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Topic: Hyksos

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	Who Were the Hyksos
		Hence, the Hyksos rule of Egypt was probably the climax of waves of Asiatic immigration and infiltration into the northeastern Delta of the Nile.
		The Hyksos did eventually utilize superior bronze weapons, chariots and composite bows to help them take control of Egypt, though in reality, the relative slowness of their advance southwards from the Delta seems to support the argument that the process was gradual and did not ultimately turn on the possession of overwhelming military superiority.
		Eventually, the Hyksos tolerance of rival claimants to the land beginning in the 15th Dynasty would spell their expulsion by the end of the 17th Dynasty, beginning with the reign of Kamose.
	www.touregypt.net /featurestories/hyksos.htm (1473 words)

	Hyksos - LoveToKnow 1911
		HYKSOS, or "Shepherd Kings," the name of the earliest invaders of Egypt of whom we have definite evidence in tradition.
		In 1850 a record of the capture of this city from the Hyksos by Ahmosi, the founder of the eighteenth dynasty, was discovered by the same scholar.
		Large numbers of Hyksos scarabs are found in Upper and Lower Egypt, and they are not unknown in Palestine.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Hyksos (862 words)

	Old Hyksos
		Old Hyksos is the native language of the dragon population of Lamutria, Heraldinia and the Mist Countries.
		Tense is a complicated subject in Old Hyksos, especially for the mage who has to be careful that he does not construct a spell that causes a time-paradox.
		This description of Old Hyksos is given purely from a conlang point of view, and is not intended to limit the copyright of the holder of the copyright to Queeste.
	www.xs4all.nl /~bsarempt/hyksos.html (3570 words)

	The Ancient Egypt Site - 17th Dynasty
		Only a few years after the Hyksos finally defeated the Theban 16th Dynasty and annexed the south of Egypt to the territory over which they ruled, the Thebans were able to reclaim their lost independance and establish a kingdom that stretched as far north as Abydos, thus founding the 17th Dynasty.
		Perhaps there was some internal struggle among the Hyksos themselves, which sufficiently weakened their position for the Thebans to rise against them, as is suggested by the fact that the new Hyksos king, Apophis, does not appear to have been a member of the family of his predecessor, Khiyan.
		The relative calm between the rivaling Hyksos and Theban dynasties came to an end at the latest during the reign of Kamose, the last king who is grouped in the 17th Dynasty.
	www.ancient-egypt.org /history/13_17/17.html (578 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Hyksos relations with the south seem to have been mainly of a commercial nature, although the Theban princes do seem to have recognized the Hyksos rulers and may possibly have submitted for a time to the payment of tribute.
		The tradition took the form of a tale in which the Hyksos king Apopi sent a messenger to Seqenenra in Thebes to demand that the Theban hippopotamus pool be done away with, for the noise of these beasts was such that he was unable to sleep in far-away Avaris.
		The story of the Hyksos was known to the Greeks, whom attempted to identify it within their own mythology with the expulsion of Belus (Baal?) and the daughters of Danaos, associated with the origin of the Argive dynasty.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Hyksos (4310 words)

	HYKSOS - Online Information article about HYKSOS
		Bubastis, was attributed on various grounds to the Hyksos, the soundest arguments being his foreign name and the boastful un-Egyptian epithet " beloved of his ka," where " beloved of Ptah " or some other god was to be expected.
		Semitic features were pointed out in the supposed Hyksos names, and Petrie was convinced of their date by his excavations of 1905—1906 in the eastern Delta.
		Seth was an Egyptian god, as god of the Hyksos he represents some Asiatic deity.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /HOR_I25/HYKSOS.html (1383 words)

	Joseph, Egypt and the Hyksos...
		Soon after 1560 B.C., however, the Hyksos were expelled from Egypt by native princes, and the so-called New Kingdom period of Egyptian history was inaugurated.
		This sovereign appears to have launched at least twenty-one military campaigns against the Hyksos and their Asiatic allies (Amorites, Hurrians), and in a few of those he boasted that he even crossed the Euphrates River to rout the enemy and to free Egypt from its influence.
		Greek authors later rendered this as "Hyksos," which was mistranslated as "shepherd kings." For this reason many scholars believed the Hyksos to be the Hebrews, although there is no archaeological basis for this assumption.
	www.freemaninstitute.com /Gallery/joseph.htm (1794 words)

	Hyksos
		The Hyksos were enslaved, and progress came to a halt.
		The main objection to the identification of the Hyksos with the Israelites is that after having expelled their former rulers, the Egyptians pursued the Hyksos up to Sharuhen, where they took refuge, and the Egyptians put the city under siege for three years until they achieved a complete success over them.
		As well as for the Hyksos, the Kassite period is considered to be a "dark age"; another coincident fact is that both peoples were regarded as excellent horsemen.
	www.imninalu.net /Hyksos.htm (4263 words)

	ELOHIM : THE METHOD
		Moreover, "Hyksos" is not a gentilic at all, but, as numerous examples from the third and second millennium will attest, merely the Greek garbling of the common way of designating a "foreign ruler" (hk3-h3-swt, literally "ruler of foreign lands"); therefore, it applies to the regime and not the people.
		Although the Hyksos have left behind no inscriptions in their native language, a number of their personal names have turned up on seals and dedicatory texts, and these can be analyzed syntactically and lexically.
		Design scarabs dubbed "Hyksos" simply because they are ubiquitous in Egypt and Palestine during the period of the 15th Dynasty may or may not be proof of political rule: at most they attest to the presence of a sort of cultural penumbra.
	www.messiah.org /hyksos33-1.htm (11166 words)

	Kamose Information
		His reign is important for the decisive military initiatives he took against the Hyksos, who had come to rule much of ancient Egypt.
		There is no evidence to support Pierre Montet's assertion that Kamose's move against the Hyksos was sponsored by the priesthood of Amun as an attack against the Seth-worshippers in the North (i.e., a religious motive for the war of liberation).
		The Carnarvon Tablet does state that Kamose went north to attack the Hyksos by the command of Amun, but this is simple hyperbole common to virtually all royal inscriptions of Egyptian history, and should not be understood as the specific command from this god.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Kamose (599 words)

	Ethics of Ancient Egypt by Sanderson Beck
		Hyksos power spread gradually, and in 1674 BC they took over Memphis and ruled most of northern and central Egypt for about a century.
		Although the Hyksos takeover does not seem to have been a sudden invasion, it was a social revolution by often despised foreigners.
		The expulsion of the Hyksos, however, was accomplished by Kamose's younger brother Ahmose, who for this is honored as the founder of the Eighteenth Dynasty and the New Kingdom.
	www.san.beck.org /EC4-Egypt.html (15184 words)

	Hebrew Peoples in Egypt
		The Hyksos invasion was roughly contemporaneous with a period of global cooling, which may have been caused by a massive volcanic explosion spewing large amounts of dust into the upper atmosphere.
		If so, then Manetho's Hyksos invaders were one and the same as the Amalekites who clashed with the Israelites during the first year of the Wilderness Wanderings and, at the same time, can be recognized as the Amalekite invaders of Arabian tradition who became pharaohs of Egypt.
		The women of the last Hyksos king, Apophis's successor Apepi II, had the terrifying experience of watching the Theban fleet, led by a general by the name of Aahmas, sail up the Pat'etku Canal to the very walls of the Hyksos capital Avaris.
	www.mystae.com /restricted/streams/thera/hapiru.html (2342 words)

	Detail Page
		The Hyksos respected the native religions, mainained ancient Egyptian as the official language, and allowed many Egyptians to serve at high levels of government.
		Although later Egyptians depicted the period of Hyksos rule as one of chaos and misery, there were indisputable technological advances during the era, including the use of both copper and bronze.
		The Hyksos were also the most likely source of many new tools and weapons, including both horses and war chariots.
	www.fofweb.com /Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=AFR0266 (207 words)

	The Hyksos
		The Amada Stele is thought by some to have been composed by clever scribes in that Egyptian words were sort of strung in a repetition of syllables, some of them depending upon the reader to associate them with their customary vocalization and others perhaps creating the `repetition' only visually.
		From this reference we learn that the Hyksos themselves, having come from `Asiatic lands', probably mostly from what is today Saudi Arabia, some 400 years before, were still regarded as Asiatics probably to differentiate them from native born Egyptians who now were engaged in getting back control over their land.
		Dynasties 14 - 17 are regarded as that of the Hyksos occupiers of Egypt.
	www.specialtyinterests.net /hyksos.html (1331 words)

	Egyptian Myth and Legend: Chapter XX: The Hyksos and their Strange God
		Whatever enemy the Hyksos feared, or prepared to meet, it was certainly not the Assyrians, who were at the time fully occupied with their own affairs; they had not yet attained to that military strength which subsequently caused the name of their god Ashur to be dreaded even in the Nile valley.
		In absence of reliable records regarding the Hyksos people, or perhaps we should say peoples, for it is possible that there was more than one invasion, we must cross the frontier of Egypt to obtain some idea of the conditions prevailing in Asia during this obscure but fascinating period.
		We regard the Hyksos period as "a dark age" mainly because of the absence of those records which the Egyptians were at pains to destroy.
	www.sacred-texts.com /egy/eml/eml31.htm (4399 words)

	Hyksos
		The Hyksos were composed of a number of Semitic peoples driven from Western Asia into Africa by instability and famine during the Second Intermediate Period (Dynasties Thirteen to Seventeen).
		The Hyksos did indeed sack Memphis, but the description of their attitude to the gods could be anti-Hyksos propaganda, after all they took Seth as their main god while retaining their worship of Astarte (the Phonecian mother-goddess) and Reshep (a Phoenician storm god).
		Given this slow advance by the Hyksos rulers into southern Egypt, it seems reasonable to infer that the superior military technology of the Hyksos was only an element of their strength.
	www.ancientegyptonline.co.uk /hyksos.html (885 words)

	About Facts Net
		He never forgot that the reason his brother had attacked the Hyksos was not only because of their father's death but also because they were going to join forces with the Nubians to defeat Egypt.
		While in Nubia history states that the Hyksos again tried to rebel, but it is thought that the mother of Ahmose was left in charge and she put down the insurrection.
		The Hyksos used horses in battle and so did Ahmose and this may be one of the reasons he was able to conquer his enemies where others had failed.
	aboutfacts.net /People53.htm (749 words)

	The Hyksos People of Ancient Egypt
		The word "hyksos" comes from heka khasewet, which means "foreign rulers" and was used by the Egyptians to describe the kings of nearby areas.
		In these ideas, the Hyksos were not a unified tribe who decided to take over a neighboring country, but smaller groups of similar people who migrated to Egypt from other areas such as Western Asia.
		This idea brings down any technological superiority of the Hyksos, meaning there were no charioteers to awe the Egyptians enough to wrestle power away from their leaders.Regardless, once they gained control, the Hyksos founded the walled city of Avaris, which was then made the capital of the Hyksos dynasty in Lower Egypt.
	www.ancient-egypt-online.com /hyksos.html (449 words)

	Hyksos kings - Sheshi, Salitis, Yakubher, Khyan, Apepi, Apopis, Khamudi, Khamudy.
		When the founded the "real" Hyksos dynasty it is obvious that this people had been nomading in the country (the Delta) for a good many years.
		The northern part of Egypt was now to be ruled by Hyksos until the end of their era some 110 years later.
		Exactly when dynasty 17 started varies in different sources, but the general view is that it was at the collapse of dynasties 13 and 14 when the Hyksos established their dynasty 15 in the delta.
	www.nemo.nu /ibisportal/0egyptintro/6egypt/6main.htm (4593 words)

	Hyksos Bio Page (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Hyksos are a strange and mysterious alien race.
		The strangest thing about their biology, though, is that they share a large portion of their genetics with humans, which certainly implies that one of these species is based upon the other.
		According to the Hyksos, after they were created by their gods, they discovered how corrupt and degenerate their creators were.
	www.adinfinitum-novel.com /Hyksos.html (438 words)

	JewishEncyclopedia.com - HYKSOS: (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Hyksos came as conquerors from Syria and Arabia; and Josephus claims them as the close kindred of his race.
		Modern critics will not allow this; first, because the Israelites were put to build the store-city of Raamses, bearing the name of the later kings; secondly, because the El-Amarna letters and other monuments indicate that long after 1438 B.C., the supposed year of Joshua's invasion, Palestine was still under Egyptian control.
		If the "new king" is to be placed at the end of the eighteenth dynasty rather than at its opening (which hypothesis is not in conflict with that of Joseph's ministration under a Hyksos king), it may be explained thus: Amenophis (Amen-ḥotep IV.), of the eighteenth dynasty, and his two successors
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=997&letter=H (395 words)

	The Second Intermediate Period: 1640-1550 BC
		In fact, it isn't fair to say that Egypt was under the control of a single monarch, but consisted largely of independent states under a variety of foreign kings.
		But the Hyksos dream of becoming Egyptian died within a century.
		Amosis, the great general who finally drove out the Hyksos, then founded a new dynasty, the Eighteenth Dynasty, and ushered in the era of the New Kingdom.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/EGYPT/2ND.HTM (249 words)

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