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Topic: Hypermutation

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	Hypermutation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hypermutation is the central aspect to making the Acquired immune system possible.
		During this proliferation, the B cell receptor locus undergoes mutation at an extremely high rate compared to the normal rate of mutation across the genome.
		Thus, superior B cell receptors generated by this hypermutation survive and proliferate, while the negative or neutral mutants die via apoptosis.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hypermutation (432 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Detection of a tumor having a mutated endogenous gene adjacent the hypermutation element indicates that the endogenous gene is a proto-oncogene.
		Hypermutation occurs in those cells 1) in which the cis-acting element is inserted so that the cis-acting element is transcribed when the adjacent coding sequence is transcribed, and 2) having, or modified to have, the appropriate trans-acting factors that act in conjunction with the integrated cis-acting element to effect hypermutation of the adjacent nucleic acid.
		Hypermutation occurs in the cells 1) in which the cis-acting hypermutation element is integrated and transcribed, and 2) that produce, or have been modified so as to produce, the necessary trans-acting factors which work in conjunction with the genomically integrated enhancer.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=03/29473.030410&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (10280 words)

	1 Z01 ES101603-01: Somatic Hypermutation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Hypermutation is coupled to a cellular selection mechanism for high affinity variants and this coupling leads to the generation of high affinity memory B cells.
		The molecular basis of the immunoglobulin hypermutation mechanism is unknown and is one of the preoccupations of this laboratory.
		Immunoglobulin hypermutation is a critical component of immune memory and a contributor to the effectivity of vaccines.
	nidb.nih.gov /search/searchreport.taf?ipid=29398 (552 words)

	A {lambda} 3' Enhancer Drives Active and Untemplated Somatic Hypermutation of a {lambda}1 Transgene -- Kong et al. 161 ...
		Hypermutation and memory B cells: the role of germinal centers.
		Mechanism of antigen-driven somatic hypermutation of rearranged immunoglobulin V(D)J genes in the mouse.
		Might gene conversion be the mechanism of somatic hypermutation of mammalian immunoglobulin genes?.
	www.jimmunol.org /cgi/content/full/161/1/294 (3757 words)

	Cells strongly expressing Ig[kappa] transgenes show clonal recruitment of hypermutation: a role for both MAR and the ...
		Hypermutation was assessed by PCR cloning and sequencing of the transgenic V genes from sorted germinal centre B cells obtained from the mouse Peyer's patches.
		The dependence of hypermutation on the immunoglobulin enhancers as well as the fact that the mutation domain is located downstream of the promoter has led us and others to propose that some form of transcription-coupled repair (Hanawalt, 1995) could form the basis of hypermutation (Neuberger and Milstein, 1995; Peters and Storb, 1996).
		Hypermutation is envisaged as being effected by the recruitment of hypermutating primer factor (HPF) to the RNA polymerase II transcription initiation complex.
	www.nature.com /emboj/journal/v16/n13/full/7590375a.html (4343 words)

	Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 DNA Sequences Genetically Damaged by Hypermutation Are Often Abundant in Patient ...
		Hypermutation in HIV-1 was first detected during propagation of HIV-1 virus populations in vitro (11, 21, 60).
		hypermutation in vitro, it is not surprising that this mutational
		Hypermutated bands detected with primers hyp and hypa but not with normal primers are indicated for patients 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8 (asterisks).
	jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/full/75/17/7973 (8360 words)

	The intrinsic hypermutability of antibody heavy and light chain genes decays exponentially -- Rada and Milstein 20 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Diaz,M. and Flajnik,M.F. (1998) Evolution of somatic hypermutation and gene conversion in adaptive immunity.
		Rada,C., González-Fernández,A., Jarvis,J.M. and Milstein,C. (1994) The 5' boundary of somatic hypermutation in a V kappa gene is in the leader intron.
		Steele,E.J., Rothenfluh,H.S. and Blanden,R.V. (1997) Mechanism of antigen-driven somatic hypermutation of rearranged immunoglobulin V(D)J genes in the mouse.
	embojournal.npgjournals.com /cgi/content/full/20/16/4570 (5042 words)

	The Promotion of V Region Hypermutation -- Scharff et al. 185 (2): 185 -- The Journal of Experimental Medicine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The somatic instability of immunolglobulin genes in cultured cells in somatic hypermutation in V regions.
		Somatic hypermutation of an immunoglobulin transgene in "Kappa" transgenic mice.
		Elements regulating somatic hypermutation of an immunoglobulin k gene: critical role for the intron enhancer/matrix attachment region.
	www.jem.org /cgi/content/full/185/2/185 (2813 words)

	Plant Genomics Genetic Engineering Developmental Biology Consultant Michael M Lieber Genadyne Consulting
		Adaptively responsive hypermutation to stress is a phenomena that is also predicted by the principle and its biological constant.
		Aspergillus nidulans, experimental conditions and genetic strains were created by the author that demonstrated this type of mutagenesis in the fungus and its importance for development (Lieber, 1975c, 1976b, 1998b) [and weblinks].
		Hypermutation as a Means to Globally Re-Stabilize the Genome Following Environmental Stress.
	www.michaellieber.com (1693 words)

	Immune cells change for the worse
		Hypermutation re-writes antibody-coding genes, helping memory B-cells to make antibodies of the most appropriate shapes to attach to disease agents.
		Normally, hypermutation occurs only in the antibody-producing region of B-cell DNA, but Riccardo Dalla-Favera at Columbia University, New York, and his colleagues now show that it can run amok, making other parts of the genome more vulnerable to breaks and possibly leading to cancer.
		Dalla-Favera's team propose that because they are more susceptible to breaks, hypermutating proto-oncogenes in DLCL tumour cells are separated from their regulatory genes and hence cannot be switched off.
	www.mindswap.org /2002/nature/010719-20.xml (494 words)

	Lack of Association between Hypermutation and Antibiotic Resistance Development in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates from ...
		mainly be a consequence of the coselection of the hypermutable
		A hypermutator phenotype attenuates the virulence of Listeria monocytogenes in a mouse model.
		Hypermutation and the preexistence of antibiotic resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutants: implications for susceptibility testing and treatment of chronic infections.
	aac.asm.org /cgi/content/full/48/9/3573 (1872 words)

	Strand bias in Ig somatic hypermutation is determined by signal sequence within the variable region -- Ching et al. 12 ...
		Strand bias in Ig somatic hypermutation is determined by signal sequence within the variable region -- Ching et al.
		Sharpe, M. J., Milstein, C., Jarvis, J. and Neuberger, M. Somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin kappa may depend on sequences 3' of C kappa and occurs on passenger transgenes.
		Fukita, Y., Jacobs, H. and Rajewski, K. Somatic hypermutation in the heavy chain locus correlates with transcription.
	intimm.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/12/9/1245 (5124 words)

	B Cell Receptor Engagement and T Cell Contact Induce bcl-6 Somatic Hypermutation in Human B Cells: Identity with Ig ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Frequent somatic hypermutation of the 5' noncoding region of the bcl-6 gene in B-cell lymphoma.
		Evolution of somatic hypermutation and gene conversion in adaptive immunity.
		Hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes in memory B cells of DNA repair-deficient mice.
	www.jimmunol.org /cgi/content/full/165/2/830 (7460 words)

	Error-Prone Polymerase, DNA Polymerase IV, Is Responsible for Transient Hypermutation during Adaptive Mutation in ...
		Error-Prone Polymerase, DNA Polymerase IV, Is Responsible for Transient Hypermutation during Adaptive Mutation in Escherichia coli -- Tompkins et al.
		The role of transient hypermutators in adaptive mutation in Escherichia coli.
		Genome-wide hypermutation in a subpopulation of stationary-phase cells underlies recombination-dependent adaptive mutation.
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/185/11/3469 (2429 words)

	Genome-wide somatic hypermutation -- Wang et al. 101 (19): 7352 -- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
		the V region itself is not needed for hypermutation (14).
		hypermutation (26, 27) have been verified in 18-81.
		This is comparable to hypermutation at the V region of 18-81,
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/101/19/7352 (3079 words)

	Processes Involved With Somatic Hypermutation of the Ig Gene to Generate Increased Diversity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Somatic hypermutation is a process that creates hypervariability in nucleotide sequences of the Ig gene; variability that is much greater than what is produced by other mechanisms (Phung et al., 1998).
		The researchers in an article entitled Mismatch Repair Co-opted by Hypermutation, attempt to determine the mechanism of somatic hypermutation, which causes the hypervariability seen in the Ig gene of mouse B cells.
		Prior to any hypermutation occurring, a recombination event occurs that allows rearrangement of the three main gene components that code for the variable region of the antibody; these are the V, D, and J regions (Kim and Storb, 1998).
	www.biol.sc.edu /~elygen/bergen.html (2873 words)

	News & Features: Amplification versus Point Mutation - the mechanisms of Darwinian adaptive mutation
		According to the gradualist view, amplification precedes mutation, and the rapid appearance of lac+ cells is explained by a normal mutation rate acting on multiple copies of the gene.
		In contrast, according to the hypermutation view, amplification and mutation are independent events, and lac+ cells arise quickly because the mutation rate has increased.
		They propose that amplification and hypermutation are independent responses to stress, each of which increases the likelihood of adaptive change.
	www.iscid.org /boards/ubb-get_topic-f-1-t-000196.html (664 words)

	Genetic plasticity of V genes under somatic hypermutation: Statistical analyses using a new resampling-based ...
		Genetic plasticity of V genes under somatic hypermutation: Statistical analyses using a new resampling-based methodology.
		Abstract: Evidence for somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes has been observed in all the species in which immunoglobulins have been found.
		Previous studies have suggested that codon usage in Ig V genes is such that the sequence-specificity of somatic hypermutation results in greater mutability in complementarity-determining regions of the gene than in the framework regions.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /oprea99genetic.html (586 words)

	Cell Bio @ Einstein: Nancy Green, MD
		The molecular mechanisms involved in the unique B cell Ig hypermutation process are largely unknown, including what regulates this mutagenesis and what targets it to the variable region.
		Somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes is independent of the Bloom's syndrome DNA helicase.
		Ig V region hypermutation in B cell hybrids mimics in vivo mutation and allows for isolation of clonal variants.
	www.aecom.yu.edu /cellbiology/green.htm (431 words)

	Passenger Transgenes Reveal Intrinsic Specificity of the Antibody Hypermutation Mechanism: Clustering, Polarity, and ...
		We also note that hypermutation distinguishes between the coding and noncoding strands since pyrimidines (particularly thymidines) mutate less frequently than purines.
		Hypermutation at A-T Base Pairs: The A Nucleotide Replacement Spectrum Is Affected by Adjacent Nucleotides and There Is No Reverse Complementarity of Sequences Flanking Mutated A and T Nucleotides
		Somatic hypermutation of the new antigen receptor gene (NAR) in the nurse shark does not generate the repertoire: Possible role in antigen-driven reactions in the absence of germinal centers
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/abstract/90/6/2385 (1620 words)

	Epstein-Barr Virus and the Somatic Hypermutation of Immunoglobulin Genes in Burkitt's Lymphoma Cells -- Harris et al. ...
		Epstein-Barr Virus and the Somatic Hypermutation of Immunoglobulin Genes in Burkitt's Lymphoma Cells -- Harris et al.
		Epstein-Barr Virus and the Somatic Hypermutation of Immunoglobulin Genes in Burkitt's Lymphoma Cells
		Ig V gene hypermutation may not be such a rare attribute among
	jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/full/75/21/10488 (2682 words)

	HUM-MOLGEN: Hypermutation Linked To ‘B-Cell Diffuse Large-Cell’ Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Formation
		While they are developing, regions of the DNA of antibody-producing B cells undergo a process called ‘hypermutation’ to generate a range of antibody types.
		They found that this hypermutation mechanism has escaped the confines of the region that codes for antibodies, and now causes hypermutation of other genes - including four genes known to be associated with cancerous B cells.
		Hypermutation of these genes is likely to lead to the formation of this specific type of B-cell lymphoma, the researchers conclude.
	hum-molgen.org /NewsGen/07-2001/msg43.html (201 words)

	AID Mediates Hypermutation by Deaminating Single Stranded DNA -- Dickerson et al. 197 (10): 1291 -- The Journal of ...
		AID enzyme-induced hypermutation in an actively transcribed gene in fibroblasts.
		Altering the pathway of immunoglobulin hypermutation by inhibiting uracil-DNA glycosylase.
		AID-dependent somatic hypermutation occurs as a DNA single-strand event in the BL2 cell line.
	www.jem.org /cgi/content/full/197/10/1291 (4823 words)

	DNA Breaks in Hypermutating Immunoglobulin Genes: Evidence for a Break-and-Repair Pathway of Somatic Hypermutation -- ...
		DNA Breaks in Hypermutating Immunoglobulin Genes: Evidence for a Break-and-Repair Pathway of Somatic Hypermutation -- Kong and Maizels 158 (1): 369 -- Genetics
		This polarity for resection is shown to emphasize how a 5' end may persist during both resection and repair, but our data do not preclude resection by a nuclease of opposite polarity or strand displacement by a repair polymerase.
		, M., A., and M., 1998 Somatic hypermutation of the new antigen receptor gene (NAR) in the nurse shark does not generate the repertoire: possible role in antigen-driven reactions in the absence of germinal centers.
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/158/1/369 (5468 words)

	Current Research - Somatic Hypermutation - The Laboratory of Molecular Genetics - NIEHS
		However, B cells of the vertebrate adaptive immune system undergo a programmed process of immunoglobulin somatic hypermutation (SHM) that is activated during the course of an immune response.
		We are using both transgenic/knockout mouse models and hypermutating human B-cell lines to investigate a number of specific questions.
		If so, this deliberate process of hypermutation may reveal itself to be a model for the study mutagenesis.
	dir.niehs.nih.gov /dirlmg/sh/research.htm (451 words)

	The generation of antibody diversity through somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination -- Li et al. 18 (1): ...
		Induction of somatic hypermutation in immunoglobulin genes is dependent on DNA polymerase iota.
		Papavasiliou, F.N. and Schatz, D.G. Somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes: Merging mechanisms for genetic diversity.
		Woo, C.J., Martin, A., and Scharff, M.D. Induction of hypermutation is associated with modifications of variable region chromatin in BL2 cells.
	www.genesdev.org /cgi/content/full/18/1/1 (6706 words)

	Sustained G->A hypermutation during reverse transcription of an entire human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strain Vau ...
		Sustained G->A hypermutation during reverse transcription of an entire human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strain Vau group O genome -- Vartanian et al.
		A hypermutation during reverse transcription of an entire human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strain Vau group O genome
		Vartanian, J. P., Meyerhans, A., Sala, M. and Wain-Hobson, S. A hypermutation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genome: evidence for dCTP pool imbalance during reverse transcription.
	vir.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/83/4/801 (1848 words)

	Somatic Hypermutation and B Cell Receptor Selection in Normal and Transformed Human B Cells -- KÜPPERS 987 (1): ...
		Somatic Hypermutation and B Cell Receptor Selection in Normal and Transformed Human B Cells -- KÜPPERS 987 (1): 173 -- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
		Somatic Hypermutation and B Cell Receptor Selection in Normal and Transformed Human B Cells
		Somatic hypermutation may be involved in lymphomagenesis by
	www.annalsnyas.org /cgi/content/abstract/987/1/173 (339 words)

	The different process of class switching and somatic hypermutation; a novel analysis by CD27- naive B cells -- Nagumo ...
		The different process of class switching and somatic hypermutation; a novel analysis by CD27- naive B cells -- Nagumo et al.
		From the Shinshu University, Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Infectious Immunology and Pediatrics, Matsumoto, Japan.
		The relationship between class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation has been unclear.
	www.bloodjournal.org /cgi/content/abstract/99/2/567 (577 words)

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