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Topic: Hypertonic

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	Hypertonic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In animal cells, being in a hypertonic environment results in crenation, where the shape of the cell becomes distorted and wrinkled as water leaves the cell.
		Saltwater is hypertonic to the fish that live in it.
		The opposite of hypertonic is hypotonic, where the net movement of water is into the cell; the intermediate state is called isotonic, where there is no net movement of water.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hypertonic (325 words)

	NeuroSoma® - A Limited Pressure Muscle Spindle Myotherapy - About Hypertonic Muscle Spasm
		Established traditions do not recognize hypertonicity as a malady; when they are forced to deal with a situation where muscles are obviously involved, they fall back on the term “dystonia”, and utilize drugs such as botox and muscle relaxors, which in reality do not relax muscle at all.
		One who suffers from hypertonic muscle spasm cannot enjoy general good health because of the strong holistic interactions between the various organs of the body; a disturbance in one is always transmitted to several others.
		Encroaching hypertonic spasm reduces the body’s vitality and ability to move easily and freely; vertebrae are squeezed together, putting pressure on intervertebral discs and distorting the spine; circulation is reduced in the veins, allowing toxins to accumulate; nerves are entrapped, and a great number of other symptoms of age begin to appear.
	www.neurosoma.com /musclespasm.html (654 words)

	RedOrbit - Health - Administering Hypertonic Saline to Patients With Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
		Hypertonic saline (HTS) is an osmotic agent that may diminish the effects of secondary brain injury in patients with TBI.
		Hypertonic saline is an important part of the treatment of patients with severe TBI.
		Use of hypertonic (3%) saline/acetate infusion in the treatment of cerebral edema: Effect on intracranial pressure and lateral displacement of the brain.
	www.redorbit.com /news/health/533141/administering_hypertonic_saline_to_patients_with_severe_traumatic_brain_injury/index.html?source=r_health (3795 words)

	cGMP Accumulation Induced by Hypertonic Stress in Dictyostelium discoideum -- Oyama 271 (10): 5574 -- Journal of ...
		Hypertonic stress induced cGMP accumulation in aggregating cells as well as in vegetative cells with a time course identical to that in vegetative cells except for a temporary decrease between 5 and 10 min after the osmotic shock (Fig.
		The hypertonic stress-induced accumulation of total cGMP reaches a peak at 10-15 min, which is distinct from the receptor-mediated activation of guanylate cyclase that lasts 10 s(13, 14).
		These facts show that hypertonic stress has a unique effect on the activation of guanylate cyclase and suggest that hypertonic stress induces or mimics the intracellular activation signal after a point where the adaptation signal interferes with the activation signal or that the hypertonic stress-induced activation is independent of the receptor-mediated signals.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/271/10/5574 (4121 words)

	Hypertonic Fluids for Sepsis and Shock: Ready for Prime Time?
		Interest in using hypertonic fluids for sepsis and shock is being renewed because evidence is accumulating that it improves hemodynamics and the immunologic response.
		Hypertonic fluids have also shown the ability to reduce levels of inflammatory mediators, such as interleukin 4 (IL-4), prostaglandin E, and transforming growth factor ß in human trauma patients.
		Hypertonic saline alone did not improve survival, but in seven of the eight trials that used both hypertonic saline and dextran, the combination was associated with a mean 20% improvement in survival.
	www.pulmonaryreviews.com /jun03/pr_jun03_fluids.html (850 words)

	The Effect of Hypertonic Saline Infusion on Plasma Electrolytes and Immune Function in Humans
		Hypertonic saline (7.5%) solutions with or without colloids are easy to transport, quick to administer, and rapidly restore the macro- and microcirculation.
		Compared to normal saline, infusion of hypertonic saline temporarily increased the number of B-cells in peripheral blood by 25%; caused an 18%-increase in plasma elastase, a marker of neutrophil degranulation; and decreased the number of circulating neutrophils.
		Thus, as opposed to animal and cell culture studies, the immune modulating properties of hypertonic saline seem limited in clinical practice, and it is unlikely that infusion of hypertonic saline in the current recommended dose will significantly reduce complications due to dysfunction of the immune system.
	www.danmedbul.dk /DMB_2004/0104/0104-phd/DMB3559.htm (578 words)

	Cystic Fibrosis Foundation - Mucus Clearance and Regulation
		Phase 1 Trial of Hypertonic Saline for Infants and Young Children with CF Clearing the thick, sticky mucus from the lungs of individuals with CF is crucial for minimizing inflammation, bacterial infections, and lung damage.
		Inhaling a solution of concentrated salt water, or hypertonic saline, may make mucus thinner and easier to clear from the lungs, and was shown in a recent multi-center clinical trial to reduce hospitalizations in children and adults with CF.
		Hypertonic saline could be an important method for maintaining optimal lung function in individuals with CF.
	www.cff.org /research/clinical_trials/ongoing_trials/mucus_clearance_and_regulation (1354 words)

	Amino acids are compatible osmolytes for volume recovery after hypertonic shrinkage in vascular endothelial cells -- ...
		hypertonicity is a property of most mammalian cells (18, 25).
		Cell monolayers were incubated in isotonic or hypertonic M199 in presence or absence of glutamine.
		of hypertonic incubation, with a slow decrease thereafter (30).
	ajpcell.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/276/4/C865 (4497 words)

	Disruption of F-actin stimulates hypertonic activation of the BGT1 transporter in MDCK cells -- Bricker et al. 284 (5): ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Filamentous actin of MDCK cells in hypertonic medium (A) is reduced to clumps of globular actin during exposure to 1.0 µM CD (B) for 24 h.
		Acute exposure of MDCK cells in hypertonic medium to CD (1.0 µM), LA (0.6 µM), or PH (4.0 µM) did not change the 10-min uptakes of GABA either in the presence or absence of Na Data are means ± SE of 3 separate experiments.
		Hypertonic activation of the renal betaine/GABA transporter is microtubule dependent.
	ajprenal.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/284/5/F930 (4564 words)

	Hypertonic or Isotonic - which is best for you??
		There has been some literature claiming that hypertonic saline is of value when the membranes of the nose are extremely swollen.
		A clinical trial of hypertonic saline nasal spray in subjects with the common cold or rhinosinusitis.
		Hypertonic saline does not improve nasal symptoms or illness duration in patients with the common cold or rhinosinusitis.
	www.pharmacy-solutions.com /hypertonic.htm (1163 words)

	Pass the Salt: Indications for and Implications of Using Hypertonic Saline -- Johnson and Criddle 24 (5): 36 -- ...
		Holcroft J. Hypertonic saline for resuscitation of the patient in shock.
		Cardiovascular, adrenocorticotropin, and cortisol responses to hypertonic saline in euvolemic sheep are altered by prostaglandin synthase inhibition.
		Hypertonic saline resuscitation of patients with head injury: a prospective, randomized clinical trial.
	ccn.aacnjournals.org /cgi/content/full/24/5/36 (3965 words)

	Immunomodulatory Effects of Hypertonic Resuscitation on the Development of Lung Inflammation Following Hemorrhagic ...
		The effect of hypertonicity on the expression of adhesion molecules and adhesive function of human neutrophils in vitro.
		Neutrophils were incubated in either isotonic or hypertonic medium (350 mosmol) for 4 h, then left untreated or treated with LPS (1 µg/ml) for another h.
		Cells were incubated in isotonic or hypertonic medium (350 and 500 mosmol) for varying times up to 4 h and analyzed for L-selectin expression by flow cytometry.
	www.jimmunol.org /cgi/content/full/161/11/6288 (6184 words)

	Clinical Trial: Hypertonic Resuscitation Following Traumatic Injury
		Hypertonic saline is a salt solution that is slightly more concentrated than your blood.
		Furthermore, hypertonic fluids may have specific advantages in the brain-injured patient, as they may aid in the rapid restoration of cerebral perfusion and prevent extravascular fluid sequestration, thereby limiting secondary brain injury.
		In addition, recent studies have demonstrated that hypertonicity significantly alters the activation of inflammatory cells, an effect that may reduce subsequent organ injury from ischemia-reperfusion and decrease nosocomial infection.
	www.clinicaltrials.gov /ct/show/NCT00316017 (846 words)

	Medical Policy SURG.00072 \| Lysis of Epidural Adhesions Using Hypertonic Solutions
		Following an epidurogram to determine the presence or absence of epidural adhesions, a special epidural catheter (Racz catheter) is inserted into the epidural space and injection of hypertonic saline with or without steroids or other medications is performed. This policy addresses lysis of epidural adhesions using hypertonic solutions.
		Hypertonic saline injections, as a technique for lysis of epidural adhesions with or without steroids, analgesics or hyaluronidase, or with or without endoscopic guidance is considered investigational/not medically necessary.
		Theoretically, the use of hypertonic saline results in a mechanical disruption of the adhesions. It may also function to reduce edema within previously scarred and/or inflamed nerves. Adhesions may also be disrupted by the manipulation of the catheter at the time of the injection.
	www.healthlink.com /provider/medpolicy/policies/SURG/epidural_adhesions.html (726 words)

	Nebulised hypertonic saline for cystic fibrosis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Nebulised hypertonic saline is water (with a concentration of 3% or more salt) inhaled as a fine mist through a mask or mouthpiece.
		Hypertonic saline has been shown to enhance mucociliary clearance in vitro and this may act to lessen the destructive inflammatory process in the airways.
		All controlled trials assessing the effect of hypertonic saline compared to placebo or other mucolytic therapy, for any duration or dose regimen in people with cystic fibrosis of any age or severity.
	www.cochrane.org /reviews/en/ab001506.html (578 words)

	Induced Sputum : Comparison Between Isotonic and Hypertonic Saline Solution Inhalation in Patients With Asthma -- ...
		Decrease of PEF expressed as percent of predicted during sputum induction by isotonic (0.9%) and hypertonic (4.5%) saline solution inhalation.
		PEF values were recorded before and during inhalation of isotonic (0.9%) or hypertonic (4.5%) saline solutions.
		Umeno, E, McDonald, DM, Nadel, JA (1990) Hypertonic saline increases vascular permeability in the rat trachea by producing neurogenic inflammation.
	www.chestjournal.org /cgi/content/full/120/6/1815 (3019 words)

	Hypertonic Induction of Aquaporin-5 Expression through an ERK-dependent Pathway -- Hoffert et al. 275 (12): 9070 -- ...
		A, cells were incubated in control (C) or hypertonic (H) medium for 24 h and then returned to isotonic medium (top panel) or maintained in hypertonic medium (bottom panel) for another 3, 6, or 24 h prior to immunoblot analysis.
		B, Northern blot of cells incubated in hypertonic medium for 12 h (lane 1), hypertonic medium for 12 h and returned to isotonic for 2 h (lane 2), and hypertonic medium for 14 h (lane 3).
		B, MLE-15 cells were incubated in hypertonic medium for the designated time and processed as in A for either phosphorylated (top panel) or total (bottom panel) MAP kinase.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/275/12/9070 (5141 words)

	Hypertonic
		In biology, a hypertonic cell environment is one in with a higher concentration of solutes than the cytoplasm.
		If enough water is removed in this way, the cytoplasm can become so concentrated that the cell has difficulty functioning.
		The opposite of hypertonic is hypotonic; the intermediate state is called isotonic[?].
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/hy/Hypertonic.html (163 words)

	p53 Protects renal inner medullary cells from hypertonic stress by restricting DNA replication -- Dmitrieva et al. 281 ...
		of DNA replication that are caused by hypertonicity.
		During hypertonic stress caused by high NaCl, p53-AS increases the percentage of cells in early S phase and of cells with >4 N DNA content, resulting in apoptosis.
		Cells grown on slides at 320 mosmol/kg were synchronized in different phases of the cell cycle by incubation with the reversible DNA polymerase inhibitor aphidicolin (1 µM) for 9 or 14 h.
	ajprenal.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/281/3/F522 (5671 words)

	Subcellular redistribution of the renal betaine transporter during hypertonic stress -- Kempson et al. 285 (5): C1091 ...
		At 24 h posttransfection, the cells were placed on the stage of a confocal microscope and the growth medium was switched to hypertonic medium buffered with HEPES instead of bicarbonate.
		At 24 h posttransfection, the cells were switched to hypertonic medium and biotinylated at intervals from 1 to 6 h later.
		to the plasma membrane in response to hypertonicity.
	ajpcell.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/285/5/C1091 (5507 words)

	Sodium Chloride— For Swelling of the Cornea (Ophthalmic) - MayoClinic.com
		Hypertonic sodium chloride (HY-per-TOHN-ik SOE-dee-um KLOR-ide) solution for the eye is used to draw water out of a swollen cornea.
		Although there is no specific information comparing use of hypertonic sodium chloride in children with use in other age groups, this medicine is not expected to cause different side effects or problems in children than it does in adults.
		There is no specific information comparing use of hypertonic sodium chloride in the elderly with use in other age groups.
	www.mayoclinic.com /health/drug-information/DR500583 (993 words)

	Effects of Hypertonic (10%) Saline in Patients With Raised Intracranial Pressure After Stroke -- Schwarz et al. 33 (1): ...
		In this study, we assessed the early effects of hypertonic saline.
		Use of hypertonic saline solutions in treatment of cerebral edema and intracranial hypertension.
		Dose response effects of hypertonic saline and dextran on cardiovascular responses and plasma volume expansion in sheep.
	stroke.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/33/1/136 (3164 words)

	Fos, RVLM-projecting neurons, and spinally projecting neurons in the PVN following hypertonic saline infusion -- ...
		in response to the infusion of hypertonic saline.
		In the hypertonic saline-infused groups and the control groups examined 48 and 96 h after the cannulation of the femoral vein,
		Plasma osmolality in animals administered the hypertonic saline was 350 ± 4 mosmol/kgH
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/284/4/R945 (4702 words)

	Effects of Hypertonic Saline Hydroxyethyl Starch Solution and Mannitol in Patients With Increased Intracranial Pressure ...
		Cerebral effects of resuscitation with hypertonic saline and a new low-sodium hypertonic fluid in hemorrhagic shock and head injury.
		A comparison of hypertonic to isotonic fluid in the resuscitation of brain injury and hemorrhagic shock.
		Hypertonic saline (7.5%) versus mannitol: a comparison for treatment of acute head injuries.
	stroke.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/29/8/1550 (4205 words)

	OHSU DEPT OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE
		Study 2 also involves the higher salt concentration IV fluid, but the patients involved will be blunt trauma patients with a severe traumatic brain injury.
		Both studies will be randomized trials comparing hypertonic saline and a sugar (called dextran) mix, hypertonic saline alone, and normal saline as the initial resuscitation fluid administered to these patients in the prehospital setting.
		Neither the paramedics administering the IV fluid nor the patient will know which fluid he or she is receiving.
	www.ohsu.edu /emergency/roc/hypertonic.htm (130 words)

	Hypertonic Preconditioning Inhibits Macrophage Responsiveness to Endotoxin -- Cuschieri et al. 168 (3): 1389 -- The ...
		the effect of hypertonic saline on the macrophage remains unknown.
		Hypertonic saline attenuation of the neutrophil cytotoxic response is reversed upon restoration of normotonicity and reestablished by repeated hypertonic challenge.
		Hypertonic immunomodulation is reversible and accompanied by changes in CD11b expression.
	www.jimmunol.org /cgi/content/full/168/3/1389 (4592 words)

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