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	History 303: Comnenian and Palaeogian Ages
		Alexius based his new currency on a HYPERPYRON (plural hyperpyra; "pure coin"), weighing a 24 carats (4.45 grs.) but struck of 20.5 carats of gold (85% fine).
		Nicene emperors in Asia Minor and the Palaeologan emperors steadily alloyed their hyperpyra until John V suspended minting them after the civil war of 1347-1354.
		The late Palaeologan silver hyperpyra were readily exchanged against Venetian or Ottoman counterparts.
	www.tulane.edu /~august/H303/currency/Comnenian.htm (474 words)

	Lindner, Nomads and Ottomans
		He advised Andronicus of the difficulty in raising such a large sum, as the nearby Turks would remain a threat to the city's prosperity and, if there were no resources left locally, might bring about its ruin.
		Gregory claimed that the proposed fine of 600 hyperpyra was excessive: 300 would be quite enough.
		For the sake of comparison, the proposed pension to be granted the akfftai of Asia Minor under Michael VIII in the 1260s had been forty hyperpyra each.
	coursesa.matrix.msu.edu /~fisher/hst373/readings/lindner.html (17241 words)

	Economics in Late Byzantine Period
		Andronikos II in 1321, which aimed at the recovery of the economy, resulted in the collecting of a mere 1,000,000 hyperpyra, and even these were debased in value.
		Even the customs duties, which had constituted an important source of income, were now limited to a bare minimum, since they no longer ended up in the state treasury but made their way mainly to the Italian maritime republics.
		The fact that, whereas the Genoese customs authorities at Galata collected 200,000 hyperpyra per year, the annual customs revenues of Constantinople only reached the sum of 30,000 hyperpyra, is characteristic.
	www1.fhw.gr /chronos/10/en/o/oc/oc2a.html (323 words)

	Konstantinato
		This tribute had to be paid in hyperpyra, that is in the old Byzantine currency that had been issued before the mid-11th century, and which had never been recalled and withdrawn from circulation.
		Modern numismatists have been able to determine that these late Byzantine Konstantinata were made of more silver than gold, and the coin had lost more than 50% of its value.
		The hyperpyra were always in demand, and the exchange rate between these old coins and the Palaeologian Konstantinata had been fixed at 1:4.
	www.greece.org /arts-culture/konstantinato/konstantinato.htm (1539 words)

	Roman Emperors - DIR Manuel II
		The treaty of Gallipoli was, as we have said, the last significant political success of the Byzantine empire.
		Paying tribute was a thing of the past: between 1379 and 1402 Byzantium had paid 690,000 hyperpyra (or 345,000 ducats) to the Ottomans.
		In 1424 Murat concluded a new treaty with Byzantium, which again became tribute-paying, at the rate of 100,000 hyperpyra a year.
	www.roman-emperors.org /manuel2.htm (6419 words)

	The first Post-Byzantine Period (15th - 16th Centuries) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		According to an older Byzantine custom, distinguished laymen and clerics bought adelphata, had themselves enrolled as brothers in the Monastery and thus ensured the means of livelihood for life, on payment of the appropriate price.
		For example, in 1432, the Kolitzi (Kolitsou) tower and six adelphata were ceded for life to the Great Voivode Radoslav Michaljevic and his brother Mihael for 600 hyperpyra and thirty libras of silver.
		Around 1492-95, with a grant from the princes of Wallachia, the Chapel of St John the Baptist (clearly the Baptist's tower) was repaired, while the fortified arsanas* was built in 1495/96 at the expense of Stephen, Prince of Wallachia.
	www.vatopaidi.org /fold-history/hi-first-ott.html (1248 words)

	The Numismatic Chronicle - byzantine
		Barclay, C.P. A parcel of hyperpyra of the Comneni Volume: 151 (1991) 217 ff
		Bates, L. and F.L. Kovacs, A hoard of large Byzantine and Arab-Byzantine coppers Volume: 156 (1996) 165 ff
		Gold hyperpyra of John III Vatatzes 7th series Volume: 20 (1980) 113 ff
	www.numismatics.org.uk /content/nc.php?chronarea=byzantine (634 words)

	Economics in Late Byzantine Period
		In 1302, for instance, the exportation of salt and mastic gum was prohibited.
		Principally, however, it was on the sale and exportation of wheat that the Byzantine government imposed various restrictions, whenever its price rose to more than 50, initially, and later 100 hyperpyra per kentenarion.
		Furthermore, the state also banned the importation of cheap wheat from the Black Sea, in an effort to protect the Byzantine producer.
	www.fhw.gr /chronos/10/en/o/ob/ob1b.html (278 words)

	Economics in Late Byzantine Period
		He himself, as well as other prosperous citizens, offered their fortunes for the building up of a fleet.
		Even though they were not particularly eager to make sacrifices, since their own wealth had been substantially reduced during the civil war, they were still able to contribute a sum of 50,000 hyperpyra, which was used for the construction of ships.
		A characteristic example is that of the grand Duke of Moscow, who, in 1350, donated money for the restoration of the church of Hagia Sophia.
	www.fhw.gr /chronos/10/en/o/oc/oc2c.html (176 words)

	CoinArchives.com Search Results
		Multiple Lots Lot of 9 AV Estimate: CHF 1'500.00 Nine late Byzantine gold coins.
		Histamena: Romanus III: DOC 1c; Constantine X (2): DOC 2 (2); Michael VII: DOC 2d; Hyperpyra: John II: DOC 1; Andronicus II (2): DOC 220 ff.
		Lot also includes three debased and crudely struck hyperpyra of...
	www.coinarchives.com /results.php?results=100&search=John+I (1713 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Michael's ambitious underatakings could not be adequately supported by a weakened economy and state treasury.
		Gold hyperpyra were still issued and certainly used - e.g., to help "fund" the famous Sicilian Vespers, where a popular uprising eliminated the growing French threat.
		But visible gold debasement started to take place, and bronze coinage - especially the scyphate type like the severely mutilated piece shown here - was quickly losing importance.
	www.suc.org /exhibitions/byz_coins/present/src/Michael_VIII (227 words)

	Years of Upheaval (1): The Years 1180-1200 CE -- A Chronology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Genoese pirate William Grasso attacks and plunders the harbor quarter on Rhodes, then attacks a Venetian convoy bearing an envoy from Saladin, murdering the crews and the Greek and Syrian merchants found on board (November).
		Richard and the Crusader army reach the village of Beit Nuba, twelve miles from Jerusalem (January 3), but then withdraw after the local Crusader leaders persuade him that he will have too few men to hold the city if he does take it.
		Alexius III agrees to pay 115,000 hyperpyra as tribute to envoys of the Emperor Henry VI (December 25).
	www.ancientworlds.net /aw/Post/471589 (5627 words)

	Istanbul History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		And although the annual income of the Galata customs, which was in the hands of the Genoese, was 200,000 hyperpyra in the 14th century.
		the Istanbul customs of the Byzantines could only realise an income of 30,000 hyperpyra per year.
		The hlagios Makios church inside the city was demolished in 1390 so that its stones could be used to repair the city walls.
	www.istanbulhotelreservations.com /yeni/istanbul/history8.htm (720 words)

	Pages 1--57 from Byzantine Monastic Foundation Documents
		hyperpyra nomismata each and twenty-five maritime modioi of grain each, the ten deacons thir-teen
		hyperpyra nomismata; at the commemoration of my majesty the same amount; at the commemo-ration
		on the steelyard 70 and two hyperpyra nomismata for incense for the churches along with what is
	www.stmaryofegypt.org /typika/typ038.html (20199 words)

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