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Topic: Hypergolic

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Cryogenic fuel

Aerozine 50

UDMH

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	HYPERGOLIC PROPELLANT
		hypergolisk brændstof (auto-igniting propellant, hypergol, hypergolic fuel), hypergol (auto-igniting propellant, hypergol, hypergolic fuel), spontant reagerende brændstof (auto-igniting propellant, hypergol, hypergolic fuel), selvantændende brændstof (auto-igniting propellant, hypergol, hypergolic fuel).
		hypergolische stuwstof (auto-igniting propellant, hypergol, hypergolic fuel), hypergol drijfgas (auto-igniting propellant, hypergol, hypergolic fuel), zelfontbrandende stuwstof (auto-igniting propellant, hypergol, hypergolic fuel).
		hypergol (hypergol, hypergolic fuel), propergol hypergolique (hypergol, hypergolic fuel), mélange hypergolique (hypergol, hypergolic fuel).
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /definition/english/hy/hypergolic+propellant.html (227 words)

	Hypergolic Propellants
		A hypergolic propellant is composed of a fuel and oxidizer that ignite when they come into contact with each other.
		Hypergolic propellants are also employed for altitude control.
		For example: in a moon bound shuttle, 75% of the onboard mass would be fuel, in case of cryogenic propellants.
	library.thinkquest.org /03oct/02144/propulsion/propellents/hypergolic.htm (325 words)

	HYPERGOLIC FUEL
		hypergolisk brændstof (auto-igniting propellant, hypergol, hypergolic propellant), hypergol (auto-igniting propellant, hypergol, hypergolic propellant), spontant reagerende brændstof (auto-igniting propellant, hypergol, hypergolic propellant), selvantændende brændstof (auto-igniting propellant, hypergol, hypergolic propellant).
		hypergolische stuwstof (auto-igniting propellant, hypergol, hypergolic propellant), hypergol drijfgas (auto-igniting propellant, hypergol, hypergolic propellant), zelfontbrandende stuwstof (auto-igniting propellant, hypergol, hypergolic propellant).
		hypergol (hypergol, hypergolic propellant), propergol hypergolique (hypergol, hypergolic propellant), mélange hypergolique (hypergol, hypergolic propellant).
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /definition/english/hy/hypergolic+fuel.html (227 words)

	Glencoe Science - Chemistry: Matter and Change - Problem of the Week - Chapter 14
		The amount of hypergolic fuel required for the vehicle that lifted the Apollo astronauts off the Moon was so little that it fit in a corner of the vehicle and the fuel tank could have served as a chair.
		Hypergolic propellants are fuels and oxidizers which ignite spontaneously on contact with each other and require no ignition source.
		A liquid hypergolic fuel is the principle behind the rocket's attitude correction motors where the mixing of two liquids produce spontaneous combustion and a jet of gases.
	www.glencoe.com /sec/science/chemistry/mc/pow/chapter14.shtml (408 words)

	Artemis Project: Use of Hypergolic Thrusters
		Hypergolic propellants are a fuel and oxydizer which ignite spontaneously on contact with each other.
		The ignition system would either be a spark plug that will burn out the first time you ignite the thrusters, a spark injector that's prone to failure and slow to start, or a hypergolic mixture injected onto the combustion plate just as the primary fuel starts to arrive.
		With hypergolics, you just need to tie your controls into a system that opens two valves (one fuel, one oxydizer), and poof, you get a thrust vector you can predict to three decimal places controlled to a hundredth of a second.
	www.asi.org /adb/04/03/09/hypergolic-thruster-notes.html (353 words)

	Clavius: Bibliography - glossary
		The fuel component in many hypergolic engines used in the Apollo program, especially the descent and ascent engines in the lunar module.
		In the broader sense it refers to a number of chemically related hypergolic fuels including monomethyl hydrazine and unsymmetric dimethylhydrazine.
		Hypergolic propellants are useful on spacecraft rocket motors because no ignition system is required.
	www.clavius.org /bibdict.html (2374 words)

	Combustion
		The advantage of using hypergolic propellants is that the engine design is simplified because no igniter is required, and the engine "fires" every time.
		The disadvantage is that the propellants are highly toxic and must be kept separate at all times to prevent unwanted combustion.
		Hypergolic propellants have been used on missiles like the Titan series and for thrusters on some spacecraft.
	exploration.grc.nasa.gov /education/rocket/combst1.html (584 words)

	Rocket - MSN Encarta
		Some rockets that do not use hypergolic propellants as their main source of power may use small amounts of hypergolic propellants to ignite their main propellant.
		Hypergolic and monopropellant liquid-fueled rockets have only slight differences from the other types of liquid-fueled rockets.
		Hypergolic propellants burn at about the same temperature as storable propellants, so rockets that use hypergolic propellants still need to provide a way to keep the rocket engines cool.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761577900_3/Rocket.html (2297 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Hypergolic rocket fuels spontaneously ignite when their two components come into contact with each other.
		However, hypergolic fuels are highly toxic and sometimes unstable, so a very high quality igniter, like a small rocket engine, is often used as an alternative.
		Another important advantage is that the igniter cannot fail, so hypergolic fuels are the solution when the rocket must really start.
	www.wikiwhat.com /encyclopedia/h/hy/hypergolic.html (97 words)

	John F. Kennedy Space Center - KSC Fact Sheets and Information Summaries
		The petroleum used as a rocket fuel is a type of kerosene similar to the sort burned in heaters and lamps.
		Hypergolic propellants are fuels and oxidizers which ignite on contact with each other and need no ignition source.
		Hypergolic propellants are used in the core liquid propellant stages of the Titan family of launch vehicles, and on the second stage of the Delta.
	www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov /kscpao/nasafact/count2.htm (1455 words)

	UAH: Research: New Research Initiatives (Site not responding. Last check: )
		That's one reason why the shuttle's reaction control system rockets use hypergolic bipropellants - two chemical compounds which react (i.e., ignite) "spontaneously" on contact with each other when they are sprayed into the rocket's combustion chamber, creating thrust.
		A major problem with hypergolic propellants, however, is the toxicity of the reactive components (typically an acid and the fuel).
		To be able to develop fuels that are less toxic to humans and the environment requires an enhanced understanding of what is going on during hypergolic combustion.
	www.uah.edu /HTML/Research/ResRev/New/story1.html (313 words)

	Hypergolic - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This is called a "hard start" and is one of the most destructive things that a rocket can do.
		Another important advantage is that the igniter cannot fail, so hypergolic fuels were the solution when the rocket must really start as is the case with intercontinental ballistic missiles.
		UDMH-nitrogen tetroxide (by far the most common hypergolic fuel, less reactive than others, but by no means inert)
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Hypergolic (173 words)

	DEVELOPMENT OF NON-TOXIC HYPERGOLIC MISCIBLE FUELS (NHMFs) FOR HOMOGENEOUS DECOMPOSITION OF ROCKET GRADE HYDROGEN ...
		The hypergolicity and ignition delays of NHMF formulations were obtained with as much consistency as possible.
		Hypergolicity and ignition delay data were collected for all samples by adding one drop of RGHP to two drops of fuel, with drops being administered by standard plastic transfer pipette.
		Critical hypergolic concentration (CHC) is the minimum concentration of one drop of H2O2 that will cause a hypergolic ignition with two drops of fuel in the velocity impact probe.
	cobweb.ecn.purdue.edu /~rusek/papers/nawcbiprop.html (3580 words)

	Goddard
		In hypergolic propellants, the fuel part normally includes hydrazine and the oxidizer is generally nitrogen tetroxide or nitric acid.
		Hypergolic propellants remain in liquid state at normal temperatures.
		But, as compared to cryogenic propellants, hypergolic propellants are less energetic.
	abyss.uoregon.edu /~js/space/lectures/lec03.html (7759 words)

	[No title]
		The use of SCAPE suits is required during operations involving the reaction control system, orbital maneuvering system, and auxiliary power units and their hypergolic propellants.
		The hypergolic lines of the OMS/RCS and forward RCS are drained of trapped propellants and their interface connections are purged.
		Residual hypergolic fuels in onboard tanks are not usually drained.
	www.nsbri.org /sts40/OPF.html (1721 words)

	041005ne
		Large quantities of hypergolic propellants including hydrazine(HZ), monomethy hydrazine(MMH), and unsymmetrical-dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) are used extensively as rocket fuels in the national defence industry.
		Imported instrument for hypergolic vapor detection has the limitations of either expensive or inadequate to be adapted for actual applications.
		It is estimated that the instrument for a hypergolic vapor detection instrument will be put into operation by the end of this year.
	www.chemistrymag.org /cji/2002/041005ne.htm (1343 words)

	Artemis Project: Fuel Depot for Cryogenic Propellants
		However, hypergolic fuels have the disadvantage of being much less energetic than hydrogen and oxygen.
		If we launch a moon-bound rocket from low Earth orbit using hydrogen and oxygen, about 75% of the mass of our moonship is fuel, and the rest is useful payload landed on the moon.
		However, for hypergolic propellants, we will typically have more than 90% of the mass of the rocket as fuel, so we get less than 10% of the ship's initial mass landed on the moon.
	www.asi.org /adb/02/07/01/03/cryo-fuel-facility.html (762 words)

	SBIR/STTR Interactive Topic Information System (SITIS)
		Gelled hypergolic propellants offer safety advantages inherent to solid phase systems (good handling and storage characteristics, temperature stability, low vapor pressure) while offering performance characteristics similar to liquid phase systems (variable thrust, ability to throttle and turn on and off).
		Deliverables for the Phase 1 will be a summary of the known chemical kinetic information on reacting hypergolic systems, a proposed reaction mechanism for the gas/gas, liquid/liquid and gel/gel systems, and a summary of rate constants, thermodynamic parameters, and transport parameters (when known) for each step in the proposed mechanism.
		Additionally, a summary of analytical techniques, static and dynamic, that have been applied to hypergolic combustion studies will be used to propose a suite of instrumentation that will be used to validate the proposed reaction mechanisms.
	www.dodsbir.net /Sitis/archives_display_topic.asp?Bookmark=28974 (1304 words)

	Hypergolic Cleaning - Cleaning for Hypergols - Precision Cleaning Lab - NTS - National Technical Systems, Inc.
		For hypergolic fuel systems cleaning, National Technical Systems possesses unparalleled experience in preparing the biggest and the smallest of components for long life in space or on the ground.
		Since MMH (fuel) and N2O4 (oxidizer) are both highly toxic, corrosive, react to different substances and are self-igniting, care must be taken to process the piping, components and storage vessels in accordance with their distinct use.
		National Technical Systems has processed not only new components for use with hypergols, but has serviced reusable storage vessels (decontaminated by users) and is completely comfortable in performing cleaning and processing to convert vessels from one use to another.
	www.ntscorp.com /services/service_detail.php?id=301&tstQuery= (363 words)

	Hypergolic (Henry Spencer)
		Yes and no. "Hypergolic" is generally used only when ignition is reliable and reasonably prompt.
		For example, you can make LOX hypergolic with almost anything by adding about 15% fluorine, but that hardly qualifies as an insignificant additive.
		Four of the early rocket research aircraft (one of the X-2s and three of the X-1 series) were lost to mysterious internal explosions, and the puzzle was not solved until the fourth had the decency to explode relatively mildly under conditions that permitted a thorough postmortem.
	yarchive.net /space/rocket/fuels/hypergolic.html (270 words)

	NASA Drops Methane Propulsion for CEV Program
		But NASA and its contractors are now proceeding with the CEV development under the assumption that it will include a propulsion system that consumes hypergolic propellants instead of gaseous methane and liquid oxygen.
		Hypergols such as the nitrogen tetroxide and monomethyl hydrazine combination the space shuttle burns to maneuver on orbit are considered highly reliable and easier to store than other propellants.
		Hypergolic systems, on the other hand, were used on board the Apollo command and service modules and the lunar landers.
	www.space.com /spacenews/archive06/Methane_013006.html (1217 words)

	Purdue Research Park company seeks new ways to fuel the future
		Propulsion, John Rusek says, can be achieved with hypergolic fluids (fuels that burn on contact with an oxidizer) that allow satellites and missiles to make minute directional adjustments as controllers start and stop the flow of liquid and, thereby, start and stop the burn.
		Peroxide, as opposed to conventional hypergols, is a better power source because it is much less poisonous to humans and the environment, John Rusek says.
		The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) still uses toxic hypergolic propellants that are carcinogenic and require astronauts to wait at least one hour before departing the space shuttle while these propellants are safely off-loaded.
	news.uns.purdue.edu /html4ever/030702.Rusek.Swift.html (928 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A system for converting vapors from the Shuttle's hypergolic oxidizer into fertilizer was installed at Launch Pad 39A in early March.
		When the oxidizer is transferred from ground storage tanks into the Shuttle storage tanks - and during maintenance operations - some nitrogen tetroxide vapor develops as a by-product.
		Scrubbers are in place wherever hypergolic propellants are used.
	quest.arc.nasa.gov /space/news/2000/04-06.txt (491 words)

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