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Topic: Hypertext Editing System

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Hypertext

Intermedia

Paul Otlet

Dick Higgins

	Hypertext Editing System - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Hypertext Editing System, or HES, was an early hypertext research project conducted at Brown University in 1967 by Andries van Dam, Ted Nelson, and several Brown students.
		HES was a pioneering hypertext system that organized data into two main types: links and branching text.
		HES was discontinued and replaced by the FRESS (File Retrieval and Editing System) project.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hypertext_Editing_System (819 words)

	File Retrieval and Editing System - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The File Retrieval and Editing SyStem, or FRESS, was a hypertext system developed at Brown University in 1968 by Andries van Dam and his students, including Ted Nelson and Bob Wallace.
		FRESS was essentially a text-based system, and unlike the modern Web, editing links was a fairly complex task (unless you had access to the PDS-1 terminal, in which case you could select each end with the lightpen and create a link with a couple keystrokes.
		FRESS was heavily used for instructional computing (probably being the foundation for the first hypertext systems used in education, particularly for teaching poetry and biology), as well as typesetting many books.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/FRESS (619 words)

	Hypertext Editing System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Hypertext Editing System, or HES, was an early hypertext research project conducted at Brown University in 1967 by Andries van Dam, Ted Nelson, and several Brown graduate students.
		HES ran on an IBM 360/50 mainframe computer, which was inefficient for the task of running such a revolutionary system.
		HES research was funded by IBM but the program was stopped around 1969 and the program was reportedly sold to NASA's Houston Manned Spacecraft Center, which reportedly used the program for documentation on the Apollo space program.
	encyclopedia.codeboy.net /wikipedia/h/hy/hypertext_editing_system.html (197 words)

	[No title]
		A fascinating hypertext system was developed in the early 1960s but not made widely available in part because of the costliness of associated hardware.
		The system's creators believed that the symbols one works with are supposed to represent a mapping of one's associated concepts, and further that one's concepts exist in a network of relationships as opposed to the essentially linear form of actual printed records.
		Microtext system issues, such as button style or window placement, are often the focus of a research paper, but the biggest differences in the acceptability of a microtext system are the characteristics of the users themselves.
	www.uwm.edu /IMT/MiscDocs/~doc/emacsbook/Emacsbook-2 (6819 words)

	LIS W385 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Hypertext system has a flexible knowledge representation, a user-friendly interface, and gives the control of the session to the user.
		This is intended to be a general model for the description of all hypertext systems and the background for implementing a standardized hypertext interchange format.
		Hypertext systems should provide support for collaborative work such as simultaneous multi-user access to the hypertext network, good concurrency control, broadcasting to users any changes made to the network by other users, and tracking contributions by each member of a team.
	www.austin.cc.tx.us /~songhome/Trend4.html (3389 words)

	Hypertext (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Therefore, a well-constructed hypertext system can encompass, incorporate or supersede many other user interface paradigms like menus and command lines, and can be used to access both static collections of cross-referenced documents and interactive applications.
		Nelson coined the word "hypertext" in 1965 and helped Andries van Dam develop the Hypertext Editing System in 1968 at Brown University; Engelbart had begun working on his NLS system in 1962 at Stanford Research Institute, although delays in obtaining funding, personnel and equipment meant that its key features were not completed until 1968.
		Hypertext is often associated with the postmodern movement, and draws heavily from the philosophies of Michael Foucault, Jean-François Lyotard, Jacques Derrida, and Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/H/Hypertext.htm (1361 words)

	Personal Narratives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		I begin with a short introduction to the concepts of hypertext and follow the case studies with a short analysis of lessons to be drawn from the experiences of these researchers.
		Hypertext Hypertext is a form of electronic writing and although its origins go back to at least 45 years (Bush, 1945), hypertext software has been generally accessible only in the past few years.
		In summing up the usefulness of hypertext and her experience with EntryWay Shaw said: What this does is confirm my hunch, my impressions of this teachers classroom, of her teaching, which to me is a challenge in qualitative research.
	www.coe.uga.edu /quig/proceedings/Quig92_Proceedings/horney.92.html (5313 words)

	[No title]
		In one system, part of the hypertext structure was inferred from the source document formatting commands.
		Similarly, the system should allow any number of windows to be created but there should be a discipline underlying their choice and placement.
		Originally, the Library planned to graft the retrieval system onto its typesetting system for Index Medicus, but after repeated setbacks realized that priorities would have to be reversed such that the typesetting system became secondary to the retrieval system.
	www.uwm.edu /IMT/MiscDocs/~doc/emacsbook/Emacsbook-4 (6831 words)

	From hypertext to hypermedia. Overview of the development of open-ended works. Carles Tomàs i Puig
		Systems based on hypermedia help to develop participatory communication in which the communicative material can be "lived," and clearly bring the cultural product closer to what we know as "open-ended works" (9).
		Even though at first multimedia systems enable works to be related to one another, leaving the nonlinear reading and final structuring to the reader, the combination of hypermedia and interactive networks that connect them to other documents turn them into a source that can be contrasted and broadened for the reader.
		Users of multimedia systems conceptually construct text, even though they have to use a grammar they are unfamiliar with, if a grammar is understood as the set of rules established by the construct and delimited by the author.
	www.iua.upf.es /formats/formats2/tom_a.htm (3900 words)

	[No title]
		Hypertext documents can in reference to this, be defined as a particular mix of electronic documents, being exactly those which dispose of digitally-electronic supported references.
		Hypertext systems or pull media, these expressions being used interchangeably, are correspondingly descriptive of electronic databases, over which a graph of possible gateways to chosen parts of the bases are stretched.
		Hypertext systems are administrative systems which organize the access - within local or networked systems - to inventories.
	www.ljudmila.org /~vuk/nettime/zkp4/58.htm (1477 words)

	Hypertext
		The first hypertext-based system was developed in 1967 by a team of researchers led by Dr. Andries van Dam at Brown University.
		The research was funded by IBM and the first hypertext implementation, Hypertext Editing System, ran on an IBM/360 mainframe.
		A year later, in 1968, van Dam developed FRESS, a File Retrieval and Editing System which was an improvement of his original Hypertext Editing System and was used commercially by Philips.
	www.student.uib.no /~st09465/hypertekst/02side.htm (571 words)

	"Hypertext '87 Keynote Address"
		Hypertext is basically clay, and we have to mold it; that is what this workshop is all about: starting to mold that clay.
		Edits were done by pointer manipulation, not, in general, by character manipulation.
		Hypertext is not as accessible as paper, and it certainly isn't prepared to deal with the size problems as paper does.
	www.cs.brown.edu /memex/HT_87_Keynote_Address.html (7209 words)

	Hypertext History -- Early Systems, Programs, Applications, Engelbart NLS, ZOG ...
		Starting with Douglas Engelbart's influential NLS system in 1968, several working hypertext systems were developed over the years as both research efforts and commercial products.
		The File Retrieval and Editing System (FRESS) was developed by Yankelovich and Meyrowitz in 1985 to build on Engelbart's NLS system.
		Developed by Peter Brown in 1986 at the University of Kent at Canterbury (UKC) as the first commercial hypertext system for the personal computer, enabling hypertext linking and browsing of information and a content update capability.
	www.livinginternet.com /w/wi_hyper.htm (390 words)

	History of Hypertext and the Web
		The story of hypertext begins in 1945, with the proposal of the Memex System by Vannevar Bush in an essay entitled "As We May Think." In this essay, he proposes a method of storage and retrieval that is meant allow academics and professionals to take optimum advantage of new information.
		It was the first hypertext editing system available to the general public, and it caught on very quickly.
		Lee was already using a hypertext system, and he thought of the web as a way to implement it on a broader level:
	www.boraski.com /www/hypertext.html (816 words)

	Systems and People
		This system was used to store all research papers, memos, and reports in a shared workspace that could be cross-referenced with each other [Engelbart, 1963].
		Since conventional file systems are not adequate to implement such a system, Project Xanadu has focused much of its attention on the re-design and re-implementation of file systems.
		The back-end for the system was scheduled to be released on Sun Workstations during 1992.
	www2.umassd.edu /topics/foundations/systempeople.html (1573 words)

	A Brief History of Interactive Multimedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In 1968, Andries Van Dam at Brown University developed the Hypertext Editing System, which was intended to serve two purposes: to produce printed documents and to explore the hypertext concept.
		In summary, these early hypertext systems were mainframe-based, and had little or no graphics capabilities.
		Intermedia intended to be a system that allows different types of applications (e.g., word processors, database programs, etc.) to be linked together rather than a closed system that allows links within only a single program.
	www.cs.sunysb.edu /~tony/364/historyofMM/historyofMM.html (1881 words)

	Topics
		he first hypertext-based system was developed in 1967 by a team of researchers led by Dr.
		This was a change from other hypertext applications of that time which were written for specific needs.
		OWL-Guide was later ported to the IBM-PC platform and became the first multi-platform hypertext system.
	web.ukonline.co.uk /fonaset/emergence-of-hypertext-hypermedia2.html (600 words)

	Andy van Dam - The Creator of Hypertext Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		When Andries van Dam and his colleagues at Brown University created the first hypertext system in 1967, he immediately gave recognition to the founders of the idea of a hypertext system.
		FRESS was the first hypertext system to be used in schools.
		Presented to the public between 1985 and 1987, it was an all-purpose hypertext-editing system that allows a user to change all the timelines, graphics, etc, that are presented to him.
	www.cs.berkeley.edu /~jasonh/cs39i-seminar/project1/AndyVanDam (811 words)

	History of the Internet and WWW -- Part 5: USA to Far East
		The Hypertext Editing System ran in 128K memory on an IBM/360 mainframe and was funded by IBM, who later sold it to the Houston Manned Spacecraft Center, where it was used to produce documentation for the Apollo space program.
		The words "hypertext" and "hypermedia" were coined by my friend Ted Nelson in a paper to the ACM 20th national conference in 1965, before I (Andrew Pam) was even born!
		Xanadu, a global hypertext publishing system, is the longest-running vaporware story in the history of the computer industry.
	www.internetvalley.com /intval3.html (1671 words)

	Intermedia
		Hypertext research has a long history at Brown University.
		In 1968, Ted Nelson, Andries van Dam, and students implemented the Hypertext Editing System (HES).
		Our intention was to create a model for how hypermedia functionality should be handled at the system level, where linking would be available for all participating applications in much the same way that copying to and pasting from the clipboard facility is supported in the Macintosh and Microsoft Windows environments.
	eserver.org /elab/hfl0032.html (589 words)

	LIS 385T.6 Midterm -- Question #5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This system allowed students to view scholarly commentary and the marginalia of other students while they were reading their assigned poems.
		The user interface for the system was itself graphical, and included a hypertext component in which users could construct pages, chapters, and links while viewing their entire system graphically.
		Intermedia was an all-purpose hypertext system, containing not just a hypertext engine but also editors for text, graphics, scanned images, and timelines.
	www.io.com /~casburn/pers/acad/hyper/Midterm/q05.htm (536 words)

	2L670: Hypermedia Structures and Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The introduction of Guide in 1986, HyperCard in 1987 and the first ACM Conference on Hypertext, also in 1987, are indeed the first clear signs that a whole new research and development area was born.
		Andries van Dam develops the Hypertext Editing System at Brown University, followed by the introduction of FRESS in 1968.
		Several other hypertext systems are announced, including NoteCards from Xerox, and Intermedia from Brown University.
	www.kluge.net /~mrv/class/rh/nl/static/history.html (375 words)

	User Interface: GUI History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Hypertext Editing System, jointly designed by Andy van Dam, Ted Nelson, and two students at Brown University was distributed extensively.
		The University of Vermont's PROMIS (1976) was the first Hypertext system released to the user community.
		The ZOG project (1977) from CMU was another early hypertext system, and was funded by ONR and DARPA.
	cne.gmu.edu /itcore/userinterface/GUIHistory2.html (536 words)

	FRESS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		FRESS (File Retrieval and Editing System), solely a hypertext document system, allowed authors to create links within any text document or among any number of text documents.
		FRESS was essentially a text only system (links could be made to some graphics when using an IMLAC PDS-ID display) and was developed under the VM/CMS time-sharing system in the late 1960's as a successor to the Hypertext Editing System.23 The system contained important "navigational," or linking, facilities.
		Second, the system provided no spatial cues, and readers found it difficult to remember where they were in the information web.
	www.cyberartsweb.org /cpace/ht/HTatBrown/FRESS.html (536 words)

	marketfilm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		HES made it possible for programmers to do on-screen editing on a large scale, type a string as long as the user wants and to make links within a document which brings you to another part of the document or a totally new document.It is all about links and branching text.
		The text could automatically be arranged into menus and a point within a given areacould also have an assigned name, called a label, and be accessed later by that name from the screen.
		In the 1980s van Dam developed his fourth-generation of hypertext systems, this was called the Intermedia, this all-purpose hypertext-editing system allowd users to change timelines, graphics, etc.
	marketfilm.blogspot.com (519 words)

	FRESS: The File Retrieval and Editing SyStem
		FRESS was the second system in the long and honorable history of Brown University hypermedia research.
		FRESS was not only a hypermedia system; it was also so good at text editing and formatting that it was used to typeset quite a few books, and had good enough IR and data structuring facilities that it was pressed into service for databases.
		This emulator was used to demo FRESS live at the ACM hypertext '89 conference, at WWW6, and at the 1999 "AndyFest" at Brown University.
	www.derose.net /steve/writings/whitepapers/fress.html (818 words)

	Xanadu Archive Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Sketch for function keys for first hypertext system at Brown (by TN).
		JOT is an editing system entirely different from today's "word processors," though with the same general intent.
		In this technical description, JOT is a state-driven interactive system based on a wait loop, designed to be coupled to the just-invented enfiladic retrieval and rearrangement.
	xanadu.com /XUarchive (599 words)

	Hypertext
		If you have Fetch or ftp available, retrieve from pub/Landow on iris.brown.edu (1) a sampling of hypertext webs in Storyspace, (2) directions for reading them, (3) a description in Word of all webs created at Brown (so you can ask for others not presently on the server), and (4) a read-only version of Storyspace.
		Several interlinked collections of materials about the history of hypertext at Brown University now reside on the Scholarly Technology Group (STG) server, whose URL is http://twine.stg.brown.edu/stg.html.
		The first, to which I and others will add as time and opportunity permits, is "Hypertext at Brown," which is essentially a directory or homepage of the the history of hypertext here from Andries van Dam's 1967 Hypertext Editing System and FRESS to devel- opment and use of Intermedia to the present.
	www.h-net.msu.edu /~clc/etext/hypertext.html (471 words)

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