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Topic: Hyperglycaemia,

In the News (Fri 10 Jul 09)

Northern Trust

Marvin Harrison

Peter Chernin

Gary Locke

Match Play

Penelope Cruz

Mickey Rourke

AR Rahman

Danny Boyle

Hugh Jackman

	Clozapine and Hyperglycaemia
		Hyperglycaemia appears to be of early onset (2 weeks to 3 months after initiation of clozapine) and to occur without predisposing factors.
		Clozapine-induced hyperglycaemia may be serious leading to coma, but it is reversible on discontinuation of clozapine.
		Hyperglycaemia may be serious but it is reversible with clozapine withdrawal
	www.medsafe.govt.nz /Profs/PUarticles/cloz.htm (783 words)

	Diabetes, BMI, Belly Fat & Heart Disease
		In contrast to chronic hyperglycaemia, the studies addressing the effect of short-term hyperglycaemia on myocardial perfusion are controversial.
		Acute hyperglycaemia during somatostatin infusion has been found to have no effect on coronary blood flow in dogs [118], while in another dog study, 2 h of hyperglycaemia was found to prevent normal vasodilatory responses to graded coronary occlusion [119].
		Hyperglycaemia in type 1 diabetic patients is associated with insulin resistance [10].
	www.natap.org /2005/HIV/011905_05.htm (3817 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Early peri-operative hyperglycaemia and renal allograft rejection in patients without ...
		Acute hyperglycaemia is known to enhance ischaemic injury [5], antigen presentation [6], apoptosis [7], and augment the inflammatory response [8].
		It is known that hyperglycaemia, worsens renal ischaemic injury in experimental models [5], suggesting a direct role for glucose.
		Apoptosis, also enhanced by hyperglycaemia [7], can initiate re-perfusion-induced inflammation and tissue injury [21] as well as enhance antigen presentation [22] Expression of co-stimulatory molecules are up-regulated directly by hyperglycaemia [8,23] and indirectly, by glucose-enhanced ischaemia [24], and oxidative stress [25].
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2369/1/1 (3785 words)

	The Glucose Paradox of Cerebral Ischaemia Mehta S J Postgrad Med
		Hyperglycaemia with reperfusion may augment ischaemic tissue acidosis, but it may not be detrimental in the absence of reperfusion.
		Hyperglycaemia during acute brain ischaemia increases the rate and extent of haemorrhage into the infarct; this may be related to increased blood-brain barrier permeability, though some trials have not shown such an association.
		In reversible ischaemia models, hyperglycaemia is associated with lactic acidosis and conversion of penumbral tissue to infarction.
	www.jpgmonline.com /article.asp?issn=0022-3859;year=2003;volume=49;issue=4;spage=299;epage=301;aulast=Mehta (1922 words)

	Leading Article
		The first systematic study of the association between hyperglycaemia and cardiovascular disease was published in 1979 when the International Collaborative Group published its report on glucose as a risk factor for cardiovascular complications, based on data from 11 different studies with a follow-up ranging from 4 to 15 years [7].
		Hyperglycaemia was found to be a stronger risk factor for microvascular complications than for cardiovascular disease, since a 1% increase in HbA1c resulted in a 70% increase in proliferative retinopathy and a 20% increase in proteinuria but only a 10% increase in CHD events.
		Therefore, hyperglycaemia should not be the only cardiovascular risk factor to be addressed, but all cardiovascular risk factors should be the targets of intervention in patients with Type 2 diabetes.
	www.medforum.nl /idm/leading_article4.htm (2945 words)

	CiteULike: Hyperglycaemia as an inducer as well as a consequence of impaired islet cell function and insulin ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Hyperglycaemia as an inducer as well as a consequence of impaired islet cell function and insulin resistance: implications for the management of diabetes.
		Hyperglycaemia, even when mild, can attenuate the secretory response of pancreatic beta and alpha cells to increments in glucose and can impair insulin-mediated glucose transport, thus impeding its own correction and initiating a cycle of progressive self-exacerbation and metabolic deterioration.
		Elimination of hyperglycaemia by any means can halt this cycle of progressive metabolic deterioration and may restore transiently metabolic recompensation both in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.
	www.citeulike.org /article/3403 (267 words)

	Hyperglycaemia and outcomes after MI [Nov 2000; 81-4] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Hyperglycaemia was defined according to criteria set by the original studies.
		The average mortality was 30% in those with hyperglycaemia compared with 18% in those without hyperglycaemia (Table).
		The average rate was 31% in those with hyperglycaemia compared with 9% in those without hyperglycaemia (Table).
	www.jr2.ox.ac.uk /bandolier/band81/b81-4.html (765 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The relation between hyperglycaemia and CAD is the subject of considerable debate because serum glucose does not consistently predict the existence of CAD.
		There is a considerable controversy with respect to the precise mechanism by which hyperglycaemia may contribute to the development of CAD in diabetes.
		There are established sequelae of hyperglycaemia, such as cytotoxicity, increased extracellular matrix production and vascular dysfunction and have all been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes—induced vascular disease.
	www.ifcc.org /eJIFCC/vol13no5/1305200209n.htm (1376 words)

	Diabetes - a technical view of what triggers Type 2 diabetes
		The insulin output is increased to compensate for insulin resistance in the tissue - generally liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue - and the glucose tolerance remains within the normal range.
		Hyperglycaemia is more likely after carbohydrate loads - highly cooked and refined foods are the worst.
		Microvascular damage includes hyperglycaemia due to insulin resistance and secretion reduction, retina problems leading to blindness, kidney failure, brain problems, and nerve problems resulting in skin ulcers, bowel dysfunction and gangrene.
	www.absolutehealth.co.nz /Diabetes.asp (1945 words)

	AVJ 75,6,June'97 pp402- (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The gender ratio of cats with substantial hyperglycaemia of unknown origin was similar to normoglycaemic cats with a very slight predominance of males (gender ratio 1.1:1).
		The odds of diabetes relative to substantial hyperglycaemia of unknown origin in cats older than 10 years was 12.1 times that in cats which were less than 7 years old, and 7.7 times that in cats which were between 7 and 10 years of age after adjusting for their breed and gender.
		Diagnosis of diabetes is difficult in cats because of their propensity to develop marked stress hyperglycaemia, and because there are no internationally recognised criteria for diabetes based on blood glucose concentrations.
	www.ava.com.au /avj/jun97/401.htm (2527 words)

	eMJA: 3: Preventing complications of diabetes
		Control of hyperglycaemia (target HbA1c level ≤ 7%) and hypertension (target blood pressure ≤ 130/80 mmHg) prevents microvascular complications in both types of diabetes; a multifactorial approach, comprising behaviour modification and pharmacological therapy for all risk factors, reduces the development of micro- and macrovascular complications in type 2 diabetes.
		The primary risk factor is hyperglycaemia, although other risk factors, such as hypertension and dyslipidaemia, may occur secondary to uncontrolled hyperglycaemia or renal disease (Box 2).
		Controlling hyperglycaemia and hypertension and identifying patients with peripheral neuropathy or peripheral vascular disease are the mainstays of preventing foot complications.
	www.mja.com.au /public/issues/179_09_031103/bat10488_fm.html (4167 words)

	Short-term mortality of myocardial infarction patients with diabetes or hyperglycaemia during admission -- Sala et al. ...
		Prevalence and risks of hyperglycaemia and undiagnosed diabetes in patients with acute myocardial infarction.
		Hyperglycaemia and prognosis of acute myocardial infarction in patients without diabetes mellitus.
		Determinants and importance of stress hyperglycaemia in non-diabetic patients with myocardial infarction.
	jech.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/56/9/707 (3222 words)

	SMJ
		Hyperglycaemia resulting from corticosteroid use can lead to problems, particularly in those with impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus.
		The paper perhaps underestimated the prevalence of corticosteroid-induced hyperglycaemia, because initiation of oral hypoglycaemic treatment would be dependent on physician awareness and monitoring of glycaemia during corticosteroid therapy.
		Our findings indicate the need for a long-term prospective study to quantify the risk of development of hyperglycaemia in patients on long-term corticosteroid therapy, and to evaluate the hypoglycaemic agents that would be best suited for the management of corticosteroid-induced hyperglycaemia.
	www.smj.org.uk /1104/steroid.htm (2384 words)

	ASHM - Publications
		The pathogenesis of protease inhibitor induced hyperglycaemia is unknown but given the lack of ketosis and response to sulphonylurea therapy the pathogenesis may be similar to that of adult-onset, non-insulin dependent diabetes.
		In conclusion, the authors state that protease inhibitor therapy is associated with non-ketotic hyperglycaemia that occurs within 1-7 months of commencement of therapy.
		The hyperglycaemia is responsive to either sulphonylurea or insulin therapy and was reversible in two individuals following withdrawal of indinavir.
	www.ashm.org.au /index.php?&PageCode=734 (401 words)

	Hyperglycaemia in patients with acute ischaemic stroke: how often do we screen for undiagnosed diabetes? -- Bravata et ...
		Hyperglycaemia is common in patients with acute stroke, occurring
		Hyperglycaemia is common among acute ischaemic stroke patients
		The prevalence of post-stroke hyperglycaemia that we observed
	qjmed.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/96/7/491 (3502 words)

	Genetic testing for maturity onset diabetes of the young in childhood hyperglycaemia -- Matyka et al. 78 (6): 552 -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Maturity onset diabetes of the young is an important diagnosis to consider in a child with incidental hyperglycaemia.
		Incidental hyperglycaemia is a common finding in young children with intercurrent illness.
		Distinction between transient hyperglycaemia and early insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in childhood: a prospective study of incidence and prognostic factors.
	adc.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/78/6/552 (1424 words)

	Hyperglycaemia
		Hyperglycaemia means far too much glucose is circulating in the blood.
		A measurement of over 11mmol/L is usually considered a diagnosis of hyperglycaemia (and, hence, diabetes), if the measurement is taken at any time, or 7mmol/L if the test is done fasting.
		Hyperglycaemia means too much glucose is circulating in the blood and, when it is persistently high, it means the person has diabetes.
	www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au /bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Hyperglycaemia?OpenDocument (843 words)

	Hyperglycaemia
		Hyperglycaemia (hyper), occurs when the blood sugar level is too high typically above 15 mmol/L. In this section you can read about the symptoms of hyperglycaemia and the precautions you must take to avoid it.
		It can happen after you've eaten a big meal or when you are ill. Hyperglycaemia is not usually a serious condition if the elevation in blood sugar is brief, but extremely high blood sugars can become a medical emergency if not recognised and treated appropriately.
		It is particularly important to be aware of hyperglycaemia, to test your blood sugar and to check for ketones, when you are ill. You may need more insulin to keep your blood sugar at its normal level, even if you eat less than usual.
	www.novonordisk.com.au /diabetes-takecontrol/view.asp?ID=858 (697 words)

	HYPERGLYCAEMIA IN DIABETES
		Hyperglycaemia means too much sugar in the bloodstream.
		Hyperglycaemia will happen to most people with diabetes at some point, but it shouldn’t happen every day.
		Hyperglycaemia may develop more slowly in people with type 2 diabetes but can still progress to dehydration, drowsiness, confusion, seizures and coma.
	www.mydr.com.au /?Article=2418 (1053 words)

	BMJ No 7090 This week in BMJ
		Hyperglycaemia predicts poor outcome after acute stroke, but whether it independently influences outcome or is a stress response is unknown.
		This effect remained after adjustment for age, stroke severity, and stroke subtype, suggesting the high glucose concentrations were unlikely to be solely a stress response.
		The authors say that a randomised trial of active treatment of hyperglycaemia is warranted in stroke and such treatment might reduce mortality by 6%.
	bmj.bmjjournals.com /archive/7090t.htm (569 words)

	Novo Nordisk A/S - NovoNorm - Clinical Data - Postprandial Hyperglycaemia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		This defect in early prandial insulin secretion is of major clinical significance because the timing of insulin availability in relation to food intake has been shown to be crucial in the overall blood glucose regulation.
		There is now convincing epidemiological evidence that the high and prolonged glucose excursions that characterise diabetic postprandial hyperglycaemia is more strongly correlated with cardiovascular risk than do elevated fasting blood glucose concentrations.
		As nearly 80% of patients with type 2 diabetes are currently expected to die from cardiovascular disease, this must be an important clinical consideration in treatment choices.
	www.novonordisk.com /diabetes/hcp/pharmaceuticals/novonorm/clinicalimpactofpostprandialhyperglycaemia.asp?sehcp=1 (770 words)

	SCREENING FOR DIABETES AND ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERGLYCAEMIA IN ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
		Asymptomatic hyperglycaemia may exist for several years before diabetes is diagnosed.
		Hyperglycaemia is a marker for risk factors of coronary heart diasease.
		Hyperglycaemia is a risk factor independent of hypercholesterolemia, hypertension and smoking(5).
	www.endocrine-abstracts.org /ea/0002/ea0002P29.htm (360 words)

	British Journal of Pharmacology - Accelerated intimal hyperplasia and increased endogenous inhibitors for NO synthesis ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Thus, the present experiments were designed to investigate whether hyperglycaemia modifies intimal hyperplasia after endothelial denudation of rabbit carotid artery and whether endogenous inhibitors for NO synthesis contribute to the modification.
		Hyperglycaemia may inhibit the activity of this enzyme, resulting in a high level of L-NMMA and ADMA in endothelial cells.
		In conclusion, the augmentation of intimal hyperplasia associated with hyperglycaemia seems to be closely related to the increased accumulation of endothelial endogenous inhibitors of NO synthesis which may result in reduced NO production/release by endothelial cells.
	www.nature.com /bjp/journal/v126/n1/full/0702298a.html (4579 words)

	www.2aida.org Diabetes / Insulin Educational - Teaching - Self-learning Tutorial 1-13 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The hyperglycaemia could be due to a period of hypoglycaemia in the early morning hours between 4 a.m.
		These episodes of hyperglycaemia are caused by the fact that during the early morning hours certain hormones which raise the blood sugar level, principally growth hormone, are secreted quite spontaneously into the blood.
		It's important to know, for if it is posthypoglycaemic hyperglycaemia I've got to give less NPH in the evening injection, and if it's the dawn phenomenon I've got to give more.
	medweb.bham.ac.uk /easdec/aidadevelopment/tutorial101.htm (310 words)

	Hyperglycaemia (Treatment Guide)
		HYPERGLYCAEMIA DEFINITION Hyperglycaemia is defined as a blood glucose concentration greater than 115 mg/dL (6.3 mmol/L), although a level of 150 mg/dL (8.3 mmol/L) is more commonly recognized as abnormal.
		Patients with drug-induced hyperglycaemia usually have other manifestations of the intoxication which help suggest the diagnosis.
		Serum electrolytes Serum ketones Renal function tests (urea, creatinine) TREATMENT In general, drug-induced hyperglycaemia does not require treatment, and efforts can be focused on other manifestations of the specific overdose, such as treatment of shock or seizures.
	www.intox.org /databank/documents/treat/treate/trt22_e.htm (417 words)

	Mortality in post-challenge...
		The original ADA recommendation used as its justification the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy, which was considered to be a specific outcome related to hyperglycaemia.
		As in the DECODE study, the risk of death in isolated fasting hyperglycaemia (IFH) in this study was not significantly increased from that in non-diabetic subjects.
		This means that their overall cumulative exposure to hyperglycaemia is very high, much higher than that in subjects with elevated fasting glucose alone.
	www.medforum.nl /idm/mortality_in_post-challenge___.htm (1196 words)

	NOVO NORDISK SCHWEIZ - Prandial glucose regulation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		As already mentioned, this indicates that insulin secretion is deficient in relation to plasma glucose levels, and is not appropriately stimulated by the fasting hyperglycaemia of NIDDM (Table 6.1).Fasting levels of C-peptide, used as an indicator of B-cell function (see Chapter 9), are not significantly different between NIDDM patients and non- diabetic subjects.
		High glucose levels may be directly toxic to endothelial cells, and by increasing their permeability, may allow the influx of lipids and other atherogenic substances from the circulation into the arterial wall.Vascular disease in NIDDM patients may pre-date the diagnosis of hyperglycaemia and may develop in people with IGT.
		The thickness of the intimal and medial layers of the carotid arteries is increased significantly in IGT patients compared with healthy individuals.Improved control of postprandial hyperglycaemia may, therefore, reduce the high incidence of vascular complications in NIDDM patients.
	www.novonordisk.ch /d/view.asp?id=1390&tID=232 (750 words)

	Acute hyperglycaemia affects anorectal motor and sensory function in normal subjects -- Russo et al. 41 (4): 494 -- Gut (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Acute hyperglycaemia affects anorectal motor and sensory function in normal subjects -- Russo et al.
		De Boer S, Masclee A, Lam W, Lamers C. Effect of acute hyperglycaemia on oesophageal motility and lower oesophageal sphincter pressure in humans.
		Russo A, Fraser R, Horowitz M. The effect of acute hyperglycaemia on small intestinal motility in normal subjects.
	gut.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/41/4/494 (3330 words)

	Hyperglycaemia and renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury -- Melin et al. 18 (3): 460 -- Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation
		Hyperglycaemia and renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury -- Melin et al.
		Hyperglycaemia is most probably a contributing factor in the
		Hyperglycaemia is probably not harmful in all types of ARF;
	ndt.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/18/3/460 (1645 words)

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