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	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		In atomic physics, hyperfine structure is a small perturbation in the energy levels (or spectra) of atoms or molecules due to the magnetic dipole-dipole interaction, arising from the interaction of the nuclear magnetic moment with the magnetic field of the electron.
		The hyperfine structure transition can be used to make a microwave notch filter with very high stability, repeatability and Q factor, which can thus be used as a basis for very precise atomic clocks.
		Typically, the hyperfine structure transition frequency of a particular isotope of caesium or rubidium atoms is used as a basis for these clocks.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Hyperfine_structure (809 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Hyperfine structure
		Hyperfine structure is a small perturbation in the energy levels (or spectrum) of atoms or molecules due to the magnetic dipole-dipole interaction, arrising from the interaction of the nuclear magnetic dipole with the magnetic field of the electron.
		The hyperfine structure transition can be used to make a microwave notch filter with very high stability, repeatability and Q factor, which can thus be used as a basis for very precise atomic clocks.
		Typically, the hyperfine structure transition frequency of a particular isotope of caesium or rubidium atoms is used as a basis for these clocks.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Hyperfine_structure (622 words)

	Hyperfine structure
		In atomic physics, hyperfine structure is a small perturbation in the energy levels (or spectra) of atoms or molecules due to the magnetic dipole-dipole interaction, arising from the interaction of the nuclear magnetic dipole with the magnetic field of the electron.
		, the hyperfine splitting is a much smaller perturbation than the fine structure.
		The AVLIS and MLIS processes use hyperfine splitting caused by differences between the mass of atomic nucleus for uranium-235 and uranium-238 to selectively photoionize only the uranium-235 atoms and then separate the ionized particles from the non-ionized ones.
	www.dejavu.org /cgi-bin/get.cgi?ver=93&url=http://articles.gourt.com/%22http%3A%2F%2Farticles.gourt.com%2F%3Farticle%3Dhyperfine (735 words)

	Hydrogen energies and spectrum
		The basic hydrogen energy level structure is in agreement with the Bohr model.
		Common pictures are those of a shell structure with each main shell associated with a value of the principal quantum number n.
		And even the 1s ground state is split by the interaction of electron spin and nuclear spin in what is called hyperfine structure.
	230nsc1.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/hyde.html (396 words)

	Hyperfine Splitting -- from Eric Weisstein's World of Physics
		A fine structure with fixed angular quantum number l and total angular momentum quantum number j is split into hyperfine structure components with f taking the possible values
		is the fine structure constant, g is a dimensionless constant that is positive for some nuclei and negative for others, n is the principal quantum number.
		Bethe, H. and Salpeter, E. "Hyperfine Structure Splitting." §22 in Quantum Mechanics of One- and Two-Electron Atoms.
	scienceworld.wolfram.com /physics/HyperfineSplitting.html (180 words)

	Untitled
		The objective of this lab was to study the hyperfine structure of Rubidium using saturation spectroscopy.
		In my discussion of hyperfine structure I will assume that you know the basic system of classification to describe the structure of an atom including: the principle quantum number = n, the letter S,P,D, or F which describes the orbital angular momentum = l, and the fraction which is a multiple of 1/2 (e.g.
		The left peak represents a point where the frequency is equal to the first hyperfine splitting in the excited state of the atom, and the right peak is where the frequency is equal to the second hyperfine splitting of the excited state.
	webphysics.davidson.edu /Alumni/tohaynie/Rubidium/RubIntro.htm (1199 words)

	Hyperfine structure (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Hyperfine structure is a small perturbation in the energy levels (or spectral) of atoms due to the proton-electron dipole moment interaction.
		The hyperfine structure transition can be used to make a microwave notch filter with very high stability, repeatability and Q factor, which can thus be used as a basis for very precise atomic clocks.
		Typically, the hyperfine structure transition frequency of a particular isotope of caesium or rubidium atoms is used as a basis for these clocks.
	www.xasa.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/h/hy/hyperfine_structure.html (218 words)

	Hyperfine structure - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In atomic physics, hyperfine structure is a small perturbation in the energy levels (or spectrum) of atoms or molecules due to the magnetic dipole-dipole interaction, arrising from the interaction of the nuclear magnetic dipole with the magnetic field of the electron.
		Hyperfine structure gives the 21 cm line observed in HI region in interstellar medium.
		Carl Sagan and Frank Drake considered the hyperfine transition of hydrogen to be a sufficiently universal phenomenon so as to be used as a base unit of time and length on the Pioneer plaque and later Voyager Golden Record.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Hyperfine_structure (507 words)

	ABSTRACT (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Hyperfine intervals in light hydrogenic atoms and ions are among the most accurately measured quantities in physics.
		The difference of the experiments and QED theory is interpreted as the effect on the hyperfine interaction of the (finite) nuclear charge and magnetic distributions, and this difference varies from dozens to hundreds of ppm.
		We have calculated the dominant component of the 1S hyperfine interval for deuterium, tritium and singly ionized helium, using modern second-generation potentials to compute the nuclear component of the deuteron's hyperfine splitting.
	t16web.lanl.gov /Friar/hyperfine.html (200 words)

	The hyperfine structure of the hydrogen molecular ion
		The hyperfine structure of the hydrogen molecular ion*
		Theoretical investigations of the hyperfine structure of the hydrogen molecu-
		measurements of the hyperfine structure of the deuterium molecular ion (or
	cfa-www.harvard.edu /~babb/Babb-APCTP.html (1857 words)

	Theory
		Hyperfine splitting occurs because of the interaction between an electron and the nucleus.
		Unfortunately the hyperfine splitting is very small; according to theory it should be smaller by the ratio of the mass of an electron to the mass of a nucleon, or about 1 part in 2000.
		However, when very fine features are being observed, such as the hyperfine structure, this Doppler-width can be significantly greater than the separation between the individual lines and it becomes impossible to separate them.
	mxp.physics.umn.edu /s03/Projects/S03RbSat/theory.htm (1549 words)

	Pubs.GISS: Green 1988. 'Effect of nuclear hyperfine structure on microwave spectral pressure broadening' (Site not responding. Last check: )
		145, 7 (1966)] is applied to rotational transitions of a closed-shell linear molecule with nuclear quadrupole hyperfine structure (hfs) due to a nucleus of spin I. If, as expected, nuclear spin does not affect molecular collision dynamics, generalized pressure broadening cross sections can be expressed in terms of the spin-free collisional S matrices.
		For the three hfs components of the lowest j=0-1 rotational transition, the line shape is a simple sum of three noninterfering Lorentzians each of which has the same width and shift as would be expected in the absence of nuclear spin.
		For the case that broadening is very large compared with the hfs splittings it is shown (numerically, within the IOS approximation) that the line shape is nearly (but not exactly, except for j=0-1 as noted above) a Lorentzian with the same width as would be expected in the absenc of nuclear spin.
	pubs.giss.nasa.gov /abstracts/1988/Green.html (236 words)

	An indepth explaination of the MolBeam
		Molecular beam spectroscopy is the examination of the hyperfine structure of molecules through the manipulation of quantum energy transitions.
		Molecular beam spectroscopy focuses on the hyperfine structure of the molecule.
		The hyperfine structure correction is necessary because the Schrödinger equation lacks this physical attribute of the molecule.
	www.stolaf.edu /people/molbeam/fullexp.html (2310 words)

	Co to Cy
		Each such formula represents a contributing structure, also called "resonance structure" to the total wavefunction, and the degree to which each contributes is indicated by the square of its coefficient in the linear combination.
		The contributing structures, also called "canonical forms", themselves thus have a purely formal significance: they are the components from which wavefunctions can be built.
		Structures may be covalent (or non-polar) or ionic (or polar).
	www.chem.qmw.ac.uk /iupac/gtpoc/CoCy.html (2463 words)

	Hyperfine Structure
		The quantum number f has possible values f=j+1/2,j-1/2 since the proton is spin 1/2, and hence every energy level associated with a particular set of quantum numbers n, l, and j will be split into two levels of slightly different energy, depending on the relative orientation of the proton magnetic dipole with the electron state.
		Consider first the case l=0, since the hyperfine splitting of the hydrogen atom ground state is of the most interest.
		Figure 7 shows a revised version of the structure of the hydrogen atom, including the Lamb shift and hyperfine structure.
	www.pha.jhu.edu /~rt19/hydro/node9.html (798 words)

	Gemini Observatory (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A good example would be the hyperfine structure (HFS) lines due to interaction in the internal magnetic field produced by the motion of the electrons of an atom and the spin magnetic moment of its nucleus.
		While hyperfine transitions are common in the radio range (the best known is the 21-centimeter line of neutral hydrogen), at shorter wavelengths atomic hyperfine structure has seldom been resolved in emission spectra because the velocity separation between hyperfine components is proportional to wavelength.
		More details can be found in the paper "Hyperfine splitting of [Al VI] 3.66-micron and the Al isotopic ratio in NGC 6302", by S. Casassus, P. J Storey, M. Barlow and P. Roche to appear in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
	www.gemini.edu /index.php?option=content&task=view&id=127 (705 words)

	Books and Review Aticles
		I have published fifteen (15) review articles in the fields of electronic structures and magnetic and hyperfine properties in atomic, molecular and solid state systems, two of the most recent in the fields of high temperature superconducting systems and fullerenes being:
		"Hyperfine Structure of Ca and Sr Ions-Summary of Trends in Hyperfine Interactions in the Alkaline Earth Metal Ions and Corresponding Series with Similar Electronic Structures" (with Xing Yuan, S.N. Panigrahy, R.W. Dougherty and J. Andriessen) Phys.
		"Hartree-Fock Investigations on the Structures of Sb Clusters" (with F. Hagelberg, N. Sahoo, K.G. Weil and K.H. Speidel) Phys Rev. A46, 6087(1992).
	www.albany.edu /~tpd56/books_journals.html (3818 words)

	McGraw-Hill AccessScience: Hyperfine structure
		closely spaced structure of the spectrum lines forming a multiplet component in the spectrum of an atom or molecule, or of a liquid or solid.
		In the emission spectrum for an atom, when a multiplet component is examined at the highest resolution, this component may be seen to be resolved, or split, into a group of spectrum lines which are extremely close together.
		This hyperfine structure may be due to a nuclear isotope effect, to effects related to nuclear spin, or to both.
	www.accessscience.com /Encyclopedia/3/33/Est_332500_frameset.html?doi (138 words)

	CFBS (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Although the overall electronic structure, and therefore the chamical properties, of two isotopes is the same, the energy levels can vary for multiple reasons.
		A and B are called the hyperfine coefficients of the level; they are isotope dependent.
		Hyperfine structure of the 5d6p 3D1 level of 139-La as seen in the transition from the 6s2 1S0 level.
	trshare.triumf.ca /~cocolios/CFBS/shift.html (424 words)

	Hyperfine structure Did You Mean hyperfine?
		In atomic physics, hyperfine structure is a small perturbation in the energy levels (or spectrum) of atoms or molecules due to the magnetic dipoleipole interaction, arising from the interaction of the nuclear magnetic dipole with the magnetic field of the electron.
		However, due to the electron's spin, there is also hyperfine splitting for s-shell electrons (which do not have an angular momentum).
		GHz, the hyperfine splitting is a much smaller perturbation than the fine structure.
	www.did-you-mean.com /Hyperfine_structure.html (672 words)

	Charles Thiel's Research on Rare-Earth-Activated Luminescent Materials
		Transition energies are only weakly perturbed by the nature of the host material, allowing a universal "map" of the energy level structure to be constructed such as the classic "Dieke Diagram".
		A thorough understanding of both the static and dynamic properties of the electronic structure of rare-earth-activated optical materials is needed to guide the search for new materials that satisfy all of the requirements for optical computing, stable lasers, phosphors, scintillators, and the many other rare-earth enabled optical technologies.
		By supplementing photoemission with complementary techniques such as photoconductivity, excited state absorption, bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy, and inverse photoemission, the relationships and interactions between rare earth ions and the occupied and unoccupied electronic states of the host crystal may be thoroughly explored.
	www.physics.montana.edu /students/thiel/research.html (5987 words)

	Hyperfine Structure Measurements in the ^221Fr isotope. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		[E13.12] Hyperfine Structure Measurements in the ^221Fr isotope.
		We report hyperfine structure measurements of the first excited 7P_1/2 and 7P_3/2 levels in the ^221Fr isotope using laser fluorescence in a gas cell.
		Hyperfine structure was determined from absolute wavemeter measurements of the S\to P transitions.
	flux.aps.org /meetings/YR97/BAPSAPR97/abs/S530012.html (92 words)

	Atomic and molecular physics : Hyperfine structure
		Frequency measurements and hyperfine structure of the R(85)33–0 transition of molecular iodine with a femtosecond optical comb
		Hyperfine interactions and perturbation effects in the B0
		Measurements of the indium hyperfine structure in an atmospheric-pressure flame by use of diode-laser-induced fluorescence
	www.opticsinfobase.org /ocisdirectory/020_2930.cfm (367 words)

	Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
		On a ballistic trajectory the rising and falling atoms cross a microwave field in which they are irradiated.
		As for the traditional atomic clocks, the relative number of atoms in the two hyperfine structure states changes depending on the frequency of the microwave field.
		As before, this change is measured and the microwave generator is stabilized to the atomic resonance.
	www.ptb.de /en/wegweiser/infoszurzeit/fragen/12.html (158 words)

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