hypothesis" - a new medical theory that proposes that allergies are caused, in part, by a declining exposure to harmless microbes during childhood.
		According to the hygiene hypothesis, if we're not repeatedly exposed to microbes, our under-stimulated immune systems will be over-stimulated when they encounter harmless substances like pollen, resulting in the development of allergies.
		If the hygiene hypothesis has any merit at all - a question which is still being debated - then surely society should stop promoting excessive hygiene in order to prevent others suffering as I do.
	english.unitecnology.ac.nz /barbwired/read_story.php?storynum=195 (675 words)

	Immunologists rethink allergy's hygiene hypothesis
		In recent years this has been explained by the "hygiene hypothesis." The hypothesis contends that an obsession with cleanliness has reduced Westerners' exposure to infections that are fought off with Th1 cells; instead, the immune system more often uses Th2 cells, which orchestrate allergic reactions.
		The hypothesis appears to be supported by the observation that individuals with type 2 allergic responses are also less likely to suffer classic Th1-mediated immune diseases, including type 1 diabetes.
		"Until recently the so-called hygiene hypothesis was that if you have the Th2 skew you got allergy and the lack of microbial pressure would explain why you don't have type 1," said Björkstén.
	www.vaccinationnews.com /DailyNews/March2002/ImmRethinkAllergHygHyp.htm (626 words)

	Blogger: Email Post to a Friend
		Hygiene Hypothesis May Explain Rise in Coronary Heart Disease: "Hygiene Hypothesis May Explain Rise in Coronary Heart Disease
		According to the investigators, 'improved hygiene in early childhood might partially explain the greatest epidemic of the 20th century, coronary heart disease'.
		It is the first time that the so-called 'hygiene hypothesis', which postulates that reduced microbial exposure because of improved sanitation and cleaner lifestyles has facilitated the rise in asthma, allergic disease and multiple sclerosis in the Western world, is linked to the development of heart disease.
	www.blogger.com /email-post.g?blogID=7102277&postID=112790528363644751 (346 words)

	Hygiene levels in a contemporary population cohort are associated with wheezing and atopic eczema in preschool infants ...
		Hygiene levels in a contemporary population cohort are associated with wheezing and atopic eczema in preschool infants -- Sherriff et al.
		Hygiene levels in a contemporary population cohort are associated with wheezing and atopic eczema in preschool infants
		that is not associated with the hygiene hypothesis.
	adc.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/87/1/26 (2563 words)

	News in Science - Early antibiotic use linked to asthma - 03/11/2000
		The study by a J. Droste and colleagues in the current issue of Clinical & Experimental Allergy found that 7 and 8 year-old children who were genetically predisposed to allergic disorders were more likely to have asthma and allergies if they were given antibiotics in the first year of life.
		"One of the mechanisms evoked to explain the increasing prevalence of asthma and allergy, in particular among children, is the 'Western lifestyle' or 'hygiene' hypothesis," say the researchers.
		The spokesperson said that although one plausible theory is the hygiene theory, which would include antibiotics inhibiting the development of the immune system, the organisation is not at this stage making any recommendations to parents on the use of antibiotics.
	www.abc.net.au /science/news/stories/s207562.htm (359 words)

	Motivation-Hygiene Hypothesis
		This is the hypothesis which says intrinsic factors of the work itself motivates a worker whereas extrinsic factors can only prevent disatisfaction.
		Abraham was a developed individual with a purpose and vision, overcoming the constraints of social and physical environment and able to grow as a person.
		Managers are in charge of generating the motivators as well as providing adequate hygiene, to relate to both Adam and Abraham natures.
	www.change.freeuk.com /learning/business/herzberg.html (717 words)

	ipedia.com: Hygiene Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Outward signs of good hygiene include the absence of visibl...
		Outward signs of good hygiene include the absence of visible dirt (including dust and stains on clothing) or of bad smellss.
		TV advertising campaigns in many countries have attempted to influence public opinion that only clean and sterile is healthy and safe.
	www.ipedia.com /hygiene.html (630 words)

	News in Science - A blow to the 'hygiene hypothesis' of allergy - 19/01/2000
		The so-called 'hygiene hypothesis' of allergy suggests that reduced exposure to infectious diseases in vaccinated infants can lead to oversensitive immune systems.
		The positive association between measles and atopy was evident at all ages, in both urban and rural dwellers, and among subjects with many or few contacts at home or in day care.
		An accompanying editorial calls for further research to help reconcile the results of this study with the contradictory results of previous studies which support the idea that measles infection reduces the risk of allergy.
	www.abc.net.au /science/news/stories/s93963.htm (326 words)

	AAAAI - Patients & Consumers Center: Allergy & Asthma Advocate: Winter 2004 - The Hygiene Hypothesis
		However, it may be a cause for the increased incidence of asthma and allergies.
		The hygiene hypothesis was developed by epidemiologist, E.P. Strachen, who wrote in 1989 in the British Medical Journal that the rise in allergy cases may be linked to declining family sizes, reduced exposure to germs and higher standards of cleanliness providing less exposure to bacteria, which contain endotoxins.
		The best true-to-life experiment supporting the Hygiene Hypothesis comes from comparing the prevalence of allergies in the East and West German populations before and after unification.
	www.aaaai.org /patients/advocate/2004/winter/hygiene.stm (712 words)

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