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Topic: Hymenium

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Karyogamy

	Hymenium - Palaeos
		"The hymenium is the layer of cells containing the spore-bearing cells (usually basidia or asci) of the fungus.
		Thus, in a gilled mushroom, all the gills constitute the hymenophore, and the hymenium is the layer of cells on the surface of those gills.
		Although the hymenophore may be convoluted and enclosed within the fruiting body, the hymenium still has to be, in some sense, on the 'outside' of the hymenophore in order for either of these structure to qualify for their names.
	www.palaeos.org /Hymenium (114 words)

	hymenium - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Hymenium, or spore-bearing surface, exposed; spores generally in fours, borne on distinct spicules.
		The hymenium is the tissue layer on the hymenophore of a fungal fruiting body where the cells develop into basidia or asci, which produce spores.
		Hymenium - enlarged: 500 by 332 pixels: Hymenium - enlargedFruitbody - enlarged: 500 by 332 pixels: Hymenium - magnified: 500 by 332 pixels: Hymenium - magnified: 500 by 315 pixels
	uk.encarta.msn.com /hymenium.html (181 words)

	zakjeszwammen ascomcyeten openingspagina
		Het apothecium: een min of meer schijf- of schotelvormig orgaan, waarbij het kiemvlies (hymenium) geheel aan de lucht is blootgesteld.
		Het hymenium bekleedt de binnenkant vande holte, en is dus vrijwel niet aan de buitenlucht blootgesteld.
		Het hymenium bekleedt de binnenkant van de holte.
	www.paddenstoel.nl /html/ascomyceten.html (306 words)

	On-Line Glossary: H
		The group of Basidiomycetes possessing an exposed hymenium.
		Spore-bearing structure; the part of a basidioma bearing the hymenium.
		A compound, hyphal, fasciculate projection extending beyond the general level of the hymenium, consisting of two or more parallel or interwoven hyphae, encrusted or gelatinized.
	www.ppath.cornell.edu /glossary/Defs_H.htm (772 words)

	Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Epithecium - the upper layer of a hymenium which is often of a distinctive color.
		Exciple - a specialized layer which laterally surrounds a hymenium.
		Hymenium - the portion of a fruiting body composed of asci and paraphyses.
	members.shaw.ca /james.case/lichens/glossary.htm (297 words)

	Hymenium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The hymenium is the tissue layer on the hymenophore of a fungal fruiting body where the cells develop into basidia or asci, which produce spores.
		The position of the hymenium is traditionally the first characteristic used in the classification and identification of mushrooms.
		In agarics the hymenium is on the vertical faces of the gills.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hymenium (253 words)

	Palaeos Fungi: Glossary G
		Hymenium: "The hymenium is the layer of cells containing the spore-bearing cells (usually basidia or asci) of the fungus.
		Thus, in a gilled mushroom, all the gills constitute the hymenophore, and the hymenium is the layer of cells on the surface of those gills.
		Although the hymenophore may be convoluted and enclosed within the fruiting body, the hymenium still has to be, in some sense, on the 'outside' of the hymenophore in order for either of these structure to qualify for their names.
	www.palaeos.com /Fungi/Lists/Glossary/GlossaryG.html (1121 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Tooth fungus
		Tooth fungi are a relatively small group of fungi whose mushroom bears its spores on a hymenium - a layer of "mother cells" - that grow on the outside of tooth-like spines.
		Tooth fungi are a relatively small polyphyletic group of fungi whose mushroom bears its spores on a hymenium - a layer of "mother cells" - that grow on the outside of tooth-like spines, or "teeth".
		Although many tooth fungi are hard and inedible, some are prized both for their flavor and their ease of identification, such as Hericium erinaceus, the "bearded tooth mushroom".
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Tooth-fungus (276 words)

	Flora of Australia Lichen Glossary. Copyright ABRS
		ascohymenial: Ascomycotina having asci and paraphyses arranged as a hymenium, as in pyrenomycetes and discomycetes.
		epithecium: the upper part (3-15 µm) of the hymenium where this differs in appearance from the lower part; the layer of uppermost parts of the paraphyses overtopping the asci, often pigmented.
		exciple: of an apothecium, tissue or tissues characteristic of the margins adjacent to the hymenium and hypothecium.
	www.anbg.gov.au /glossary/webpubl/lichglos.htm (3865 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Basidiocarp
		A basidiocarp, or basidioma (plural: basidiomata), is the sporocarp of a basidiomycete, the multi-cellular structure on which the spore-producing hymenium is borne.
		Basidia are found on the surface of the hymenium, and the basidia ultimately produce spores.
		In its simplest form, a basidiocarp consists of an undifferentiated fruiting structure with a hymenium on the surface; such a structure is characteristic of many simple jelly and club fungi.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Basidiocarp (568 words)

	The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Lecideaceae, by Bruce Fink and The Peltigeraceae, by Leafy J. Corrington.
		in diameter, adnate, from flesh-colored to fl, commonly concave or flat, sometimes difform, frequently surrounded laterally by a thalloid veil; hypothecium and hymenium pale to pale brown; paraphyses distinct; asci clavate or cylindrico-clavate; spores ovoid to ellipsoid, 13 to 23 mic.
		in diameter, adnate to sessile, flesh-colored and flening, flat to slightly convex, the concolorous or darker exciple commonly persistent; hypothecium and hymenium pale to light brown; paraphyses distinct to coherent-indistinct; asci clavate; spores ellipsoid, 7 to 12 mic.
		A vertical section through an apothecium of Lecidea rupestris: a, the hymenium, composed of asci and paraphyses; b, the hypothecium; c, the mycelium, the cells of the algal host, and particles of the limestone on which the plant was growing; d, the weak, light-colored, covered exciple.
	www.gutenberg.org /files/18754/18754-h/18754-h.htm (8249 words)

	Ascomycetes - love them or hate them
		The hymenium itself consists of the asci intermixed with the parallel paraphyses (Fig 6a) These species are phototropic, in other words all the asci point towards the best available light.
		As already mentioned in the Xylaria, as the spores mature, the pressure begins to build within the hymenium until it reaches a certain pitch at which point all the mature asci burst and the spores are released, the cycle then repeats itself.
		The hymenium remains more or less horizontal and, as already mentioned, because of phototropism the ascus tips will curve towards the light and in doing so the spores are discharged and projected outwards unhindered and so do not clash with the maturing spores from the other alveoli.
	fungus.org.uk /nwfg/ascmay98.htm (1173 words)

	BOT 461/561: Lecture#14
		hymenium- is the layer of asci that lines the surface or hollow part of the disc, cup, saddle, or other variously shaped structures; it is made up of club-shaped or cylindrical asci, usually with paraphyses among them; paraphyses may be as long as the asci, longer, or somewhat shorter.
		excipulum- is the apothecium proper (i.e., the fleshy part of the ascocarp that supports the hypothecium and hymenium); the excipulum as consisting of two parts, the ectal excipulum, which is the outer layer of the apothecium, and the medullary excipulum, which is the inner portion.
		The cap of the ascocarp is attached to the stalk in the center and the margin is free.
	www.oregonstate.edu /dept/botany/mycology/bot461/class/lecture14.html (1953 words)

	Part Keys to Species of Graphis in Costa Rica
		Hymenium clear; ascospores muriform; lirellae sessile and lacking thalline cover, Opegrapha-like or with orange, K+ dark pink pruina
		Hymenium clear; ascospores muriform, medium-sized (30-60 µm long); labia lacking thalline cover except laterally or at base, fl
		Hymenium clear; ascospores transversely septate, medium-sized (30-70 µm long); labia lacking thalline cover except laterally or at base, fl
	www.fieldmuseum.org /research_collections/botany/botany_sites/ticolichen/keys_graphis_part1.html (229 words)

	[No title]
		The location and nature of the hymenium and the structure, anatomy and staining reactions of the basidiomata are features used to classify members of this group.
		The hymenium is smooth, wrinkled, or folded to form thick gill-like structures.
		The hymenium that is smooth or somewhat wrinkled is on the surface of the basidiomata but is not destroyed by rain as in other Basidiomycetes.
	www.life.uiuc.edu /ib/471/lectures/371_day08/371_Lab08_Aphylloph.doc (622 words)

	Microscopic Identification of Poisonous Mushrooms
		In basidiomycetous mushrooms, the hymenium consists of basidia, which are club- shaped cells bearing 4 (sometimes 2, rarely 8 or another number) "basidiospores" on small external pegs (sterigmata).
		In ascomycetous mushrooms, the hymenium consists of asci, which are cylindrical cells containing 8 "ascospores" (rarely 4 or another number) internally, usually arranged in a linear series.
		Cystidia are sterile (non-spore-bearing), usually protruding terminal cells which are found in the hymenium, on the cap surface or on the stipe surface.
	www3.sympatico.ca /ross.fraser/Richard2.htm (5423 words)

	California Fungi -- Glossary
		An ascus is typically club shaped and which forms internally 4 or 8 ascospores, usually in a row.
		A basidium possesses four slightly inwardly curved horns (sterigma) to which the basidiospores are attached.
		divergent -- usually referring to gill trama, in which the tramal hyphae branch outward from the gill center towards the hymenium and downward towards the gill edge.
	www.mykoweb.com /CAF/glossary.html (1119 words)

	Glossary of Mycological Terms (MushroomExpert.Com)
		In the morels, false morels and similar mushrooms, the hymenium is the cap surface.
		The hymenium is covered with microscopic asci or basidia, which hold spores until they are released.
		They are microscopic, and are produced either in asci or on basidia, depending on the mushroom; these microscopic structures are found on the spore-bearing surface of the mushroom (called the "hymenium" in Mycologese)--for example, the gills or pores.
	mushroomexpert.com /glossary.html (3515 words)

	Keys Details
		Hymenium not covered by ascomatal wall when dry; apex of paraphyses either swollen-clavate, more or less regular in shape, or irregularly swollen and tangled, often with short side branches
		Hymenium often not covered by ascomatal wall when dry; asci cylindric, less than 7 um wide; ascospores filiform, less than 2 um wide; common on Knightia
		Hymenium often not covered by ascomatal wall when dry; lip cells absent; paraphyses often branched near apex
	nzfungi.landcareresearch.co.nz /html/data_keys_details.asp?NAMEPKey=5544&ID=33-WNN-95&keyID=83 (4858 words)

	Glossary
		For example, in the gilled fungi the cap bears the gills underneath on which the hymenium is present.
		The hymenium may cover the surface of gills or teeth or spines, or line the interior of tubes, or cover the upper surface of cup fungi.
		The pileus bears the hymenium (fertile surface) on its lower surface.
	www.messiah.edu /Oakes/fungi_on_wood/introduction%20page/glossary.htm (1466 words)

	caloplaca coralloides lichen sexual reproduction apothecia
		The brighter orange circle in the center of the discs is the fertile layer, called the hymenium.
		Surrounding the hymenium is the exciple, the wall of the apothecia.
		The hymenium is generally 65-90 um thick and the paraphyses are simple or occasionally branched.
	www.mbari.org /staff/conn/botany/lichens/sexualreproduction.htm (450 words)

	Prototaxites: a fungus?
		These sac-shaped cells and basidia originate from a layer of cells, called hymenium, which is formed on special parts of the fruiting body of the fungus, e.g.
		The hymenium is situated in the tubes on the lower side of the body: from here the spores are shot off.
		Such a combination of an all-covering hymenium and periodical growth increments does not occur in the living fungi, but the separate systems do (as shown before).
	www.xs4all.nl /~steurh/engprot/eprotot2.html (1022 words)

	PEZIZALES in the Pacific Northwest
		All cup-fungi are Ascomycetes and produce their spores within a sac-like cell (the ascus, pl. asci) which together with the hair-like filaments (the paraphyses), make up the fertile layer (the hymenium) that usually lines the interior or upper surface of the fruiting body.
		Apothecia with a collar-like extension of the sterile tissue at the hymenium margin (usually relatively easily seen with a handlens), size 1-5 mm (rarely, to 10 mm and then growing on dead herbaceous plant stems).
		Apothecia 1.5-10 cm diam., cup-shaped becoming flattened, hymenium fawn brown becoming dark-brown or olivaceous brown; on rotten coniferous wood or on soil adjacent to rotten coniferous wood.
	www.svims.ca /council/Peziza.htm (12165 words)

	hymenium WarmKnot
		Chapter 4b Ascomycete survey The asci are cylindrical or clavate, and are arranged in an extensive flat hymenium lining the ascoma, but they do not shoot their spores.
		Artificial cultivation of REISHI To harvest the high-quality The medical efficacy of Ganoderma lucidum is distributed abundantly in hymenium.
		Dictyophora duplicata, the veiled stinkhorn or the netted stinkhorn Hymenomycetes-- the hymenium fertile layer is exposed before the spores mature.
	scabeii.blog1.estateboard.com /1143332511.html (1023 words)

	Mushroom and Puffball
		For specialists microscopic features are most significant, eg, shape of spore-bearing cells, size and other features of spores and microscopic fruitbody structure.
		Macroscopic characteristics include fruitbody shape and colour, presence or absence of ring (annulus) and cup (volva), form of spore-producing layer (hymenium) and spore-print colour.
		The hymenium of hedgehog mushrooms is borne on teeth; that of crested coral mushroom covers branch surfaces.
	www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com /index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0005552 (607 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Each of these groups is distinguished by the type of sexual conjugation, the type of ascus (Prototunicate, Unitunicate or Bitunicate), the presence of an ascocarp, the type of ascocarp, the presence of an hymenium and the habitat.
		It is thought the paraphyses actually enlarge the cavity by their growth, and continued growth of the paraphyses causes the formation of an ostiole.
		Asci develop from a basal hymenium and grow upwards through the paraphyses which may persist or breakdown during the maturation of the ascospores.
	taipan.nmsu.edu /EPWS472/ascomycota_ho.html (2838 words)

	BOTANY 359- CLASSIFICATION REVIEW (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Plectomycetes: Cleitothecium or a mazaedium; hymenium absent; prototunicate ascus; uniceulluar ascospores
		SORDARIALES: Pertithecium, persistent, dark, leathery or carbonous; ascus unitunicate and in a hymenium; stroma absent.
		Dasyscyphus and relatives: ascocarps with hairs on the walls; hymenium often bright colored; ascospores ellipsoid; paraphyses often in the shape of lances.
	sorrel.humboldt.edu /~dll2/bot359/ascoclas.htm (660 words)

	Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The spore-bearing layer of a fruiting body, hte hymenium is composed of the asci (containing the ascospores) intermixed with the sterile hyphae called paraphyses.
		The strands or filaments of the mycelium of a fungus, hyphae are the segmented cells that constitute the body of the mycobiont of a lichen.
		An Ascocarp in which the hymenium is enclosed at maturity - lining the bottom of the perithecium on the inside.
	csdept.umfk.maine.edu /LichensWebsite/glossary.asp (1390 words)

	Botanical Electronic News - BEN #178
		Microscopic examination shows that sphaerocysts are present in the tissues, and the basidiospores do have blue-staining ornamentation; but although the attachment of the spores to the sterigmata is still somewhat asymmetrical or offset, those spores are not forcibly discharged.
		And the hymenium is no longer on recognizable gills, but lines convoluted or labyrinthine chambers.
		The fruit body is now filled with a spongy mass in which the hymenium lines finely convoluted chambers whose walls lack sphaerocysts.
	www.ou.edu /cas/botany-micro/ben/ben178.html (1561 words)

	BIO 12 PLANT BIOLOGY
		An example that we saw in lab, Peziza, has an apothecium type ascoma in which the hymenium layer is exposed to the environment.
		A hymenium layer lines each one of the indented areas.
		The hymenium layer is shown on the third image (ascospores_MC.jpg
	www.csus.edu /indiv/R/reihmanm/images_for_lab_8.htm (314 words)

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