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September 19

	Skyhook (structure) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Skyhooks are hypothetical structures used for transporting material to and from a planet's surface into orbit, continuously supporting it rather than using rockets, catapults or hypothetical anti-gravity effects.
		The largest and perhaps simplest of these is the space elevator, a cable that runs all the way from the planet's surface to beyond geosynchronous orbit.
		Smaller skyhooks include hypersonic skyhooks, rotating cables in lower orbits whose ends dip repeatedly down close to the planet's surface to snag payloads and lift them up.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Skyhook_(structure) (152 words)

	Skyhook: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com
		...Skyhook Skyhook A skyhook is a hypothetical structure used for transporting...orbit.
		A skyhook is a hypothetical structure used for transporting material to and from a planet's surface into orbit.
		The term skyhook was also used by Daniel Dennett in the book Darwin's Dangerous Idea to describe a source of design complexity that did not build on lower, simpler layers -- loosely, a miracle.
	www.encyclopedian.com /sk/Skyhook.html (309 words)

	[No title]
		After the skyhook was built, the cable cars would have to travel at more than 6,000 kilometers per hour in order to make the trip time to the central station less than 6 hours.
		There is a new version of the skyhook, called the space elevator, that uses a cable that is much shorter than the synchronous orbit skyhook.
		Skyhooks and space elevators are definitely a second generation space transportation system.
	www.frc.ri.cmu.edu /~hpm/project.archive/1976.skyhook/1982.articles/elevate.800322 (3380 words)

	- Chapter 4
		If the Skyhook design used a number of cables arranged in a hollow structure, the electrified tracks could be built inside the structure.
		As the cable cars climb up the Skyhook, they are always positioned above their anchor point on the Earth below, but like a stone in a sling, they have a higher absolute velocity through space than the anchor point.
		After the Skyhook was built, the cable cars would have to travel at more than 6,000 kilometers per hour (ten times faster than a jet airplane) in order to make the trip up to the Central Station in less than six hours.
	www.baen.com /chapters/W200602/0671876864___4.htm (9315 words)

	It Had to be Done - Hero Games Discussion Index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Skyhook was born on a ringworld -- an artificially constructed "world" consisting of a Earth-width ring that extends around a star.
		Skyhook harnessed his telekinetic powers early, mastering them to a degree of power and range unequalled by any other being on his homeworld.
		Skyhook was born on a ringworld -- an
	www.herogames.com /oldForum/Rules/000867.html (542 words)

	Orbital Elevator (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The orbital elevator is a short variant of skyhook.
		Robert Zubrin, "The Hypersonic Skyhook," Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, Vol.
		The electrodynamic tether has to be aided by an ion engine or a solar sail placed at the top end of the elevator.
	www.nas.nasa.gov /About/Education/SpaceSettlement/Nowicki/SPBI126.HTM (220 words)

	Jovian Chronicles. Glossary
		Screen Generator: a device that protects the vehicle or space suit on which it is mounted by either absorbing or deflecting the radiation striking it.
		Skyhook: a more feasable kind of "space elevator" that allows cargo to be hoisted up into orbit.
		Hypersonic suborbital planes can match velocities with the lower end of the tether to hook up their cargo rather than spend the energy to go up to a full orbit.
	www.dp9.com /Worlds/jc_glossary.htm (923 words)

	AviatioNet - Engines & Propulsion Links (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Hypersonic Airbreathing Propulsion Branch at NASA Langley Research Center - performs research to advanced technology for hypersonic airbreathing propulsion systems for aerospace vehicles.
		Hypersonic Flight Experiment (HYFLEX) - part of a project to design, manufacture and test flight operation of a hypersonic lifting vehicle, and to obtain flight data in the hyper-sonic speed range.
		Hypersonic Waveriders - technical information on aircraft uses their own shock wave to improve overall performance.
	home.earthlink.net /~aerospacedata/AviatioNet/engines.htm (1095 words)

	LiftPort Group Discussion Boards - Moon to Earth (almost) space elevator
		There are also "hypersonic tethers" because the tip nearest the earth travels about Mach-12 in typical designs.
		At the limit of zero ground speed, it would be re-classified as a beanstalk).
		An aircraft or sub-orbital vehicle transports cargo to one end of the skyhook or moon elevator.
	liftport.com /forums/showthread.php?t=345 (1903 words)

	LiftPort Group Discussion Boards - S.E. in an "inertial orbit" 2 lift?
		A skyhook would not be that long, and not in GEO, either.
		However, the skyhook is much smaller than the SE and would require considerably less material strength.
		Hypersonics and sounding rockets are nice--but SE tech needs to piggyback on other systems that would better suit your needs.
	www.liftport.com /forums/archive/index.php?t-129.html (5264 words)

	Media: Image Gallery
		Thirteen stratospheric plastic Skyhook balloons were launched in September 1953 as part of Project Churchy, an ONR funded cosmic ray expedition at the geomagnetic equator.
		In September 1957, the unmanned Skyhook balloon was launched to take the sharpest photographs of the sun yet taken.
		Skyhook was part of the Office of Naval Research´s Project Stratoscope.
	www.onr.navy.mil /media/releases/image_gallery/default.asp (10698 words)

	Starship Modeler - More news concerning sci-fi, fantasy and real space scale models, add-on and upgrade kits, and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Skyhook Models is pleased to announce this remarkable bust of Ro-man, the diving helmeted gorilla from another world.
		Sharkit's latest release is a 1/72 resin kit of the Sänger-Bredt Antipodal Bomber Silverbird, a WW2-era hypersonic spaceplane designed to be launched horizontally on a rail, then ascend to the edge of space where it could "skip" across the upper atmosphere to hit targets virtually anywhere in the world.
		Also covered are each of the experiments that were flown aboard the X-15 late in its career when it became the workhorse of the space program, carrying such things as startrackers destined for the Apollo program and missile detection systems that would later be sent into orbit on satellites.
	www.starshipmodeler.com /news3.cfm (11146 words)

	[No title]
		Both the beanstalk and the non-rotating tether talked about in "hypersonic skyhook" have the problem that you need to climb the tether, and you need power to do that.
		So not only does a beanstalk need a rope 10 times stronger than any rope you can buy today, it would take it years to lift its own weight.
		The "hypersonic skyhook" is not so bad, but still probably days to climb as it is covering the high gravity part of the beanstalk.
	spacetethers.com /posts/20030301 (334 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		At a later stage, the launch system could be combined with a hypersonic skyhook.
		The skyhook would be able to capture cargoes from space planes or rockets travelling at 6km/s and raise them to higher orbits using electric drives.
		The skyhook would enable reusable launchers to deliver triple their cargo capability to Earth Orbit.Useful for Phase 3.
	www.permanent.com /version2/routemap4.doc (21279 words)

	Amazon.com: Islands in the Sky: Bold New Ideas for Colonizing Space: Books: Stanley Schmidt,Robert Zubrin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Take off on a thrilling journey of space exploration and speculation—to the realm where science fiction becomes science fact—as leading writers, researchers, and astronautic engineers describe a not-too-distant future of interstellar travel and colonization.
		From cable cars that ride "skyhooks" into space to rockets that can refuel out of Martian air, from "terraforming" planets (a process that makes them habitable for human life) to faster-than-light propulsion systems, Islands in the Sky offers an astonishing collection of challenging—and plausible—ideas and proposals from the pages of Analog magazine.
		hypersonic skyhook, negative matter space drive, planetary volatile inventory, biocompatible planets, skyhook system, magnetic sail, orbital center, plasma wind, transatmospheric vehicle, comet nuclei, lithium blanket, interstellar travelers, taper ratio, outer solar system, matter ring, south polar cap, required revenue, exhaust velocity, positive matter, positive object, negative object, specific impulse, matter object, interstellar flight, star drive
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0471135615?v=glance (1712 words)

	References
		Hans Moravec, 1977, "A Non-Synchronous Orbital Skyhook," Journal of the Astronautical Sciences, Vol.
		Robert Zubrin, 1993, "The Hypersonic Skyhook," Analog Science Fiction/Science Fact, Vol.
		Robert Zubrin, "The Hypersonic Skyhook", [Schmidt1996, pp 22-39].
	spacetethers.com /bibliography.html (279 words)

	Unconventional Spacelift
		Instead of the extremely long tether envisioned in the previous concept, the center of mass of the tether is placed in a much lower orbit.
		If the tether were to simply dangle into the atmosphere from this orbit, however, it would have a hypersonic passage causing considerable drag and eventually pulling the tether from orbit.
		If, instead, the tether is counter-rotated so that as the lower end of the tether passes through the atmosphere it is traveling at sub-sonic speeds, the drag is reduced considerably, as is the amount of time the tether is subjected to this drag.
	www.fas.org /spp/military/docops/usaf/2020/app-i.htm (4168 words)

	THE MAJESTIC12 PROGRAM PAPERS, 1952, IN PART (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Samples tested and evaluated by the AMC suggested that future materials would have to incorporate new alloys and composites, if space exploration and hypersonic dynamics are to be achieved.
		The theory assumes that shock waves can be approximated by abrupt discontinuities and the planform body being thin, so that the slope of the local surface in the stream direction is uniformly small.
		After being directed to land his flight of four F-51s by the tower, Captain Thomas Mantell pursued a large metallic object alone after two pilots returned to Godman AFB, and finally his wingman was ordered to return to the field.
	www.abidemiracles.com /4321019.htm (4692 words)

	ITSF: Resources
		"Hypersonic Maneuvering for Augmenting Planetary Gravity Assist", Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, 29, Number 2 (March-April 1992), pp.
		Zubrin, Robert M. "The hypersonic skyhook", Analog, CXIII, Number 11 (September 1993), pp.
		"The Hypersonic Skyhook", Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, 48, Number 3 (March 1995), pp.
	www.itsf.org /resources/biblio.html (5565 words)

	The Vision for Space Exploration needs transformational technology
		If developing an air-breathing launch vehicle using scramjet technology could bring the cost of a manned flight to orbit down even one order of magnitude while increasing the reliability and frequency of flights, it should be done.
		Last year’s successful Mach 10 hypersonic flight of the X-43A proved the concept.
		Air-breathing hypersonic launch is far too valuable to let disappear into some secret weapons program in the Pentagon.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/1362356/posts (2898 words)

	The Armchair Scientist - Earth-to-Orbit Rockets
		SKYHOOK ATTACHED TO A 3000 KM HIGH TOWER
		SKYHOOK (also known as beanstalk; vertical tether extending from the Earth to geostationary orbit and beyond, tether is curved due to Coriolis force generated by moving cargo; massive; minimum mass > 10^15 tons)
		SKYHOOK ATTACHED TO A 3000 KM HIGH TOWER (wind damage; curved and massive; no bibliography; minimum mass > 10^13 tons)
	home.tele2.it /~it-11054/armsci03/rockets.html (2648 words)

	Aeronautics and Astronautics Chronology 1950-54
		---: NACA undertook studies of the problems of manned and unmanned flight in the upper atmosphere and at hypersonic speeds, such studies leading to the development of the rocket-propelled X-15 research airplane.
		January 14-16: USAF scientific advisory panel concluded that unidentified flying objects (UFO's): (1) held no direct physical threat; (2) were not foreign developments; (3) were not unknown phenomena requiring revision of current scientific concepts; and (4) a rash of sightings offered a threat from skillful hostile propagandists.
		May 18: SUPER SKYHOOK, largest polyethylene balloon built to date, launched by General Mills for ONR and carried emulsions to 115,000 feet.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/Timeline/1950-54.html (6647 words)

	F-62 Fighter Hypersonic Experimental - HobbyTalk
		Actually, they were an attempt to capitalize on the popularity of Hot Wheels by doing die-cast airplanes.
		They were 3-4" long, and had a "skyhook" that clipped into the top of the fuselage.
		They "flew" down a textured nylon line that made a kind of jet engine whine as the hook rubbed over it.
	www.hobbytalk.com /bbs1/showthread.php?t=86042 (626 words)

	Some Novel Space Propulsion Systems
		The rapidly improving ability to build atomically precise structural materials of extreme strength-to-mass ratio will permit a revolution in aerospace engineering.
		Graphenes, or 'Buckytubes' may become available in commercial quantities [Smalley], allowing the realization of previously untenable proposals, such as the 'Skyhook', or geosynchronous tether, for example [Pearson, Moravec, 1977, Zubrin].
		A number of novel spacecraft propulsion systems and machines are presented, as well as new applications for some very ancient devices.
	www.foresight.org /Conferences/MNT05/Papers/Bishop/index.html (4647 words)

	HobbySpace - Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) Information
		The firm was run by well-respected people from the hypersonics research field.
		Hypersonics Before the Shuttle: A concise history of the X-15 Resarch Airplane by Dennis R. Jenkins, June 2000, NASA Publication SP-2000-4518
		Universal Space Lines - DC-X - USL was founded by Pete Conrad and several other people previously involved with the DC-X project.
	www.hobbyspace.com /Links/RLV/RLVHistory.html (2757 words)

	SOW NAS8-36606 FY93 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Krischke, E.C. Lorenzini and D. Sabath, "A Hypersonic Parachute for Low-Temperature Atmospheric Reentry." Proceedings of the 43rd Congress of the International Astronautical Federation • IAF (World Space Congress), Washington, DC, 28 August-5 September 1992.
		Krischke, C. Kessler, E. Lorenzini, D. Sabath and E. Levin, "Hypersonic Parachute and Orbital Windtunnel as Part of the Atmospheric Mission Rapunzel II".
		Krischke, E.C. Lorenzini and D. Sabath, "A Hypersonic Parachute for Low-Temperature Atmospheric Reentry." Acta Astronautica, Vol.
	www.cfa.harvard.edu /spgroup/SP_TetherBiblio2.ht.html (3999 words)

	[No title]
		They'd be co-operatives who'd mine the Jovians via a skyhook system, and they'd have huge mass-ratios thanks to using no tanks, bar minimal thermal wrapping.
		Although there was a vocal minority in the NACA hierarchy who were against involvement in a purely ballistic approach to manned spaceflight, by early 1956 there had already been much research conducted at NACA laboratories on the subject.
		Eggers then began to push for a lighter and simpler lifting-body design (originally proposed in an Ames report on hypersonic flight released in January of 1957) as a compromise between the ballistic capsule and the glider.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~stevev/sd-archive/raw/sd1998-4.txt (18069 words)

	A Rocket a Day Keeps the High Costs Away
		Because that would demonstrate, in a real-world test, that there really aren't very many useful things to do in space, after all.
		That even if we push the marginal cost of launches down to zero, nobody will be able to think of anything to use them for, not for Venus probe science fair projects, personal spysats, hypersonic surfing demonstration/validation flights, nor microgravity research, material processing, life sciences, remote sensing, VLBI radio astronomy, optical astronomy, or anything else.
		That other than the existing big-market space applications, there's no earthly reason to leave the Earth, that much of the "space age" was based on faulty premises, that the "final frontier" isn't worth exploring.
	www.fourmilab.ch /documents/rocketaday.html (4143 words)

	Structural Materials
		Brad Edwards claims that cyanate ester is the best matrix (glue) for a buckytube composite used in outer space because it is resistant to atomic oxygen, gamma radiation, and charged particles.
		Cheap, long buckytubes would make skyhook and geomagnetic levitation practicable.
		Tenney, W. Lisagor, and S. Dixon, "Materials and Structures for Hypersonic Vehicles," Journal of Aircraft, vol.
	www.islandone.org /LEOBiblio/SPBI1MA.HTM (654 words)

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