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Topic: Hypertonia

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	Hypertonia Information Page: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
		Hypertonia is a condition marked by an abnormal increase in muscle tension and a reduced ability of a muscle to stretch.
		Hypertonia may result from injury, disease, or conditions such as spasticity, dystonia (prolonged muscle contractions that cause twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal posture), rigidity, or a combination of factors.
		Hypertonia is sometimes painful and can lead to functional limitation, disability, or, in severe cases, reduced quality of life.
	www.ninds.nih.gov /disorders/hypertonia/hypertonia.htm (551 words)

	Hypertonia definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Hypertonia definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Injections of botulism toxin (botox) are a recent treatment for chronic hypertonia in cerebral palsy and other disorders.
		MedicineNet does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3850 (0 words)

	INABIS '98 - INABIS '98 - The Modulation of the Soleus Stretch Reflex by Electrical Conditioning Stimuli to the ...
		Spastic hypertonia has been shown to be related to an increase in passive stiffness (Sinkjær and Magnussen, 1994) and decreased reflex threshold (Katz and Rymer, 1989).
		Even though the effect of spastic hypertonia (impairment) has never been evaluated on the disability nor on the social and economical impact occurring with the upper motor neuron syndrome it is thought to be a chronic disabling situation with a major social and economical impact on the society and on the individual.
		The neural mechanisms of the reduction in spastic hypertonia by electrical and magnetic stimulation are not known.
	www.mcmaster.ca /inabis98/neuroscience/ladouceur0813/two.html (952 words)

	Barna: A fiatal felnôttkori hypertonia
		A fiatalkori hypertonia gyakrabban észlelhetô kisebb születési súly esetén, a családban halmozottan jelentkezô magasvérnyomású betegek gyermekei körében, azonban az esetek közel 80%-ában renalis eredet igazolható.
		A pubertáskori essentialis eredetu magasvérnyomásban a hiper kinetikus keringés miatt bétablokkoló az elsônek választandó szer, a vesebetegséghez társuló hypertonia esetén ACE bénító és/vagy kalcium-antagonista javasolt.
		A hypertonia fenntartásáért ilyenkor már nemcsak az aktivált renin-angiotenzin rendszer a felelôs, hanem a hyperaldosteronismus, és a vesekárosodás miatt bekövetkezô só- és vízretenció is. Végstádiumban hyponatremia, hypokalemia és uremia jelentkezik.
	www.medlist.com /HIPPOCRATES/IV/1/065main.htm (1919 words)

	Farkas Katalin Arteriosclerosis és hypertonia
		A betegség lefolyása során a hypertonia kialakulását követôen a másik vese keringése is romlik, majd a stenotikus oldalon ischaemiás kisérkárosodás alakul ki, a vese mérete csökken, kiválasztása romlik.
		Egyes vizsgálatok arra utalnak, hogy a hypertonia az obliterativ érbetegség típusának kialakulásában is szerepet játszik, mivel az aortoiliacalis illetve femoropoplitealis segmenteket érintô betegségben kulcsfontosságú rizikótényezônek bizonyult a dohányzás mellett.
		Bár a hypertonia a perifériás érbetegség lokális progressziója szempontjából csak gyenge, másodlagos rizikótényezônek bizonyult, a betegség mortalitása szempontjából különös jelentôsége van, mivel a claudicatio intermittensben szenvedô betegek sorsát a generalizált atherosclerosis talaján fellépô cardiovascularis (szív, agy, vese) események határozzák meg.
	www.medlist.com /HIPPOCRATES/IV/6/354main.htm (4796 words)

	* Hypertonia- (Betegségek): Meghatározás
		Hypertonia Számos, hosszabb időtávot átfogó leíró epidemiológiai vizsgálat igazolta, hogy a magasvérnyomás-betegség az agyi érbetegség valamennyi típusának meghatározó, önálló rizikótényezője.
		Jellemzői: holdvilág arc, hirsutismus, striák, elhízás, hypertonia, latens diabetes insipidus.
		Mindenképpen kiemelésre méltó a dohányzás, az elhízás (obesitas), a mozgásszegény életmód, a cukorbetegség (diabetes mellitus), a tartósan magas vérnyomás (hypertonia) vagy a vér emelkedett koleszterinszintje (hypercholesterinaemia).
	www.mimi.hu /betegseg/hypertonia.html (489 words)

	Terhességi hypertonia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A Nemzetközi Terhességi Hypertonia Társaság (International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy, ISSHP) X. Világkongresszusán dr. Losonczy Györgyöt, a Kórélettani Intézet docensét a Társaság Nemzetközi Bizottságának tagjává választották.
		A terhességi hypertonia (praeeclampsia) a terhes nõk mintegy 5%-ánál lép fel.
		A Nemzetközi Terhességi Hypertonia Társaság mintegy 20 éve fogja össze a praeeclampsia kutatás szakembereit.
	www.old.sote.hu /kszerv/kszerve/idk/orvegy/9616/terhes.htm (187 words)

	Clinical Trial: Hypertonia in Patients With Cerebral Palsy
		Hypertonia (increased joint resistance to externally imposed motion) is a common symptom that limits function in this patient population.
		The aim of this non-invasive study is to sub-classify patients with CP based on the type of knee hypertonia, and to determine if the classification is valid during the functional tasks of walking.
		To classify hypertonia, the resistance of a knee joint at different velocities in knee flexion and extension and the maximum activation of stretched and shortened muscles are measured with a hand-held force transducer, an electrogoniometer, and surface electrodes in 100 patients with CP.
	clinicaltrials.gov /show/NCT00123708 (1128 words)

	Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism - Abstract of article: White matter injury correlates with hypertonia in an ...
		Hypertonia and postural deficits are observed in cerebral palsy and similar abnormalities are observed in postnatal rabbits after antenatal hypoxia–ischemia.
		Concomitant hypertonia with ventriculomegaly resulted in a further decrease of FA from P1 to P5 while those without ventriculomegaly had a similar increase of FA as controls.
		Thus, hypertonia is associated with white matter injury, and a population of hypertonia can be identified by magnetic resonance imaging variables.
	www.nature.com /doifinder/10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600333 (535 words)

	Hyperexplexia or Stiff Baby Syndrome
		Hyperexplexia was described for the first time in 1962 by Kok and Bruyn in 29 members of one family.[1] The disease was characterised by the occurrence of a hypertonia from birth, which became less pronounced during the first year of life but could later lead to repeated falls.
		The hypertonia is reduced during the first two years, but abnormal reactions such as involuntary starts remain after the slightest stimulus.
		It is also important to warn the parents about the risk of reoccurence of the disease, and to indicate the necessity of constant supervision during the neonatal period, as attacks of hypertonia can lead to serious apnoeas endangering the child's life,[13] although the evolution of the disease is benign when treated.
	www.sbs5.dircon.co.uk /medtext/hyperex.htm (635 words)

	Hypertonia - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Hypertonia is a condition marked by an abnormal increase in the tightness of muscle tone and a reduced ability of a muscle to stretch (i.e.
		It is generally accompanied by (increased) spasticity of the particular muscles.
		This encyclopedia, history, geography and biography article about Hypertonia contains research on
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Hypertonia (73 words)

	SPINALCORD: Challenges of Spastic Hypertonia
		Spastic Hypertonia (SH) is a term that doctors are now using to offer a more complete description of spasticity and various conditions of extreme muscle tension.
		Spastic Hypertonia refers to uncontrollable “jerking” movement (muscle spasms), stiffening or straightening out of muscles (rigidities), shock-like contractions of all or part of a muscle or group of muscles (myoclonus), and abnormal tone in the muscles (dystonia).
		When people touch something hot, their first reaction to the sensation of heat is to quickly jerk away from the heat.
	www.spinalcord.uab.edu /show.asp?durki=46905 (2328 words)

	HYPERTONIA
		Or hypertony n, pl. hypertonias or hypertonies : hypertonicity.
		Increased muscle tone is called hypertonia, and the baby may seem stiff or rigid.
		Symptoms are mild and may include spastic paraparesis of the lower limbs, ataxia, hypertonia (excessive muscle tone), mild peripheral neuropathy, and urinary problems.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /definition/english/Hy/Hypertonia.html (339 words)

	Magyar Hypertonia Társaság On-line
		A Magyar Hypertonia Társaság pályázatot ír ki, melynek célja magasvérnyomás-betegséggel, cukorbetegséggel, valamint szív, érrendszeri betegségekkel kapcsolatos felvilágosító előadások, szív- és érrendszeri szűrések, helyben történő tanácsadás, egészséges életmódot támogató kiadványok biztosítása civil szervezetek, betegképviseleti szervezetek számára.
		A Magyar Hypertonia Társaság Ifjúsági Bizottsága nevében szeretettel meghívunk minden fiatal (és lélekben fiatal), a hypertonia iránt érdeklődő kollégát a harmadik alkalommal megrendezésre kerülő Fiatal Hypertonológusok Fórumára, Hajdúszoboszlóra.
		A Társaság ez évi Nagygyűlésén a számtalan színvonalas hazai előadás mellett neves külföldi szakemberek is képviseltették magukat a Magyar Hypertonia Társaság XIV.
	www.doki.net /tarsasag/hypertension/hirek.aspx?web_id= (714 words)

	World of MS - Symptoms & Treatments - Spasticity (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Because relief of muscle spasms and muscle hypertonia may be achieved only at the cost of reduced muscle power, and because all antispastic drugs may induce side effects, doses should be kept to a minimum, especially in mobile patients 4.
		In patients with incomplete bladder voiding due to hypertonia of the sphincter externus muscle, botulinum toxin injection into the latter through a special EMG needle may lead to significant improvement of bladder function.
		Although several methods of neurosurgical alleviation of spasticity by interrupting the reflex arc exist, none of them has gained wide acceptance in the treatment of MS because of untoward sequelae and complications 1, 6.
	www.msif.org /en/symptoms_treatments/ms_by_topic/spasticity/index.html (2216 words)

	Com Pharmacological
		Baclofen (Intrathecal) can treat spastic hypertonia in patients, who are refractory to or cannot tolerate oral baclofen, by surgically placing the drug near the spinal cord structures of desired action without the CNS side effects of increased oral intake.
		A pump may be planted subcutaneously in the abdomen wall, a catheter may be surgically placed into the subarachnoid space, and the pump filled monthly by a transcutaneous injection.
		It intervenes in spastic hypertonia at a muscular (rather than a segmental reflex level), by reducing muscle action potential-induced release of calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which decreases the force produced by excitation-contraction coupling.
	calder.med.miami.edu /providers/MEDICINE/comphar.html (1201 words)

	Boehringer Ingelheim: Stroke Forum - News Center \| News Releases - Detail Information
		Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) can reduce hypertonia in the hand and wrist after a stroke and the benefits persist for at least 12 weeks after treatment, according to the results of a small study.
		ESWT has proven useful in the treatment of various bone and tendon diseases, but there are limited data regarding its use for muscle hypertonia, Italian researchers note.
		Dr P. Manganotti and Dr E. Amelio, from the University of Verona assessed the outcomes of 20 patients with stroke-related hypertonia in the upper limbs who were first treated with placebo stimulation and, then 1 week later, ESWT.
	www.boehringer-ingelheim.com /stroke/news/news_050826.htm (214 words)

	CiteULike: Reduction of spastic hypertonia during repeated passive knee movements in stroke patients. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Reduction of spastic hypertonia during repeated passive knee movements in stroke patients.
		OBJECTIVES: To quantify changes in spastic hypertonia during repeated passive isokinetic knee movements in stroke patients and to assess the role of muscle activity.
		MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Spastic hypertonia was assessed on the basis of torque measurement and electromyographic activity of the quadriceps, hamstrings, and gastrocnemius muscles.
	www.citeulike.org /user/mbolliger/article/1299986 (421 words)

	Hypertonia: 4 year old with Hypertonia
		Hypertonia is a term used to describe an increase in muscular tension and a reduction in the ability of a muscle to stretch or lenthen.
		Hypertonia in young children is often associated with cerebral palsy and is caused by damage to motor pathways in the central nervous system.
		Even with normal cognitive skills, however, many children with hypertonia are not able to communicate effectively through speech alone.
	www.helpforkidspeech.org /articles/detail.cfm?ID=407 (343 words)

	It keeps them fresh and stimulates thinking. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Growing degree days are those hypertonia tonge days necessary for these organisms to complete their growth and development..
		The upper developmental threshold is hypertonia tonge the temperature above which the rate of growth or development begins to decrease or stop as determined by the cutoff method.
		To qualify for financial aid, the federal "50 percent" rule requires colleges to conduct half of all classes in an actual classroom, with a physically present teacher, or half of all students to be physically enrolled.
	banalitytab.sitesled.com /descale/addiciton.html (1798 words)

	Schmidt BD, Dewald JP, Rymer WZ (2000) Stretch reflex adaptation in elbow flexors during repeated passive movements in ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		These effects were compared within a recording session and across sessions for the same subject to determine the impact of movement history on the quantification of spastic hypertonia using the stretch reflex response.
		Intersession variability was characterized both for spastic hypertonia measures and for stretch reflex adaptation.
		The magnitude of intersession variation in spastic hypertonia measures suggests that ideally, such measurements should be made across multiple sessions before conclusions are made regarding the efficacy of spastic hypertonia interventions.
	www.smpp.northwestern.edu /~smpp_pub/SchmitArchPhysMedRehab(2000).html (400 words)

	Hypertonia, clonus , & spasticity
		In the interest of privacy, no names will be revealed here without the permission of the person who asked the question.
		Hypertonia is resistance to passive movement, it is not dependent on velocity, can be with or without spasticity.
		Clonus is a reflex that is a spasmodic alternation of muscular contraction and relaxation., usually seen in the calf muscle reaction when the foot is sharply bent upwards towards the thigh and held in mid position
	www.pediatricservices.com /answers/005-hypertonia.htm (388 words)

	Amazon.com: HYPERTONIA (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A renovascularis hypertonia sebészete by E Kelemen (Unknown Binding - 1984)
		This is a result of hypertonia of the muscles, which equally...
		Rigidity (choice E) is hypertonia that is uniform throughout passive...
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=HYPERTONIA&tag=icongroupinterna&index=blended&link_code=qs&page=1 (1012 words)

	Amazon.com: HYPERTONIA: Books (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This is a result of hypertonia of the muscles, which equally affects opposing muscles.
		Rigidity (choice E) is hypertonia that is uniform throughout passive movement.
		Dysphoria, hypertonia, tachycardia, tachypnea, and mydriasis are the principal effects of this...
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=HYPERTONIA&tag=icongroupinterna&index=books&link_code=qs&page=1 (1224 words)

	www.medicaltribune.hu
		Malignus hypertonia két arteria renalisszal ellátott szoliter vesével
		Az arteria renalis hypertonia mellett észlelt szűkületének kezelése vita tárgya.
		Az alábbiakban egy olyan esetet ismertetünk, amelyben a sok éve fennálló hypertonia, veseelégtelenség és generalizált atherosclerosis ellenére a hypertonia és a veseműködés javulásához vezetett az arteria renalis stenosisának angioplasztikával történő megszüntetése.
	www.medical-tribune.hu /index.php?pid=8&lid=2&sid=13&aid=110 (328 words)

	www.medicaltribune.hu
		Míg felnőttkorban a hypertonia túlnyomó többségében esszenciális típusú, a gyermekek körében e diagnózissal inkább csak a serdülő korcsoportban találkozunk.
		Bár a gyermekkori hypertonia előfordulási gyakorisága jóval alacsonyabb (1–3%), és a gyermekek nagy része csak enyhe formában érintett, a gyermekgyógyászok mégis kellő figyelmet fordítanak a fenti kórképek felismerésére és kezelésére.
		Ismerni kell a normális vérnyomásértékeket, a hypertonia kritériumait, a szekunder és az esszenciális hypertonia, valamint a hypertoniás krízis fogalmát, diagnosztikáját és kezelését a gyermekkorban.
	www.medical-tribune.hu /index.php?pid=2&lid=5&sid=59&aid=659 (424 words)

	Intrathecal Baclofen for Spastic Hypertonia From Stroke Editorial Comment -- Meythaler et al. 32 (9): 2099 -- Stroke
		Intrathecal baclofen for spastic hypertonia in adult brain injury.
		Prospective study on the use of bolus intrathecal baclofen for spastic hypertonia due to acquired brain injury.
		Double-blind cross-over dose titration on the safety and efficacy of tizanidine for spastic hypertonia due to acquired brain injury.
	stroke.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/32/9/2099 (6536 words)

	Clinical Study: 05-CH-0204, Hypertonia in Patients with Cerebral Palsy (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This study will classify types of hypertonia in patients with cerebral palsy and determine if the classifications are reasonable in relation to the functional task of walking.
		Hypertonia is an abnormal increase in muscle tension.
		Patients with cerebral palsy who are older than 6 years of age may be eligible for this study.
	clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov /cgi/detail.cgi?A_05-CH-0204.html (557 words)

	UAB Health System (Site not responding. Last check: )
		UAB researchers have determined that continuous infusion of the drug Baclofen directly to the spine can reduce involuntary, abnormal muscle movement common to patients following a stroke.
		ITB therapy involves a pump implanted in the abdomen that continuously infuses the drug Baclofen directly to the spinal cord.
		The pump, manufactured by Medtronic Inc., is a lightweight, refillable device that holds up to 90 days supply of Baclofen, a drug that is known to help control spastic hypertonia.
	www.health.uab.edu /Default.aspx?pid=43887 (271 words)

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