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Topic: Hyperpolarization

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Hyperpolarization (biology)

Depolarization

Membrane potential

Action potential

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	APStracts 6:0239N, 1999. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The hyperpolarization was reversed to depolarization by intracellular injection of Cl ions, indicating it consisted of temporal summation of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs).
		The amplitude of hyperpolarization at the eye velocity peak was significantly correlated with the peak eye velocity.
		The initial phase disparity between the hyperpolarization and eye velocity was due to the relative constancy of peak time (about 20 ms) of the initial steep hyperpolarization regardless of the later potential profile that covaried with the eye velocity.
	www.uth.tmc.edu /apstracts/1999/jn/May/239n.html (392 words)

	Hyperpolarization-activated cationic currents (Ih) in neurones of the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus of the rat -- ...
		A voltage-clamp study of the currents that are activated by membrane hyperpolarization of MNV neurones is lacking, and thus the identity of the channels that underlie anomalous inward rectification in these neurones is unknown.
		This hyperpolarization was not sustained and decayed during the pulse (Fig.
		The injection of hyperpolarizing current (top) caused a change in the membrane potential (bottom) which was followed by a sag in the membrane voltage response (indicated by arrowhead in the left trace).
	jp.physoc.org /cgi/content/full/510/3/695 (6185 words)

	Contribution of the hyperpolarization-activated current to the resting membrane potential of rat nodose sensory neurons ...
		As the neuron was hyperpolarized in 10 mV step increments, this outward potassium current deactivated within milliseconds and, subsequently, a slow non-inactivating inward current appeared (Fig.
		However, when greater hyperpolarizing currents were applied to the neurons, there was an initial hyperpolarization followed by a slow depolarization, described as time-dependent rectification.
		Hyperpolarization of the resting membrane potential may remove the inactivation of these voltage-dependent channels and consequently increase the number of channels available for activation during a depolarizing stimulus.
	jp.physoc.org /cgi/content/full/514/1/125 (7749 words)

	Hyperpolarization - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In biology, hyperpolarization occurs when the strength of the electric field across the width of a cell membrane increases.
		In physics, hyperpolarization is the selective polarization of nuclear spin in atoms far beyond normal thermal equilibrium.
		This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hyperpolarization (103 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Phorbol ester impairs electrical excitation of rat pancreatic beta-cells through ...
		The magnitude of the hyperpolarization depended on the concentration of PMA (Fig.
		1), and caused a membrane hyperpolarization in rat β-cells (Fig.
		In addition, hyperpolarization in response to PMA might be unnoticed under some conditions with intracellular ATP at particular concentrations, because, as shown in Fig.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2210/1/3 (4771 words)

	[No title]
		Hyperpolarization is observed as an increase in the intracellular negative charges when compared with the extracellular environment.
		Although it is not clear how sperm plasma membrane potential is regulated during capacitation, it appears that membrane hyperpolarization may be partially because of an enhanced K+ permeability as a result of a decrease in inhibitory modulation of K+ channels (3).
		The functional role of sperm plasma membrane hyperpolarization during capacitation is at present not well understood.
	www.lycos.com /info/sperm--results.html (785 words)

	FEBS Abstract
		Bondarenko A. Hyperpolarization of endothelial cells (EC) following exposure by vasoactive stimuli is known to facilitate Ca entry that is believed not to be mediated by sodium–calcium exchanger (NCX) and is critical for stimulation of synthesis and release of vasoactive substances.
		Inhibitory effect of benzamil on Ach-induced endothelial sustained hyperpolarization was present in mechanically isolated endothelium.
		It is concluded that reversed NCX and Na pump, mechanisms activated upon overloading of intracellular Na, contribute to sustained hyperpolarization of intact EC from rat aorta and Ca entry following stimulation by Ach.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /febsabstracts2004/abstract.asp?id=17872 (344 words)

	Endothelium-Dependent Hyperpolarization : Beyond Nitric Oxide and Cyclic GMP -- Cohen and Vanhoutte 92 (11): 3337 -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The endothelial cell membrane potential (Vm) is hyperpolarized, possibly due to activation of calcium-dependent potassium channels, either by the rise in calcium or by the EDHFs acting in an autocrine manner.
		The resulting hyperpolarization decreases smooth cell calcium levels by inhibiting influx through voltage-dependent calcium channels and favoring the re-uptake of calcium into intracellular stores and extrusion of calcium from the cell, resulting in a decrease in intracellular free calcium levels and relaxation.
		Membrane hyperpolarization is a mechanism of endothelium-dependent cerebral vasodilation.
	circ.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/92/11/3337 (6493 words)

	Contribution of ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channels to Hypoxic Hyperpolarization in Rat Hippocampal CA1 Neurons In Vitro ...
		of the hypoxic hyperpolarization and its corresponding outward
		the duration of the hyperpolarization was prolonged (Fig.
		hypothesis that deprivation of ATP induces the hypoxic hyperpolarization.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/77/1/378 (4592 words)

	British Journal of Pharmacology - Effect of nitro-L-arginine on electrical and mechanical responses to acetylcholine in ...
		In unstimulated artery, hyperpolarization evoked by acetylcholine was not different in WKY and in NaCl-loaded WKY; it was reduced in SHR-SP and further reduced in NaCl-loaded SHR-SP.
		NO-evoked hyperpolarization has also been reported in some arteries (Tare et al., 1990; Krippeit-Drews et al., 1992; Cohen et al., 1997), but was not observed everywhere (Vanheel et al., 1994; Garland and McPherson, 1992).
		Simultaneous measurement of contractile responses and membrane potential was used to investigate the contribution of hyperpolarization to the relaxation.
	www.nature.com /bjp/journal/v128/n7/full/0702947a.html (6519 words)

	Impaired Hyperpolarization in Regenerated Endothelium After Balloon Catheter Injury -- Köhler et al. 89 (2): 174 ...
		Inhibition of ACh-induced hyperpolarization in native ECs by 1 µmol/L APA and 1 µmol/L CLT is shown.
		H, Augmentation of ACh-induced hyperpolarization in native EC by 100 µmol/L 1-EBIO.
		Alteration of endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizations in porcine coronary arteries with regenerated endothelium.
	circres.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/89/2/174 (3572 words)

	Glycyrrhetinic derivatives inhibit hyperpolarization in endothelial cells of guinea pig and rat arteries -- Tare et al. ...
		Glycyrrhetinic derivatives inhibit hyperpolarization in endothelial cells of guinea pig and rat arteries -- Tare et al.
		-naphthoflavone-inducible, hyperpolarizing factor is synthesized by native and cultured porcine coronary endothelial cells.
		Incidence of myoendothelial gap junctions in the proximal and distal mesenteric arteries of the rat is suggestive of a role in endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor-mediated responses.
	ajpheart.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/282/1/H335 (4521 words)

	British Journal of Pharmacology - Local anaesthetics block hyperpolarization-activated inward current in rat small ...
		Hyperpolarizing voltage steps evoke slowly activating inward currents in a variety of neurones and in cardiac cells.
		For concentration–effect experiments currents were recorded from a holding potential of -80 mV in hyperpolarizing 60 mV steps to -140 mV in the control and in the presence of local anaesthetics (Figure 4).
		To compare the response to hyperpolarizing current pulses before (control) and after application of bupivacaine, we kept the membrane potential at the resting membrane potentials without bupivacaine by injecting sustained depolarizing currents through the recording electrode.
	www.nature.com /bjp/journal/v139/n7/full/0705363a.html (5313 words)

	Antihypertensive Treatment Improves Endothelium-Dependent Hyperpolarization in the Mesenteric Artery of Spontaneously ...
		Modulation of endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization and relaxation to acetylcholine in rat mesenteric artery by cytochrome P450 enzyme activity.
		Hyperpolarization as a mechanism for endothelium-dependent relaxations in the porcine coronary artery.
		Decreased endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization with aging and hypertension in the rat mesenteric artery.
	circ.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/98/2/175 (4268 words)

	Mediation by Intracellular Calcium-Dependent Signals of Hypoxic Hyperpolarization in Rat Hippocampal CA1 Neurons In ...
		amplitude of the hypoxic hyperpolarization and the reduction of
		of the hypoxic hyperpolarization and reversed the ratio of the
		Both intracellular Ca chelation and inhibitors of intracellular Ca release reduced the hypoxic hyperpolarization, and external Ca also has a comparable role in the generation of the hypoxic hyperpolarization.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/77/1/386 (4058 words)

	Impaired Isoproterenol-Induced Hyperpolarization in Isolated Mesenteric Arteries of Aged Rats -- Fujii et al. 34 (2): ...
		A, Actual recordings of hyperpolarizations induced by isoproterenol in the presence or absence of glibenclamide in the mesenteric resistance arteries of adult Wistar-Kyoto rats.
		Actual recordings (A) and summarized data (B) of hyperpolarizations induced by isoproterenol in the mesenteric resistance arteries of adult and aged Wistar-Kyoto rats.
		hyperpolarization is decreased in arteries from aged rats.
	hyper.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/34/2/222 (2877 words)

	Conduction of hyperpolarization along hamster feed arteries: augmentation by acetylcholine -- Emerson et al. 283 (1): ...
		Feed arteries were stimulated with ACh to hyperpolarize endothelial and smooth muscle cells (7, 8).
		A: vessel segments (l = 2.0 to 2.5 mm) were isolated and impaled with a microelectrode at a defined distance (y = 100 µm) from the upstream (with respect to flow of physiological saline solution along the vessel) end of the segment.
		Endothelial cell pathway for conduction of hyperpolarization and vasodilation along hamster feed artery.
	ajpheart.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/283/1/H102 (4390 words)

	Effect of exogenous ATP on canine jejunal smooth muscle -- Xue et al. 278 (5): 725 -- AJP - Gastrointestinal and Liver ...
		hyperpolarizing response to exogenous ATP is shown in Fig.
		-NNA, and OxyHb on hyperpolarization evoked by exogenous ATP.
		inhibit the NANC IJP and the hyperpolarizing response to exogenous
	ajpgi.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/278/5/G725 (5086 words)

	Changes in local S4 environment provide a voltage-sensing mechanism for mammalian hyperpolarization—activated HCN ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Conversely, residues in the internal, COOH-terminal half of S4 tend to be accessible in the closed state (when the membrane is hyperpolarized), but not in the open state (when the membrane is depolarized).
		In this study we investigated S4 voltage sensor movement during gating of the mammalian HCN channels, which encode hyperpolarization-activated cation currents (termed [I.sub.h] or [I.sub.f]) that contribute to pacemaker activity in the heart and brain (Robinson and Siegelbaum, 2003).
		Although the HCN channels are activated by hyperpolarization and not depolarization, they are members of the voltage-gated channel family and contain six transmembrane (TM) segments with a positively charged S4.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2405/is_1_123/ai_113302764 (979 words)

	The calcineurin pathway links hyperpolarization (Kir2.1)-induced Ca2+ signals to human myoblast differentiation and ...
		Hyperpolarization controls the early activation of calcineurin pathway during human myoblast differentiation.
		CaMKII activation is unrelated to the membrane hyperpolarization.
		Chronological illustration of the mechanisms of myoblast differentiation, that begins with calcineurin activation as a consequence of Kir2.1-induced membrane hyperpolarization.
	dev.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/133/16/3107 (5459 words)

	Involvement of Adenosine Triphosphate-Sensitive Potassium Channels in the Response of Membrane Potential to ...
		be mediated by membrane hyperpolarization of vascular endothelial
		Effects of glibenclamide on hyperosmotic mannitol-induced membrane hyperpolarization in human aorta endothelial cells.
		Levcromakalim (1 µM) caused a rapid decrease of the bis-oxonol fluorescence indicating hyperpolarization of the membrane potential.
	www.anesthesia-analgesia.org /cgi/content/full/100/2/419 (3065 words)

	Integrin-regulated Secretion of Interleukin 4: A Novel Pathway of Mechanotransduction in Human Articular Chondrocytes ...
		HAC subjected to PIS at 0.33 Hz, 37°C for 20 min undergo hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane by ~45% (Table I).
		Neutralizing antibodies to IL-4 abolished the hyperpolarization response to cyclical strain, whereas neutralizing antibodies
		The effects of intermittent pressurization on the electrophysiology of cultured human chondrocytes: evidence for the presence of stretch activated membrane ion channels.
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/145/1/183 (3921 words)

	Hydrogen peroxide is an endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor in mice -- Matoba et al. 106 (12): 1521 -- Journal ...
		In the eNOS-KO mice, vasodilating and hyperpolarizing responses
		Potassium ions and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor in guinea- pig carotid and porcine coronary arteries.
		The importance of the hyperpolarizing mechanism increases as the vessel size decreases in endothelium-dependent relaxations in rat mesenteric circulation.
	www.jci.org /cgi/content/full/106/12/1521 (5480 words)

	Temporal Summation of After-Hyperpolarization following a Motoneurone Spike
		Investigation of after-hyperpolarization has yielded three experimental results which conjointly led to the hypothesis that it is due to a prolonged increase in permeability to potassium ions
		hyperpolarization; this equilibrium potential is shifted in the depolarizing direction by an electrophoretic injection of sodium ions into the motoneurone, which would of course result in a decrease of intracellular potassium ion concentration.
		In the present investigation on after-hyperpolarization, successive spike potentials of a cat motoneurone resulted in a considerable summation of after-hyperpolarizations and there was a corresponding increase in the membrane conductance.
	www.nature.com /nature/journal/v195/n4844/abs/195910a0.html (230 words)

	Roles of Ca2+, hyperpolarization and cyclic nucleotide activated channel activation, and actin in temporal synaptic ...
		The HCNCs are activated by the post-tetanic hyperpolarization occurring during this time.
		These and other recent results suggest a model in which HCNC activation, followed by a process involving actin polymerization, acts cooperatively with [Ca2+] to induce tagging, after which only Epac activation is required for cAMP to further enhance transmission.
		N Zhong and Robert S. Zucker, "Roles of Ca2+, hyperpolarization and cyclic nucleotide activated channel activation, and actin in temporal synaptic tagging" (2004).
	repositories.cdlib.org /postprints/1588 (344 words)

	Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acids Are Released to Mediate Shear Stress-Dependent Hyperpolarization of Arteriolar Smooth Muscle ...
		hyperpolarization and dilation to the flow of perfusate.
		Properties of smooth muscle hyperpolarization and relaxation to K+ in the rat isolated mesenteric artery.
		K+ is an endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor in rat arteries.
	circres.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/96/3/376 (4648 words)

	The Mechanisms of Propofol-Mediated Hyperpolarization of In Situ Rat Mesenteric Vascular Smooth Muscle -- Nagakawa et ...
		The Mechanisms of Propofol-Mediated Hyperpolarization of In Situ Rat Mesenteric Vascular Smooth Muscle -- Nagakawa et al.
		VSM hyperpolarization by inhibitors of the cGMP pathway indicates
		Mechanisms of isoflurane-mediated hyperpolarization of vascular smooth muscle in chronically hypertensive and normotensive conditions.
	www.anesthesia-analgesia.org /cgi/content/full/97/6/1639 (2854 words)

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