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Topic: Hyperprolactinemia

Related Topics

Prolactin

Prolactinoma

Pituitary adenoma

Pituitary gland

Menstruation

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

Polycystic ovary syndrome

Adrenal gland

Hypogonadism

Sheehan syndrome

Endocrine system

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Ovarian cyst

Pickardt syndrome

Reference ranges for common blood tests

	eMedicine - Hyperprolactinemia : Article by Donald Shenenberger
		Hyperprolactinemia is a condition of elevated serum prolactin.
		The diagnosis of hyperprolactinemia should be included in the differential for female patients presenting with oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, galactorrhea, or infertility or for male patients presenting with sexual dysfunction.
		The diagnosis of hyperprolactinemia often is made during the evaluation of the patient's complaints.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic1098.htm (2566 words)

	[No title]
		Also, hyperprolactinemia may be intermittent in nature, and several prolactin levels may be needed to establish the diagnosis.
		Hyperprolactinemia is known to be associated with androgen excess in a subset of patients, and elevations in serum testosterone, free testosterone and DHEAS have been reported.
		Therefore, in patients with hyperprolactinemia and headaches, particularly if the onset of headaches coincides with menstrual irregularity or symptoms potentially attributable to hyperprolactinemia, a trial of dopamine agonist therapy may be warranted.
	www.pituitary.org /news/Articles/TreatmentOfMicroprolactinomas.php (1122 words)

	Hyperprolactinemia - New Treatments, May 2, 2006 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Four principal causes of hyperprolactinemia are pituitary hyperplasia, which may be the result of dopamine dysfunction; prolactinomas, which are characterized as microadenomas (<10 mm in size) or macroadenomas (>10 mm in size); hypothyroidism; and drug intake.
		The evaluation of hyperprolactinemia is further complicated by the fact that prolactin is a dynamic hormone that is believed to be affected by stress, breast examination, exercise, and sleep.
		Treatment of the patient with hyperprolactinemia hinges on several factors: 1) symptoms, 2) the desire for pregnancy, 3) whether the patient has a microadenoma or a macroadenoma, and 4) whether the patient is hypoestrogenic.
	www.ccspublishing.com /journals3a/hyperprolactinemia.htm (536 words)

	Cincinnati Fertility- Advances in the Management of Hyperprolactinemia
		The empty sella syndrome is an occasional cause of hyperprolactinemia, and any pituitary stalk lesion which may interfere with input to the pituitary such as stalk tumors or traumatic interruptions can result in hyperprolactinemia.
		While any process causing hyperprolactinemia may present with a variety of elevations, I think it is worthy to note that most prolactin secreting tumors will present with a relatively highly elevated prolactin levels, frequently greater than 100 ng/ml.
		The gratifying part of medical therapy is that the vast majority of patients with either idiopathic hyperprolactinemia or microadenomas will resume normal menstrual function and lower their prolactin levels in response to medical therapy.
	www.cincinnatifertility.com /Doctors_Section/Hyperprolactinemia.htm (2499 words)

	My patient has elevated prolactin and infertility, but normal periods and a negative pituitary study. What should I do? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Although a pituitary study, preferably magnetic resonance imaging, is mandatory in patients with persistent hyperprolactinemia, it is not necessary in patients with a diagnosis of macroprolactinemia.
		Hyperprolactinemia is one of the most common endocrine disorders of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis.
		Women with hyperprolactinemia may present with classic symptoms of menstrual dysfunction (oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea) with or without galactorrhea and infertility; approximately 75% of patients presenting with galactorrhea and amenorrhea have hyperprolactinemia.
	www.clevelandclinicmeded.com /ccjm/june04/orija.htm (887 words)

	Medical Conditions - Reproductive Endocrinology
		Hyperprolactinemia is a condition characterized by elevated serum levels of the hormone prolactin in nonpregnant individuals.
		The main causes of hyperprolactinemia are pituitary tumors (usually prolactinomas), primary hypothyroidism, hypothalamic disease, chronic kidney failure, cirrhosis and ingestion of drugs that block the prolactin-inhibitory effects of dopamine such as tranquilizers, some hypertension medications and prescriptions for gastroesophageal reflux or nausea.
		Lab results indicating hyperprolactinemia need to be investigated for the presence of macroprolactin, a complex of prolactin bound to IgG that has limited or no biological activity in the body.
	dpcweb.com /medical/reproductive_endocrinology/hyperprolactinemia.html (319 words)

	Pharmacy Update, November / December 1998 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Hyperprolactinemia usually affects women of reproductive age and has been noted in 25% of women with secondary amenorrhea.
		For the treatment of hyperprolactinemia, pergolide therapy is initiated at a dose of 25 µg given once daily at bedtime.
		Hyperprolactinemia is most commonly due to the presence of prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors and various medications that antagonize dopamine or increase the secretion of prolactin.
	www.cc.nih.gov /phar/updates/nov-dec98.html (2353 words)

	Hyperprolactinemia
		Although this is the most common clinical scenario it is important to differentiate patients with hyperprolactinemia secondary to prolactinoma from hyperprolactinemia secondary to the mass effect of a pituitary tumor other than a prolactinoma.
		Hyperprolactinemia secondary to a prolactinoma usually presents with a prolactin level, which is more than 150 ng/dl.
		In this presented case the hyperprolactinemia was most likely secondary to "the stalk effect" from a growth hormone producing pituitary adenoma, and not from a prolactin producing adenoma.
	physicianlink.uams.edu /casestudies/CSHyper.asp (761 words)

	Human Reproduction: FAQ
		Hyperprolactinemia should be considered as a potential cause of hypoandrogenism and subsequent decreased libido.
		Hyperprolactinemia occurs in 73% to 91% of women and 25% to 57% of men with end- stage renal disease.
		Hyperprolactinemia may play a role in the hypogonadism found in many patients with chronic renal failure.
	www-medlib.med.utah.edu /kw/human_reprod/faq.html (353 words)

	Luteal phase hyperprolactinemia during ovulation induction with human menopausal gonadotropins: incidence, recurrence, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Hyperprolactinemia may develop during ovulation induction with human menopausal gonadotropins and hCG (hMG/hCG).
		The incidence and severity of hyperprolactinemia in the luteal phase of hMG/hCG-stimulated cycles was investigated in a large series of patients.
		Hyperprolactinemia infrequently recurred in different cycles of the same patient (two of 16 patients, 12.5%).
	www.greenjournal.org /cgi/content/abstract/73/4/613 (346 words)

	MGH Neuroendocrine Center Bulletin Vol 10, Issue 1, Spring/Summer 2004 - Neuroendocrine Clinical Center & Pituitary ...
		The decision as to whether symptomatic hyperprolactinemia warrants a change in psychiatric medication should be carefully assessed from a medical and psychiatric viewpoint, with consideration of the risks and benefits of such a change.
		In summary, although hyperprolactinemia is commonly caused by antipsychotic medication use, treatment is only necessary in women of reproductive age and men with resultant hypogonadism - a minority of those with elevations in prolactin.
		After a work-up to rule out alternative causes of hyperprolactinemia, as indicated, has been completed and bone density measurement performed, gonadal steroid replacement should be considered to preserve skeletal health and maintain compliance with a successful psychiatric medication regimen.
	pituitary.mgh.harvard.edu /NCBV10I1.htm (3990 words)

	Dostinex to Treat Hyperprolactinemia Receives FDA Clearance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Hyperprolactinemia is usually caused by a benign tumor on the pituitary gland that results in excess production of prolactin, the hormone that controls lactation.
		Dostinex joins bromocriptine as the only other drug product indicated to treat hyperprolactinemia, however, Dostinex is more convenient for patients (two doses per week for Dostinex versus one to three doses each day for bromocriptine).
		In a clinical trial involving approximately 450 patients, Dostinex was compared with bromocriptine in treating hyperprolactinemia.
	www.pslgroup.com /dg/f666.htm (599 words)

	Prolactinomas - Neuroendocrine Clinical Center & Pituitary Tumor Center at MGH/Harvard
		A more controversial point is whether women with micropolactinomas or idiopathic hyperprolactinemia without these indications for therapy should be treated, or whether they should be followed with observation alone.
		Because mean serum estradiol levels in amenorrheic hyperprolactinemic women are typically comparable to the early follicular phase estradiol levels seen in normal women, hyperprolactinemic amenorrheic women have an absolute or relative estrogen deficiency state.
		In a study conducted at the MGH reported by Biller et al, trabecular bone density by CT was investigated prospectively in 52 hyperprolactinemic women with a mean follow-up interval of 1.8 years.
	pituitary.mgh.harvard.edu /e-f-941.htm (1336 words)

	Cecil Textbook of Medicine : />
		There are four primary categories of causes of hyperprolactinemia that must be distinguished if the correct therapy is to be instituted: (1) physiologic/metabolic hyperprolactinemia; (2) pharmacologic hyperprolactinemia; (3) hypothalamic or pituitary stalk compression; and (4) prolactinoma (see Table 237-2).
		Unless there is very good evidence for physiologic or drug-induced hyperprolactinemia, even patients with mild hyperprolactinemia should be evaluated with CT or MRI to distinguish among idiopathic hyperprolactinemia, microprolactinomas, and other large mass lesions that cause stalk compression, resulting in decreased dopamine reaching the lactotrophs.
		Idiopathic hyperprolactinemia may represent microprolactinomas too small to be detected accurately by current imaging techniques or altered hypothalamic regulation of PRL secretion.
	www.merckmedicus.com /ppdocs/us/common/cecils/chapters/237_026.htm (307 words)

	Hyperprolactinemia - WrongDiagnosis.com
		Hyperprolactinaemia (BE) or hyperprolactinemia (AmE) is the presence of abnormally high levels of prolactin in the blood.
		Detailed information about the causes of Hyperprolactinemia including medication causes and drug interaction causes can be found in our causes pages.
		With a diagnosis of Hyperprolactinemia, it is also important to consider whether there is an underlying condition causing Hyperprolactinemia.
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /h/hyperprolactinemia/intro.htm (496 words)

	Hyperprolactinemia - alcohol hyperprolactinemia
		Hyperprolactinaemia (BE) or hyperprolactinemia (AmE) is the term given to having too high levels of prolactin in the blood.
		A falsely high measurement may occur due to the presence of the biologically inactive macroprolactin in hyperprolactinemia in renal failure the serum.
		Because men have no reliable indicator such as menstruation to signal a problem, many men with hyperprolactinoma being caused by an adenoma hyperprolactinemia may delay going to the doctor until they have headaches or eye problems caused idiopathic hyperprolactinemia by the enlarged pituitary pressing against nearby eye nerves.
	www.medicalgeo.com /Med-Diseases-Ho---Hy/Hyperprolactinemia.html (848 words)

	Effects of hyperprolactinemia on rat prostate growth: evidence of androgeno-dependence -- Van Coppenolle et al. 280 ...
		In a recent study, we demonstrated that hyperprolactinemia induced a lateral rat prostate hyperplasia (60).
		In noncastrated animals, hyperprolactinemia induced a decrease of 55.68% in LH levels and 30.83% in T levels.
		In this study we demonstrate the effects of chronic hyperprolactinemia on rat prostate growth.
	ajpendo.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/280/1/E120 (5707 words)

	The Analyst - Internet Health Report: Condition: Hyperprolactinemia
		You can be reassured that hyperprolactinemia usually is associated with a relatively benign condition (pituitary microadenoma or hyperplasia) that requires only periodic monitoring.
		Modest reductions in SHBG levels may be encountered in individuals with hyperprolactinemia.
		Primary hypothyroidism with reduced circulating thyroid hormone results in an increased production of TSH by the hypothalamus, which acts in turn as a prolactin releasing factor to raise the circulating prolactin level.
	www.digitalnaturopath.com /cond/C641025.html (1441 words)

	Stress found to be associated with hyperprolactinemia
		Little is known about the relationship between recent life events and onset of hyperprolactinemia, despite the well-known effect of acute psychological stress on prolactin levels in healthy subjects.
		Recent life events in patients with hyperprolactinemia compared to healthy controls were therefore investigated in a case-control study.
		The time period considered was the year preceding the first signs of hyperprolactinemia, and the year before interview for controls.
	www.news-medical.net /?id=3462 (400 words)

	Hyperprolactinemia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		This hormone stimulates lactation in women and its presence in concentrations higher than normal in non-lactating women is termed as "hyperprolactinemia".
		Presence of higher than normal concentrations of prolactin in the blood of non-lactating women affects normal ovulation in these women and can be one of the causes of infertility.
		Hyperprolactinemia can be detected by estimating the concentration of the hormone "prolactin" in the blood.
	education.vsnl.com /hic/hiprl.html (392 words)

	JAMA -- Abstract: Hyperprolactinemia and nonpuerperal mastitis (duct ectasia), March 17, 1989, Peters and Schuth 261 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		JAMA -- Abstract: Hyperprolactinemia and nonpuerperal mastitis (duct ectasia), March 17, 1989, Peters and Schuth 261 (11): 1618
		cases, mastitis was the first symptom of hyperprolactinemia.
		nonpuerperal mastitis may be a symptom of hyperprolactinemia.
	jama.ama-assn.org /cgi/content/abstract/261/11/1618 (177 words)

	Hyperprolactinemia: Effect Of Pregnancy And Menopause (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		For comparison they divided their patients into 4 groups — group I were 69 female patients who had not had surgery for treatment of hyperprolactinemia, no pregnancy and had not attained menopause.
		The authors conclude that women with hyperprolactinemia have a significant chance of normalizing prolactin levels on attaining menopause.
		Comment: Women with hyperprolactinemia were advised against pregnancy in the past for fear of the microadenoma increasing in size during pregnancy under the effect of increasing estrogen levels.
	www.indegene.com /End/Jour/indJour_CEND_Sum_01-02-2001_1.asp (322 words)

	Dr. Paul A. Fitzgerald, M.D.
		Causes of hyperprolactinemia: Hyperprolactinemia refers to serum levels of prolactin that are above the normal range for sex.
		Other causes for hyperprolactinemia include a variety of medications, nipple stimulation, chest wall lesions, hypothyroidism, renal failure, liver disease, anterior pituitary adenomas (tumors), and anything that damages the hypothalamus or pituitary stalk (inflammation, other tumors, etc.).
		If no pituitary tumor is seen and there is no other obvious cause for hyperprolactinemia, we check for "big prolactin", a variant larger prolactin molecule that some individuals produce genetically that is simply cleared from the circulation more slowly.
	www.fitzgeraldmd.com /news/archives/000052.html (619 words)

	DOSTINEX - Prolactin, Hyperprolactinemia, Sex - Medical References (Cabergoline/Cabaser)
		17 patients, 13 women at the age of 21-55 years (average 37.1) and 4 men at the age of 29-45 years (average 36.3), with pathological hyperprolactinemia due to pituitary tumours were involved in the study.
		A 34-yr-old male with a pituitary macroadenoma was found to have a PRL level of 10,362 micro g/liter and testosterone level of 3.5 nmol/liter.
		RESULTS: Recurrence rates two to five years after the withdrawal of cabergoline were 24 percent in patients with nontumoral hyperprolactinemia, 31 percent in patients with microprolactinomas, and 36 percent in patients; with macroprolactinomas.
	www.buy-dostinex.com /buy-dostinex/Dostinex_References.asp (6390 words)

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