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Topic: Hypersonic

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Ernst Mach

	Hypersonic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In aerodynamics, hypersonic speeds are speeds that are highly supersonic.
		The hypersonic regime is often defined as speeds where ramjets do not produce net thrust.
		This is a nebulous definition in itself, as there exists a proposed change to allow them to operate in the hypersonic regime (the Scramjet).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hypersonic (220 words)

	Aerospaceweb.org \| Hypersonic Waveriders - Vehicle Characteristics
		Compression lift is that lift that is gained because of the increase in surface pressure realized on the underside of a hypersonic vehicle due to the close proximity of the thin shock layer.
		Hypersonic waverider concept designed using conical-flow techniques and using both straight and cranked wing panels to compare stability and control characteristics [from Cockrell and Huebner, 1995]
		Since thin shock layers are so common in hypersonic flight, designers must be careful to prevent the shock wave from one component of the aircraft from adversely interfering with another component.
	www.aerospaceweb.org /design/waverider/design.shtml (1866 words)

	The Aurora Top-Secret Hypersonic Spy Plane (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The definition of hypersonic isn't as clearly defined as supersonic, but aerodynamicists consider that the hypersonic realm starts when the air in front of the vehicle's leading edges "stagnates": a band of air is trapped, unable to flow around the vehicle, and reaches extremely high pressures and temperatures.
		On a hypersonic vehicle, thermal management is very critical, the cooling capacity of the fuel must be used carefully and efficiently or else the range and endurance of the aircraft will be limited by heating rather than the actual fuel tank capacity.
		In a hypersonic ramjet aircraft, the entire underside of the forward body acts as a ramp that compresses the air, and the entire underside of the tail is an exhaust nozzle.
	www.abovetopsecret.com /pages/aurora.html (1889 words)

	Aerospaceweb.org \| Hypersonic Waveriders - Vehicle Applications
		Now that we have explored the properties of hypersonic flows, hypersonic aerodynamics, and theoretical waverider designs, you may be wondering if any vehicle utilizing these concepts has or ever will fly.
		Hypersonic vehicles in general and waveriders in particular have long been touted as potential high-speed commercial transports to replace the Concorde.
		Like a commercial transport, the attractive feature of a hypersonic bomber is the ability to reach any location in the world in a matter of hours from bases in the United States.
	www.aerospaceweb.org /design/waverider/examples.shtml (1643 words)

	Corporate Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Hypersonic PC Systems is a leader in providing cutting edge technology to the most astute and selective users in the PC market.
		Hypersonic also offers lifetime technical support and the best warranty in the industry with services such as 24/7 phone support, next business day onsite service, overnight parts replacement, 2-way shipping coverage, advance cross-ship replacement, and more.
		Hypersonic PC Systems, a division of Silicon Data, Inc. is a privately held company headquartered in Great Neck, NY with affiliate facilities located nationwide.
	www.hypersonic-pc.com /2001/about.htm (595 words)

	STEINBERG HYPERSONIC 1.0 (MAC/WIN)
		Hypersonic can use the same USB dongle as Cubase SX 2.0 (my sequencer of choice), but the procedure for transferring the license from the Hypersonic dongle to the Cubase dongle is not as well documented as it could be.
		Hypersonic is available only as a VST instrument, but because all of the major sequencers either support VST instruments directly or have wrappers, that shouldn't be a big issue.
		Hypersonic was stable and reliable running under Cubase SX 2.0, but I encountered a couple of issues that I hope will be addressed in a future release.
	emusician.com /mag/emusic_steinberg_hypersonic_macwin (2447 words)

	Hypersonic Flight Technologies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Air-breathing engines for hypersonic applications are known as "combined cycle" systems because they use a graduating series of propulsion systems in flight to reach an optimum travel speed, or to leave the atmosphere altogether.
		Once a hypersonic vehicle has accelerated to more than twice the speed of sound, the turbine or rockets are turned off, and the engine relies solely on oxygen in the atmosphere to burn fuel.
		Despite the astounding paradigm shift it promises for suborbital and orbital flight, the concept of hypersonic flight is not a new one.
	virtualskies.arc.nasa.gov /research/youDecide/hyprFltTech.html (1068 words)

	The promise of hypersonic flight (December 2003) - Physics World - PhysicsWeb
		Hypersonic air-breathing vehicles may offer a very attractive and potentially safer alternative to traditional rockets, making the flight into orbit more like a routine plane flight and less like the expensive, manpower-intensive launch process that it is today.
		At hypersonic speeds it is even more important to control the strength of shock waves, and this leads to an entirely different design philosophy for hypersonic aircraft compared with their more conventional cousins.
		Behind a hypersonic shock wave the temperature at the leading edge of a hypersonic craft scales inversely with the square root of its radius of curvature.
	physicsweb.org /article/world/16/12/6 (3338 words)

	Starboard Windsurfing : Starboard windsurfing company (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Compared to the Sonic range, the Hypersonic boards are more consistent in achieving maximum speed in variable conditions, from light gusty winds when large sails are necessary, to strong winds with smaller sails (two fins are supplied as standard to help gain maximum performance in all conditions).
		The Hypersonics have a very wide range of sail carrying ability, and are also good at going upwind - an important factor for sla lom overtaking maneuvers.
		Compared to the S-Type range, the Hypersonics are capable of more consistent slalom performance over a wider range of conditions, carrying a wider range of sails.
	www.star-board.com /products/hypersonic.asp (466 words)

	Hypersonic Flight
		The hypersonic region of flight is generally accepted to begin at Mach 5 because that is when aerodynamic heating becomes important in aircraft design, with the temperature in the boundary layer and on the surface of an object that is traveling at Mach 5 reaching 1,800° F (1,000° C).
		Test data proved that hypersonic laminar flow conditions did not develop, which led to the recognition that the small surface irregularities that prevented laminar flow at low speeds also prevented its formation at hypersonic speeds.
		The behavior and characteristics of hypersonic airflow are extremely complex and difficult to analyze.
	centennialofflight.gov /essay/Theories_of_Flight/Hypersonics/TH23.htm (1314 words)

	X-15 Research Results: Chapter 5
		However, although models of the X-15 were tested in many supersonic and hypersonic wind tunnels, they were of very small scale - 1/15 or 1/50 - and no verification had been made of the results from small-scale models for flight at hypersonic speeds.
		Because of the complexities of hypersonic flow, the calculations are normally made for an isolated fuselage, wing, and tail, to which are added the incremental effects of mutual interference from shock waves and flow.
		Another assumption of the theories is that the airplane is treated as composed of straight surfaces, a cone-cylinder, for the fuselage and flat plates for the wings and tail.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/SP-60/ch-5.html (3265 words)

	SPACE.com -- Going Hypersonic: Flying FALCON for Defense
		Hypersonic aircraft are expected to surpass the abilities of today's supersonic planes by reaching speeds of Mach 7 or more, over seven times the speed of sound.
		FALCON's requirements call for a hypersonic plane with a range of 9,000 nautical miles (16,668 kilometers) and the ability to fly heavy loads of ordinance or other payload to targets from its home airstrip somewhere in the continental United States.
		After take-off, a hypersonic craft could use a supersonic turbine engine to reach speeds of Mach 2 or Mach 3, velocities that enable scramjet engines to work by using the plane's speed to compress air for combustion.
	space.com /businesstechnology/technology/darpa_falcon_030723.html (1259 words)

	Review and Evaluation of the Air Force Hypersonic Technology Program
		The members of the NRC study committee that I had the privilege to lead are experts in hypersonics and related technologies that are germane to the development of air-breathing hypersonic vehicles, and to aerospace management.
		For example, a hypersonic missile capable of an average speed of Mach 6 (i.e., approximately one nautical mile per second at the planned operating altitudes) could strike a time-sensitive target 250 to 500 nautical miles away in four to eight minutes.
		Hypersonic technologies could be pursued either along a broad front or through a more focused program of evolutionary development to meet clearly stated requirements.
	books.nap.edu /html/hypersonic (3641 words)

	Aerospaceweb.org \| Hypersonic Waveriders - Flow Characteristics
		Knowing that a waverider is generally intended to travel at hypersonic speeds, we can consider in greater detail the behaviors and properties of hypersonic flows.
		For a hypersonic body, this distance can become very small over a large portion of the body, and the resulting flowfield between the surface and shock is often referred to as a shock layer.
		Although the properties of low density flow are not necessarily applicable to hypersonic flight, most hypersonic vehicles are intended to cruise at high altitudes in low density fluids.
	www.aerospaceweb.org /design/waverider/flow.shtml (1113 words)

	Boeing Joins X-43C Hypersonic Research Vehicle Team
		The three X-43C vehicles to be built will fly at hypersonic speeds from five to seven times the speed of sound.
		Hypersonic is defined as speeds at or greater than five times the speed of sound.
		The only hypersonic aircraft in use is the space shuttle, which flies at 25 times the speed of sound upon re-entering the earth’s atmosphere.
	www.boeing.com /news/releases/2003/q4/nr_031120a.html (557 words)

	Hypersonic Waveriders, Scramjets, Aerodynamics
		The propulsion system for hypersonic speeds is a scramjet (= supersonic combustion ram jet), that is a system without moving parts.
		Most of the programs to date are focusing on aircraft-launched systems, which would be further boosted by a rocket to speeds high enough to ignite the scramjet (at least M = 4-5).
		A propulsion system that would work from rest to hypersonic Mach numbers remains a dream not to be fulfilled for a long time.
	aerodyn.org /Wings/waverider.html (667 words)

	Hypersonic Cruise Vehicle / Force Application and Launch from CONUS (FALCON)
		The reusable Hypersonic Cruise Vehicle will be an autonomous aircraft capable of taking off from a conventional military runway and striking targets 9,000 nautical miles distant in less than two hours.
		Hypersonic aerodynamics research is critical to the Air Force's renewed interest in space operations.
		The size and weight of a hypersonic vehicle, and thus its flight trajectory and required propulsion system, are in large part determined by aerodynamic considerations such as boundary layer transition, shock-boundary layer interactions, drag, and airframe propulsion integration.
	www.globalsecurity.org /space/systems/hcv.htm (1022 words)

	Hypersonics and Low Density Flows (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Hypersonics has been a subject of research at Oxford since the early 1960's when the late Professor D.W. Holder came to Oxford.
		Oxford Hypersonics programs have included research into re-entry vehicle aerodynamics and heat transfer, rocket plumes and under-expanded jets, scramjet intakes and isolators, combustor burn-through and planetary probes.
		The boundary layers on hypersonic intake compression surfaces are often laminar or transitional.
	www.eng.ox.ac.uk /World/Research/Summary/B-Hypersonics.html (461 words)

	Hypersonic Vehicle Diagnostics
		Flight technology in the supersonic and hypersonic regime is far from being understood, and design optimization will require new understanding and new predictive capabilities developed as a result of fundamental research.
		The overall objective of the SBIR project was to develop an instrument suitable for use in hypersonic wind tunnel facilities.
		The design goals for the system were that the injection seeding should be automatic and be able to accommodate variations in seed signal power and pulsed laser cavity finesse, as the two lasers are wavelength tuned, i.e.
	www.qpeak.com /Compsbir/b1859.htm (2133 words)

	Steinberg Hypersonic \| Sweetwater.com
		Hypersonic from Steinberg is the music workstation that adds more power, more versatility and more sounds to your system than you've ever dreamt of.
		With the Steinberg Hypersonic, excellent sound-per-system specs, uncompromised sound quality, fast and easy tweaking options, Hypersonic is the ultimate sound factory for every computer-based musician.
		Steinberg Hypersonic is both a compositional workhorse and an expandable, high-performance sample player / synthesizer.
	www.sweetwater.com /store/detail/Hypersonic (301 words)

	High Temperature & Hypersonic Flow
		The hypersonic viscous flowfield in the region of type IV shock-shock interaction has been numerically analyzed to study the real gas effects on the surface loading, such as wall pressure and wall heat transfer, and on the structure of flowfield.
		Although multigrid method has widely been applied to subsonic and transonic flow calculations resulting in a significant increase of convergence rate, its application to hypersonic flows is less established.
		We are searching for the efficient multigrid algorithms for computing hypersonic chemically reactive flows and have acquired some good results.
	gong.snu.ac.kr /~aero92/topic5.htm (579 words)

	Space Transport - The scramjet and hypersonic flight (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Speeds greater than Mach 5 are called hypersonic, equivalent to about one mile per second or approximately 3,600 miles per hour at sea level.
		Pretty evident as it is, flying at hypersonic speeds is difficult.
		Most hypersonic designs intend to confine the most of the high pressure airflow from the shock wave beneath the vehicle, so that it appears to be 'riding' the top of the wave.
	www.geocities.com /spacetransport/hypersonic.html (814 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Review and Evaluation of the Air Force Hypersonic Technology Program (1998)
		Hypersonic missile systems will have no obvious implications for two other areas of the Air Force support infrastructure, high-speed computational facilities and test ranges.
		The second is to pursue the evolutionary development and deployment of hypersonic weapon systems that derive from established capabilities and clearly stated Air Force requirements.
		The committee is not aware of any other nation that has operational hypersonic scramjet-powered missiles; however, several nations have been working on development, evaluation, and testing, including flight testing, for several years.
	books.nap.edu /books/0309061423/html/38.html (723 words)

	3D DSMC Simulation of Rarefied Hypersonic Flow over a Sharp Flat Plate
		From these numerical simulations, the flow field around the plate is shown three-dimensionally, and the effects are evaluated to determine the three-dimensional flow structure over the plate.
		In this case, the hypersonic rarefied gas flows around the flat plate could be simulated with two-dimensional infinitely thin plate condition.
		To compare the four cases of the numerical simulations, the leading edge effect and the finite span effect are investigated.
	www.fel.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp /~hiroki/research_e.html (1940 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Hypersonic flow of an inviscid, non heat conducting gas is governed by five coupled nonlinear partial differential equations.
		For hypersonic flow in the high Mach number range, we have found that it is advantageous to consider a combination of both the Lagrangian and Eulerian methods.
		This combination, along with a perturbative approach, allows the equations to be significantly uncoupled, resulting in good approximate solutions for many flow geometries.
	www.math.ualberta.ca /~hvanroes/research/hypersonic.html (183 words)

	Hypersonic efforts get an extra boost - Space.com - MSNBC.com
		THE SERIES of experimental aircraft, funded by NASA and the U.S. Air Force under a joint project dubbed X-43C, will be powered by a novel engine that sucks in oxygen from the atmosphere and combines it with jet fuel to propel the vehicles to speeds faster than 100 kilometers per minute (3,700 mph).
		While air-breathing engines are as old as the jet airplane, they have yet to find their way into hypersonic applications like rockets, despite more than 30 years of research.
		NASA is also working on complementary propulsion systems, like a high-speed turbine engine, that would power future launch vehicles from zero to around Mach 5 before a scramjet takes over and propels the vehicle to speeds as high as Mach 15 or greater needed to reach space.
	msnbc.msn.com /id/3226817 (1346 words)

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