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Topic: Hypergiants

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	LBV 1806-20 AB?
		The cluster includes at least two carbon-rich, Wolf-Rayet stars (WC9d and WCL), two blue hypergiants, and a neutron star, the soft gamma-ray repeater SGR 1806-20 (Eikenberry et al, 2004; and AAS annual meeting session abstracts for 2004 and 2002).
		Similar to the Pistol Star in brightness, LBV 1806-20 is one of the most luminous and massive stars in the Local Group of galaxies surrounding the Milky Way (Eikenberry et al, 2004).
		With a mass exceeding 200 times that of Sol, the star appears to be a hypergiant (luminosity class 0) with a total luminosity that varies between more than five to greater than 40 million times that of Sol's (bolometric magnitude of -14.2 +/- 0.4.
	www.solstation.com /x-objects/1806-20.htm (1035 words)

	Hypergiant Encyclopedia Article @ Befell.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		A hypergiant (luminosity class 0) is a massive star whose spectrum indicates the presence of an extended atmosphere.
		Hypergiants are at least as large as supergiants, having masses up to 100 times that of the Sun.
		Hypergiants are the most luminous stars, thousands to millions of times the solar luminosity; however, their temperatures vary widely between 3,500 K and 35,000 K. They have extremely short lives, lasting approximately 1 to 3 million years, before turning into supernovae or possibly hypernovae.
	www.befell.net /encyclopedia/Hypergiant (588 words)

	Print the story
		All of these stars are older, dimmer and cooler objects than hypergiants, which are extraordinarily large and luminous but shorter-lived by billions of years.
		Spitzer's sensitive spectrometer, which breaks down infrared radiation into component wavelengths as a prism splits visible light into a rainbow, indicated that a third of the stars in the population thought to be in decline--including two massive and exceedingly luminous hypergiants--were actually younger stars in varying stages of development.
		Hypergiants are only a few million years old and have a relatively short lifespan as far as stars go, considering the billions of years it will take the sun to expire.
	www.physorg.com /printnews.php?newsid=10670 (622 words)

	hypergiant
		Precise definitions vary, but all agree that hypergiants are the most massive and luminous type of star.
		Hypergiants can survive only a couple of million years or so before exploding as supernovae and, theory insists, leaving behind fl holes.
		S Doradus is a hypergiant in the nearby Large Magellanic Cloud.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/H/hypergiant.html (170 words)

	Science: RIT Scientists Make Astronomical Discovery - The Post Chronicle
		Hypergiant stars are extraordinarily large and luminous, but shorter-lived by billions of years.
		Kastner and his team used Spitzer's sensitive infrared spectrometer, which indicated a third of the stars in the population thought to be in decline -- including two massive and exceedingly luminous hypergiants -- were actually younger stars in varying stages of development.
		The spectra of the two hypergiants -- with one star being 70 times bigger than the sun -- led Kastner to re-examine the stars' classifications as dying.
	www.postchronicle.com /news/science/printer_2126057.shtml (214 words)

	JPL.NASA.GOV: News Releases
		Called hypergiants, these blazing hot stars are aging descendents of the most massive class of stars, referred to as "O" stars.
		He and his team believe these disks whirl around the hypergiant stars, but they say it is possible the giant disks orbit unseen, slightly smaller companion stars.
		An artist concept of a hypergiant and its disk, plus additional graphics and information, are available at http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/spitzer.
	www.jpl.nasa.gov /news/news.cfm?release=2006-019 (738 words)

	RIT College of Science \| News & Events \| News Release
		Spitzer’s sensitive spectrometer, which breaks down infrared radiation into component wavelengths as a prism splits visible light into a rainbow, indicated that a third of the stars in the population thought to be in decline—including two massive and exceedingly luminous hypergiants—were actually younger stars in varying stages of development.
		Hypergiants are only a few million years old and have a relatively short lifespan as far as stars go, considering the billions of years it will take the sun to expire.
		Hypergiant stars are the puffed-up, aging descendants of the most massive class of stars, called "O" stars.
	www.rit.edu /~670www/newsandevents_release.php3?id=1819 (997 words)

	ChView - THE DATA FILES
		An update of the older 250 ly data file -- 250ly.chv -- will likely include more main sequence FGK dwarfs previously lacking parallax measurements (and recently discovered extra-solar planets and brown dwarfs) that are now believed to lie with 250 ly of Earth.
		However, Hipparcos measurements probably revise distances for many subgiants, giants, supergiants, and hypergiants somewhat farther out than indicated by recent bright star catalogues.
		Possible Hypergiants - CD-41 4507 and V810 and Omicron1 Centauri.
	members.nova.org /~sol/chview/chv4.htm (1721 words)

	NEPRA.com - Planets in Strange Places (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		R 126 is so luminous that if it were placed 10 parsecs (32.6 light-years) away—a distance at which the Sun would be one of the dimmest stars visible in the sky—the hypergiant would be as bright as the full moon, “definitely a daytime object,” Kastner remarked.
		But there it is: an unmistakable spectral signature that both hypergiants are surrounded by mammoth disks of what might be planet-forming dust and even sand.
		Although actual planets have not been detected (in part because of the stars’ great distances), the spectra of the hypergiants show that their dust is composed of forsterite, olivine, aromatic hydrocarbons, and other geological substances found on Earth.
	www.nepra.com /article13.html (525 words)

	May 2006 Newsletter: Planets in Strange Places
		That's the surprising implication of two recent discoveries from the 0.85-meter-diameter Spitzer Space Telescope, which is exploring the universe from orbit at infrared (heat) wavelengths blocked by the Earth's atmosphere.
		R 126 is so luminous that if it were placed 10 parsecs (32.6 light-years) away-a distance at which the Sun would be one of the dimmest stars visible in the sky-the hypergiant would be as bright as the full moon, "definitely a daytime object," Kastner remarked.
		Although actual planets have not been detected (in part because of the stars' great distances), the spectra of the hypergiants show that their dust is composed of forsterite, olivine, aromatic hydrocarbons, and other geological substances found on Earth.
	www.msta-mich.org /cgi-bin/newsletter_article.cgi?ArticleID=201 (480 words)

	ING Scientific Highlights in 1999
		Hypergiants are supergiant stars with strongly developed large-scale atmospheric velocity fields, excessive mass loss, and extended circumstellar envelopes.
		There are indications that yellow hypergiants are evolved stars, evolving from the red supergiant phase to the blue phase.
		It is believed that the Galactic hypergiant HR 8752 is presently bouncing against the yellow evolutionary void.
	www.ing.iac.es /PR/AR1999/high_99.html (8191 words)

	Planet Ark - Planetary Building Blocks Seen Around Huge Stars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		LOS ANGELES - Rings of planet-forming dust have been discovered circling two "hypergiant" stars, indicating planet formation may be taking place in environments previously thought too hostile, according to research published on Wednesday.
		Hypergiants "are tremendously hot and bright and have very strong winds, making the job of building planets difficult," the paper's lead author, Joel Kastner of the Rochester Institute of Technology, told Reuters.
		Astronomers were surprised that data from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope showed the micron-sized rocks comprising the dust rings were not blown out of the star systems by powerful stellar winds and intense ultraviolet radiation.
	www.planetark.com /avantgo/dailynewsstory.cfm?newsid=35028 (438 words)

	AAVSO: Rho Cas 2003 Observing Season
		Rho Cas (type semiregular) is a hypergiant star and one of the most luminous stars in our galaxy.
		Eruptions on these very rare, very massive stars produce huge mass ejections evidenced by dramatic spectral changes and optical dimming (an ejection in 2000 amounted to 10,000 Earths worth of material and caused a ~1.5-magnitude drop in visual brightness).
		Hypergiant Erupts CFA Press Release by Alex Lobel et al.
	www.aavso.org /news/rhocas.shtml (281 words)

	Space & Astronomy News - Massive star may explode any day - 04/02/2003
		Rho Cassiopeiae is one of the most massive stars known, about 40 times heavier and 700 times bigger than our Sun, and shining some 50,000 times more brightly.
		Such massive stars are called hypergiants, and Rho Cassiopeiae is the brightest of the only seven yellow hypergiants known in our galaxy.
		Hypergiants are very bright and very hot, with temperatures of between 3,500°C to 7,000°C. Between 1993 and 2002, five telescopes in Europe and the United States have been trained on the star, and the astronomers were rewarded in 2000 when they were able to record the first eruption.
	www.abc.net.au /science/news/space/SpaceRepublish_775452.htm (623 words)

	The William Herschel Telescope finds the best candidate for a supernova explosion
		Yellow hypergiants are rare objects; there are only 7 of them known in our Galaxy.
		Yellow hypergiants are peculiar stars because they display an uncommon combination of brightness and temperature, which places them in a so-called Yellow Evolutionary Void.
		The observations were aimed at investigating the processes occurring when yellow hypergiants approach and bounce against the Yellow Evolutionary Void, and the results revealed almost regular variations of temperature within a few hundred degrees.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2003-01/ingo-twh013103.php (1051 words)

	[No title]
		Large dots and circles are hypergiants; small dots are supergiants.
		---------------------------------------------------------- From a determination of masses for well-studied yellow hypergiants, Nieuwenhuijzen and De Jager (2000) found that the hypergiant HR8752 is a post-red blueward evolving supergiant, such in view of its chemical composition and its low mass.
		There seems little doubt that the same applies to the hypergiant Rho Cas and to the other yellow hypergiants in the same part of the HR-diagram.
	alobel.freeshell.org /dejager.txt (1431 words)

	Pubs.GISS: Abstract of Stothers and Chin 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Yellow hypergiants as dynamically unstable post-red supergiant stars.
		It is shown here that these unstable red supergiant models repeatedly shrink and reexpand on a thermal timescale when perturbed by heavy bursts of mass loss.
		Consequently, they fill up the domain of yellow hypergiants on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram and display very fast rates of evolution there, as observed.
	pubs.giss.nasa.gov /abstracts/2001/StothersChin.html (128 words)

	SPACE.com -- Exploding Star May Produce Backyard Show
		An artist's impression of an eruption of Rho Cas as it might appear from a hypothetical planet orbiting the hypergiant star.
		SEATTLE, WA - A rare hypergiant star visible to the naked eye from Earth erupted explosively and may do so again at any time, an event that might be visible to backyard astronomers, a team of researchers said today.
		The star was first seen erupting in 1946, dimming by a factor of six, to sixth magnitude, as it lost material.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/exploding_star_030107.html (899 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		These stars are of great interest and importance to the study of massive stars and their environments.
		Via Cycle 1 Spitzer IRS observations, we discovered that two Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) B[e] hypergiants, R 126 and R 66, display similar, flat IR spectral enegy distributions indicative of the presence of massive, dusty circumstellar disks; R 66 displays, in addition, spectral evidence for crystalline grains and PAHs.
		The IRS spectra and IRAC/MIPS photometry data will establish the fraction of B[e] supergiants that are encircled by dusty disks and, through modeling, will yield the range of masses, radii, and scale heights that characterize B[e] star dust disks.
	ssc.spitzer.caltech.edu /geninfo/go/abs-go3/30869.txt (282 words)

	Eta Carinae (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		And here it is around fifth, but without a real magnitude base, as it is now slowly brightening from the sixth to seventh magnitude it had sunk to after the outburst.
		A couple other hypergiants could be brighter, but their distances are not known well either, so let Eta Car be King, at least for now.
		It is in fact the epitome of the class of "luminous blue variables," or "LBVs," of which there are but a handful known.
	www.astro.uiuc.edu /~kaler/sow/etacar.html (567 words)

	ExploraTour: A Peek into the Lives of the Stars
		To keep this from happening, the stars must increase rapidly in size as we move along the giant branches toward red.
		In fact, the red hypergiants are the largest known stars.
		Some of these would overfill the orbit of Saturn, if they were placed at the center of the solar system.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /tour/link=/cool_stuff/tourstars_22.html (177 words)

	Newsday.com - About Newsday
		When Spitzer looked at the hypergiants, it saw some clouds around the stars.
		That's what astronomers mean by "planets being born." One day the hypergiants might have planets like Earth.
		This article was written by Dr. Tony Phillips and provided by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
	www.newsday.com /about/ny-space_apr_2006,0,4087148.htmlstory (333 words)

	SignOnSanDiego.com > News > Science -- Planetary building blocks seen around huge stars
		Union-Tribune reporter Kathryn Balint is looking for your thoughts for a news story.
		Rings of planet-forming dust have been discovered circling two “hypergiant” stars, indicating planet formation may be taking place in environments previously thought too hostile, according to research published Wednesday.
		LOS ANGELES – Rings of planet-forming dust have been discovered circling two “hypergiant” stars, indicating planet formation may be taking place in environments previously thought too hostile, according to research published Wednesday.
	www.signonsandiego.com /news/science/20060208-1840-space-spitzer.html (507 words)

	Hypergiant Star Disks! Galactic RAVE-in! Fat Glamour? Grabens of Mars! Man In The Moon! Ancient Man: Love Not War!
		around two "hypergiant" stars by NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope.
		February 8, 2006 - The discovery of dusty disks - the building blocks of planets -around two of the most massive stars known suggests that planets might form and survive in surprisingly hostile environments.
		The curious spectra of these two hypergiants (R126 and R66) - with one star being 70 times bigger than the sun - led Kastner to reexamine the stars' classifications as dying.
	richlabonte.net /exonews/xtra5/hypergiant_star.htm (3984 words)

	gift basket (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
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		Cryonics hypergiants claim that they can southbound long-horn datasettes.
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	gift-basket.dalenikor.com (2883 words)

	Westerlund 1
		Though the population of massive stars found is already huge, our new VLT data (which we are now analysing) show that there are dozens more OB supergiants and no less than 23 (and very likely more than 40) Wolf-Rayet stars.
		Narrow-filter IR image of the cluster showing the enormous difference in brightness between the red and yellow hypergiants and the OB supergiants, which makes imaging with IR devices a very painful task: the red objects saturate very badly the detector and measurements of magnitudes are affected.
		Considering field star contamination and not taking into account the incompleteness due to a substantial number of OB stars being obliterated by the hypergiants in our images, there are no less than 400 stars with
	www.dfists.ua.es /~ignacio/wd1_research.html (438 words)

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